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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 11 Notes Transport In Plants- Download PDF Notes

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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 11 Notes Transport In Plants- Download PDF Notes

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Feb 01, 2024 03:39 PM IST

NCERT Chapter 11 transport in plants deals with the uptake and transport of water, minerals, and food in plants. The NCERT Class 11 Biology chapter 11 notes cover a brief outline of the chapter Transport in Plants. The important topics covered in this chapter of NCERT Class 11 Biology Notes are definitions, means of transport, plant water relations, xylem transport, phloem transport, transpiration, and Mass Flow Hypothesis. Class 11 Biology chapter 11 notes cover all the important concepts with examples and diagrams of this chapter in easy and simple language. The NCERT Class 11 chapter 11 notes are a part of NCERT Class 11 unit 4 Plant physiology. Having revision notes and NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 11 handy at the time of the CBSE exam is beneficial to save you time. The NCERT Class 11 Biology chapter 7 notes PDF can be downloaded through the link given below.

Transport in plants Class 11 notes Biology Chapter 11 also covers all the important headings, diagrams, and examples of NCERT books that are useful in various competitive exams. Chapter 11 Transport in Plants notes help you revise all major concepts given in the NCERT Book in a short period of time for CBSE Board exam preparation. Download the CBSE Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 11 PDF for a better experience and use them offline anywhere. Students must go through each topic in Transport in plants Class 11 Notes Biology in the easiest and most effective way possible with the help of NCERT Notes for Class 11. Check the given Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 11 Transport in plants PDF for quick revision.

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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 11 Notes

Transport in plants Class 11 notes include topics: active and passive transport, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis, uptake, and translocation of mineral ions, and mass flow hypothesis. CBSE Class 11 Biology chapter 11 notes include all of the major subtopics. From the perspective of the test, the CBSE Class 11 Biology chapter 11 notes also provide quick revision to remember. The learner may readily acquire all of the subjects stated here from the Class 11 Biology chapter 11 notes pdf download.

Means of Transport

Plants need to move organic nutrients, water, minerals, and phytohormones over short and long distances. Flowering plants do not have any type of circulatory system. Transport over a short distance is done by either simple diffusion or cytoplasmic streaming. Long-distance transport or translocation of substances is carried out by vascular tissue systems- xylem and phloem in flowering plants.

Simple Diffusion:

Diffusion is a passive means of transport used for moving substances over short distances. Substances move from a region of their higher concentration to lower concentration. It is a slow process and takes place even in non-living systems. Gases are transported exclusively via diffusion in plants. The rate of diffusion depends on the concentration gradient, membrane permeability, temperature, and pressure.

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Facilitated Diffusion:

Substances move along the concentration gradient without the expenditure of energy. Used for transporting substances having hydrophilic moiety, since these cannot pass through cell membrane easily, therefore special proteins in cell membrane form channels to facilitate this diffusion. Facilitated diffusion is specific, sensitive to inhibitors, and bound to saturate when all protein transporters are being used.

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Porin proteins create enormous holes in the outer membranes of plastids, mitochondria, and some bacteria, allowing molecules as tiny as small proteins to pass through. Eight distinct types of aquaporins make up the water channel.

Symport and Antiport

During symport transport, two different types of molecules across the cell membrane simultaneously in the same direction. A transport in antiport occurs only when two different types of molecules simultaneously pass through the membrane in opposite directions. Uniport transport is independent of the movement of other molecules.

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Active Transport:

Pump proteins are used to move molecules against the concentration gradient by using energy. Transport involving energy expenditure is called active transport. Proteins carrying out active transport are specific, sensitive to inhibitors reacting to protein side chains, and bound to saturate when all protein transporters are being used.

Plant-Water Relations

Water is the most abundant molecule in the protoplasm, it provides the aqueous medium in which most substances are dissolved and is essential for all of the plant’s physiological functioning. Plants absorb a lot of water from the soil but most of it gets evaporated due to transpiration happening in leaves. Due to its high demand, water is often a limiting factor in growth and productivity.

Water Potential

Water potential (represented by Ψw) is a metric to measure the concentration of kinetic energy of water molecules, the greater the free energy in water molecules, the greater their water potential. It is measured in pressure units like Pascal (Pa). Ψw is the sum of solute potential (represented by Ψs) and pressure potential (Ψp). Adding solute to water limits the movement of water molecules. The lowering of water potential due to the addition of any solute is known as solute potential, Ψs is always negative. The change in Ψw due to external pressure applied is determined by Ψp. Although negative potential or tension in the water column in the xylem plays a vital role in water transport up a stem in plants, pressure potential is generally positive. At standard temperature and atmospheric pressure, pure water has a maximum water potential of 0 Pa. All solutions have a lower (negative) water potential than pure water.

