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Mineral Nutrition Class 12th Notes - Free NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 12 Notes - Download PDF- Mineral Nutrition Class 11 Notes For NEET

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Mineral Nutrition Class 12th Notes - Free NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 12 Notes - Download PDF- Mineral Nutrition Class 11 Notes For NEET

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Mar 17, 2022 09:12 AM IST

NCERT chapter Mineral Nutrition describes several micronutrients, macronutrients, and minerals, their roles, and deficiency symptoms. The NCERT Class 11 Biology chapter 12 notes covers a brief outline of the chapter Mineral Nutrition. The main topics covered in Mineral Nutrition Class 11 notes are —ways to study the requirements of minerals by plants, essential mineral elements, absorption of elements, translocation of solutes, and soil and nitrogen metabolism.

Also, students can refer,

NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition Notes

Methods to Study Mineral Requirements of Plants?

Julius von Sachs showed for the first time that plants could be grown to maturity in a defined nutrient solution in the complete absence of soil (1860). This technique is known as hydroponics. It focuses on the culture of plants in a soil-free defined mineral solution and they require purified water and mineral nutrient salts.

Many experiments were carried out in which the roots of plants were immersed in nutrient solutions and an element was added or removed or given in varied concentrations, thus a mineral solution that is relevant for the plant growth was obtained.

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Fig.1. Setup for Nutrient Solution Culture

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Fig.2. A Schematic Diagram Showing The Technique of Hydroponics

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Fig.3. Hydroponic Plant Production.

Essential Mineral Elements

Many minerals present in soil enter plants via roots. Different plant species accumulate different types of minerals. There are various techniques that are able to detect the minerals even if they are present at very low concentrations.

Criteria of Essentiality of Elements:

The nutrients or elements which are important for the healthy growth of the plant are called essential nutrients or essential elements. The criteria for the essentiality of an element are

1. An essential element is very much necessary for normal growth and reproduction.

2. There is a specific requirement for every element and it cannot be replaced by another element.

3. In the metabolism and nutrition of the plant, the element must be directly involved.

Based on the above criteria, a few elements are very essential for plant growth and metabolism.

Macronutrients:

Macronutrients are required in relatively large quantities.

Some examples of macroelements include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium calcium, and magnesium.

Micronutrients:

Micronutrients are required in minute quantities like less than 0.1 mg per gram of dry matter. These are also known as trace elements. Manganese, boron, copper, molybdenum, iron, zinc, chlorine, and nickel have been included in micronutrients.

Based on their functions essential elements can be grouped:

1. As components of biomolecules and present as structural elements of cells. (C, H, O, and N)

2. As components of energy-related chemical compounds. ( Eg. Magnesium in chlorophyll and phosphorus in ATP)

3. As activators or inhibitors of enzymes.

i. Mg2+is an activator for both enzyme RUBISCO and enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Both enzymes are responsible for photosynthetic carbon fixation

ii. Zn2+ as an activator of alcohol dehydrogenase during the metabolism of nitrogen.

4. Can alter the osmotic potential of a cell ( K+) ions play an important role in opening and closing of stomata).

Role of Macronutrients and Micronutrients:

The macro or micronutrients play important roles in plants. They are an essential constituent of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids and take part in various metabolic processes. Some of them act as activators or cofactors for various enzymes.

The functions of various nutrients are given below:

Nitrogen:

  • Required by plants in the greatest amount by all parts of the plant.

  • Absorbed as NO3-, some are also taken up as NO2- or NH4+

  • Particularly important for meristematic tissues and metabolically active cells.

Phosphorus:

  • It is absorbed as phosphate ions (H2PO4- or HPO4-2).

  • It acts as a constituent of cell membranes, proteins, all nucleic acids, and nucleotides

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Potassium:

  • Absorbed as K+ ions.

  • Required in meristematic tissues, buds, leaves, and root tips.

  • To maintain anion-cation balance in cells.

  • Involved in the synthesis of proteins, opening, and closing of stomata, and in the maintenance of the turgidity of cells.

Calcium:

  • It is absorbed as Ca2+ ions.

  • It is necessary for meristematic and differentiating tissues.

  • During the division of cells, it is used in the formation of cell walls, particularly as calcium pectate in the middle lamella.

  • Helps in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

  • It plays an important role in regulating metabolic activities

Magnesium:

  • Absorbed as Mg2+ ions.