Ψw = Ψs+ Ψp

Osmosis:

The movement of water molecules from an area of greater concentration to a region of lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane is known as osmosis. The net flow of water will be observed across the membrane until equilibrium is established across the selectively permeable membrane. The external pressure to be applied on the membrane to prevent the net flow of water is known as osmotic pressure. It is numerically equal to solute potential but opposite in magnitude.

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Plasmolysis:

Solutions balancing the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm are termed isotonic solutions. Cells remain in a flaccid state in an isotonic solution.

If the external solution happens to be dilute with respect to the cell cytoplasm, such solutions are termed hypotonic solutions. Cells swell up due to water gain due to osmosis and become turgid. The pressure applied by cell walls onto the cytoplasm is called the turgor pressure, it is equivalent to pressure potential on the protoplasm.

Hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentration as compared to the cytoplasm, therefore cells exposed to a hypertonic solution will lose water due to osmosis. Excessive loss of water will result in plasmolysis, but this process is usually reversible. Cell membranes of plasmolysed cells shrink away from the cell wall. If it shrinks too much then plasmolysis becomes irreversible and the cell dies.

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Imbibition:

Imbibition (a special type of diffusion) is the process through which water is absorbed by solids. Imbibition results in an increase in the volume of the solids. Seeds absorb water and hence swell up to build pressure, this helps seeds to emerge out of seedlings. For imbibition to take place, a water potential gradient must be present and an affinity between absorbent and imbibing liquid has to be there.

Long Distance Transport of Water

Xylem vascular tissue system is primarily responsible for unidirectional translocation of water up the plants from roots towards leaves. Xylem also translocates minerals, some organic nitrogen, and plant hormones.

How Do Plants Absorb Water?

  • Absorption of water takes place in the roots. The surface area for water absorption is exponentially increased by root hairs that are thin-walled slender extensions of root epidermis, present on root tips. Water and minerals are absorbed by the root hairs via diffusion. Further movement of this absorbed water into the root can be either through symplast or apoplast pathways.
  • The apoplast pathway allows the passive movement of water molecules as water molecules don’t have to pass through any cell membrane. This pathway is formed by adjacent cell walls that are continuous throughout the plant, except at the Casparian strips of the endodermis. Adhesive and cohesive properties of water are responsible for the mass flow of water through the apoplast pathway. Most of the water transport occurs via the apoplast pathway.
  • Water passes through the cytoplasm of the cells in the symplast pathway. The cells are interconnected via protoplasmic strands called plasmodesmata. The movement of water is along the concentration gradient and relatively slower than the apoplast pathway. Cytoplasmic streaming can assist water movement in the case of the symplast pathway.
  • Suberin deposition in the Casparian strips makes it a water-tight band so at the endodermis, layer water must follow the symplast pathway to enter the vascular bundles. Water follows the apoplast pathway in xylem vessels and tracheids as these are non-living. Plants can also form symbiotic associations with fungi to increase water and mineral absorption. The fungal partner receives carbohydrates from the plant, and this mutualistic relationship is termed mycorrhiza.
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Water Movement Up A Plant

The translocation of water against gravity from roots to aerial parts is due to two complementary mechanisms- Root pressure and transpiration pull.

Root Pressure

Positive hydrostatic pressure in the xylem is developed by root pressure that is a consequence of active water absorption by root tissues. It can transport water up to small heights in stems and, important for re-establishing the continuous flow of water molecules that break due to tension in the xylem. When evaporation is low, water pushed by root pressure can be seen as droplets at leaf margins of some herbaceous plants, this phenomenon is called guttation.

Transpiration Pull

Negative hydrostatic pressure in the xylem is a result of tension created by water evaporation through stomata (transpiration), this is referred to as the cohesion-tension-transpiration pull model. The rate of translocation can be up to 15 meters per hour. Prominent during the day when sunlight is there to fasten evaporation.

Transpiration

Only less than 1% of water absorbed by roots is utilized in photosynthesis, rest is evaporated through stomata. Stomata also serve as sites for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, they are often closed at night. The Turgidity of guard cells regulates the opening of the stomatal aperture. Stomata open when guard cells are turgid and it closes when these cells become flaccid.

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The rate of transpiration depends upon temperature, light (intensity and wavelength), relative humidity, wind speed, number and distribution of stomata (lower surface of the dorsiventral leaf has more stomata, while in isobilateral ones they are equally distributed on both surfaces), percent of open stomata, water status of the plant, canopy structures, etc.

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension are the properties of water that provide high tensile strength and capillarity. Transpiration pull can pull water up to 130m high.

Transpiration and Photosynthesis: a Compromise

Plants require a large amount of water for photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Both transpiration and photosynthesis are essential for the normal physiological functioning of the plant, but both have a high water demand, therefore there is always a compromise to be made. Besides maintaining transpiration pull and mineral transport, transpiration also cools down the plant by up to 10-15 ˚C and is necessary for maintaining the turgidity of plant cells. C4 plants have evolved to efficiently use water, they can fix twice CO2 as C3 plants for the same amount of water.

Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients

Plants get oxygen and CO2 through the atmosphere; other nutritional requirements are fulfilled by absorbing minerals from the soil.

Uptake of Mineral Ions

Mineral ions are charged hence cannot pass through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes; therefore, absorption must be facilitated; also, they are more concentrated in the cytoplasm as compared to the soil therefore active transport is required for mineral uptake. ATP is used as an energy source.

Translocation of Mineral Ions

Minerals are translocated through the transpiration stream in the xylem. Apical and lateral meristems, young leaves, and other developing parts such as flower, fruit, seed, and storage organs act as main sinks for minerals. P, N, S, K are readily mobilized. Calcium is not re-mobilized.

Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink

Phloem vascular tissue systems translocate food (as sucrose) from source to sink. Phloem transport is bidirectional, i.e., food can be translocated in the direction of the sink from the source in an upwards or downwards direction. Phloem sap is composed of water and sucrose primarily, but small amounts of other sugars, hormones, and amino acids are also present.

The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis

Phloem transport is explained by the pressure-flow or mass flow hypothesis. Loading of sucrose in phloem is by diffusion concentrates the phloem to become hypertonic. Water from the adjacent xylem moves into the phloem by osmosis. Phloem sap moves to an area of lower osmotic pressure. When sucrose reaches the sink, it is actively moved out from the phloem, resulting in decreased osmotic pressure in the phloem, therefore water will move to the adjacent xylem. At the sink, this sucrose can be used to derive energy or can be converted into storage carbohydrates.

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Chapter-Wise NCERT Class 11 Notes Biology

Subject Wise NCERT Exemplar Solutions

Significance of NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 11:

Class 11 notes on transportation in plants will help you review the chapter and have a better understanding of the important topics covered. This NCERT Class 11 Biology chapter 11 notes may also be used to cover the important concepts of the CBSE Biology Syllabus in Class 11 as well as for competitive examinations such as the NEET.

Subject Wise NCERT Solutions

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. 1. In Class 11 chapter 11 what is solute potential?

-The lowering of water potential due to the addition of any solute is known as solute potential. 

2. 2. Define translocation mentioned in Class 11 transport in plants notes?

Transport of substances over long distances via xylem and phloem tissues is called translocation. 

3. 3. What is the importance of transpiration as in NCERT chapter 11 Class 11?

Transpiration is required for:

  1. Generating transpiration stream in xylem

  2. Supplying water and minerals to all parts of the plant

  3. Cooldown the plant by up to 10-15 ˚C by evaporative cooling.

  4. Maintaining the turgidity of plant cells.

4. 4. Why does uptake of minerals require energy according to ncert notes for Class 11 Biology chapter 11?

Minerals are absorbed against their concentration gradient, therefore energy in the form of ATP is required to operate protein pumps that can absorb mineral ions.

5. 5. In NCERT Class 11 Biology chapter 12 notes and notes for class 11 biology chapter 11, the element that is not remobilised is ____?

Calcium

6. What properties of water in Class 11 chapter 11 provide water its high tensile strength and capillarity?

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension are the properties of water that provide high tensile strength and capillarity.

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0.34\; J

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0.16\; J

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1.00\; J

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0.67\; J

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2.45×10−3 kg

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 6.45×10−3 kg

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 9.89×10−3 kg

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12.89×10−3 kg

 

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2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

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200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

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2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

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20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

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K/2\,

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\; K\;

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zero\;

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2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

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11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

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33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

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67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

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0.02

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3.125 × 10-2

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2.5 × 10-2

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decrease twice

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be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

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twice that in 60 g carbon

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6.023 × 1022

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The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

2 Jobs Available
Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

2 Jobs Available
Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

2 Jobs Available
Producer

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

2 Jobs Available
Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

5 Jobs Available
Vlogger

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

3 Jobs Available
Publisher

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

3 Jobs Available
Journalist

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

3 Jobs Available
Editor

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

3 Jobs Available
Reporter

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

2 Jobs Available
Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

2 Jobs Available
Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

3 Jobs Available
Production Manager
3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
QA Lead

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

2 Jobs Available
Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

2 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Automation Test Engineer

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

2 Jobs Available
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