  • Activates the enzymes of respiration and photosynthesis

  • Involved in the synthesis of DNA

  • Helps to maintain the ribosome structure

Sulphur:

  • Absorbed as SO42- ions.

  • As a constituent of two amino acids cysteine and methionine and several proteins.

  • Also the main constituent of several coenzymes, vitamins ( thiamine, biotin, and Coenzyme A and ferredoxin).

Iron:

  • Absorbed as ferric ions ( Fe3+)

  • It is reversibly oxidized from Fe2+ to Fe3+ during electron transfer.

  • It helps in the formation of chlorophyll.

Manganese:

  • Absorbed as Mn2+ ions.

  • It activates enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen metabolism.

  • It helps in photolysis (splitting water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis).

Zinc:

  • Absorbed as Zn2+ ions

  • It activates various enzymes, specially carboxylase.

  • Needed in the synthesis of auxin.

Copper:

  • Absorbed as Cu2+ ions.

  • Necessary for overall metabolism in plants.

  • It is associated with enzymes involved in redox reactions and is reversibly oxidized from Cu+ to Cu2+.

Molybdenum:

  • Absorbed as MoO22+

  • It is a constituent of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase

Chlorine:

  • Absorbed as Cl- ion.

  • Along with Na+ and K+ elements, it helps in determining the solute concentration and the anion cation balance in the cells.

  • It is essential for the process of photolysis(water-splitting reaction in photosynthesis).

Deficiency Symptoms of Various Elements:

When the availability of an essential element becomes limited, the plant growth gets retarded. Hence critical concentration is defined as the concentration of the essential element below which the plant growth gets retarded. The element is set to be deficient if present below the critical concentration.

Deficiency Symptoms:

The absence or deficiency of any of the essential elements brings about certain morphological changes in plants which are called deficiency symptoms. These symptoms vary from plant to plant and element to element however if it continues it leads to the death of the plant.

When and Where do Deficiency Symptoms Occur?

1. For elements that are actively mobilized, the deficiency symptoms appear first in the older (senescent) tissues. For example, deficiency symptoms of N, K, and Mg are first visible in the senescent leaves.

2. For selectively mobile elements that are not transported out of mature organs, the deficiency symptoms appear first in the younger tissues, for example, sulphur and calcium being part of the structural component of the cell, are not easily released.

Major Deficiency Symptoms or Hunger Signs:

Chlorosis, necrosis, stunted plant growth, premature fall of leaves and buds, and inhibition of cell division are some examples of deficiency symptoms in plants.

  • Chlorosis:

Loss of chlorophyll leads to yellowing of leaves.

It is caused by the deficiency of elements like N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo.

  • Necrosis:

It is caused by the deficiency of elements of Ca, Mg, Cu, K.

  • Inhibition of cell division:

It is caused by a lack or low level of N, K, S, or Mo.

Screenshot%20-%202022-03-11T170544

Toxicity of Micronutrients:

The micronutrients are needed in very low amounts by the plants.

  1. The moderate decrease of micronutrients causes deficiency symptoms.

  2. The moderate increase of micronutrients causes toxicity.

Important Aspects of Micronutrients:

  • There is a very narrow range of concentration at which micronutrients are optimum.

  • Such critical concentrations vary widely for different micronutrients.

  • For example, the symptom of manganese toxicity- the appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins.

  • Mn competes with iron and magnesium for uptake and with Mg for binding with enzymes.

  • Manganese also inhibits Ca translocation in the shoot apex.

Therefore, excess of Mn induces deficiency symptoms of iron, magnesium, and calcium.

Mechanism of Absorption of Elements:

The uptake of ions into the ‘free space’ or ‘outer space’ of cells (apoplast) is passive. The ‘free space’ or ‘outer space’ of cells is the second phase. The passive movement of ions into the apoplast usually occurs through ion channels. The entry-exit of ions to and from the symplast requires energy. The movement of ions is called flux. The inward movement into the cells is influx and the outward movement is called the efflux.

Translocation of Solutes

Mineral salts are transported through the xylem. It is pulled up through the plant by transpirational pull.

Soil As A Reservoir of Essential Elements:

Due to weathering and the breakdown of rocks, nutrients become available to the roots. Soil consists of a variety of substances and minerals. It harbors nitrogen-fixing bacteria and other microbes. It acts as a matrix that stabilizes the plant.

Metabolism of Nitrogen:

The soil has limited amounts of nitrogen. Plants and microbes compete for this nitrogen.

Nitrogen Cycle:

Plants compete with microbes for the limited nitrogen that is available in the soil. So, nitrogen becomes a limiting nutrient for natural and agricultural ecosystems. The process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) is ‘Nitrogen fixation. It is carried out in three ways – biological, industrial, and electrical.

  • Biological nitrogen fixation: It uses living organisms that reduce nitrogen to ammonia.

  • Industrial nitrogen fixation: As sources of nitrogen, they use industrial exhausts.

  • Electrical nitrogen fixation: The factors responsible for this are the forces of nature such as UV radiation.

The process of conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia is called ‘Ammonification’ and it returns nitrogen back to the soil. Some ammonia evaporates and re-enters the atmosphere while a major part of it is converted by soil bacteria into nitrate as follows:

(i) Ammonia is oxidized to nitrite by the bacteria Nitrosomonas and/or Nitrococcus.

2NH3 + 3O2 → 2NO2- + 2H+ + 2H2O

(ii) Nitrite is further oxidised to nitrate by Nitrobacter.

2NO2_ + O2 → 2NO3_

These reactions are called ‘Nitrification’ and the nitrifying bacteria are ‘Chemoautotrophs’. Plants absorb nitrate and transport it to the leaves where it is reduced to ammonia. This ammonia forms the amine group of amino acids. Nitrates are also reduced to nitrogen during ‘Denitrification’ by Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus.

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Fig.4. Nitrogen Cycle

Biological Nitrogen Fixation:

  • Only a few prokaryotic organisms can use the nitrogen in the form of N2, available in the atmosphere. Biological nitrogen fixation is the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organisms. They’re also called Nitrogen fixers.
  • The nitrogen-fixing bacteria could be free-living or symbiotic.
  • An example of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria is Azotobacter.

Symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation:

An example of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation is the legume-bacteria relationship. Rhizobium has a symbiotic relationship with the roots of several legumes such as sweet pea, lentils, garden pea, etc. The most common association is root nodules which are small outgrowths on the roots.

Screenshot%20-%202022-03-11T170654

Fig.5. Leguminous Root Nodules Showing Bacterium Rhizobium

Nodule Formation:

The nitrogenase enzyme acts as a catalyst in the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.

The reaction is:

N2 + 8e- + 8 H+ + 16 ATP → 2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16P1

The energy required for the above reaction (8ATP for each NH3 produced) comes from the respiration of host cells. Leg-haemoglobin, also known as an oxygen scavenger, protects nitrogenase from oxygen in the nodules. This microbe lives as an aerobic, free-living organism where nitrogenase is not functional.

The Fate of Ammonia:

The ammonia is protonated to form NH4+ (ammonium) ions by protonation. NH4+ is used to synthesize amino acids in plants. It occurs by

(i) Reductive amination: Ammonia reacts with α-ketoglutaric acid to form glutamic acid in the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase.

α-ketoglutaric acid + NH4+ + NADPH → glutamate + H2O + NADP

(ii) Transamination: It is the process of transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid. It is facilitated by the enzyme transaminase.

Screenshot%20-%202022-03-11T170743

Significance of NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 12 Notes

The NCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition helps to revise the chapter and to get an idea about the main topics covered in the chapter. Also, these Notes for Class 11 Biology chapter 12 are useful to cover the main topics of Class 11 Biology chapter 12 and also for competitive exams like AIPMT, NEET etc. Class 11 Biology chapter 12 notes pdf file can be used to prepare in offline mode.

NCERT Class 11 Notes Chapter-Wise

Subject Wise NCERT Exemplar Solutions

Subject Wise NCERT Solutions

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. Q.1. In Chapter 12 of Biology NCERT Class 11 why is nitrogen fixation observed in prokaryotes and not eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes do not contain the enzyme – nitrogenase, required to fix nitrogen which is possessed by prokaryotes such as Rhizobium.

2. Q.2. In chapter 12- mineral nutrition of CBSE Biology NCERT, name the mineral element that is restored with the addition of Azotobacter culture to the soil.

Nitrogen

3. Q.3. In the root nodule of a legume, what are the conditions posed by a leghaemoglobin according to Class 11 Mineral Nutrition notes?

It is responsible for initiating anaerobic conditions in the root nodules.

4. Q.4. In NCERT Class 11 Biology chapter 12 notes ,zinc-deficient plants exhibit reduced biosynthesis of?

Auxin

5. Q.5. Deficiency of what is indicated by yellowish edges in leaves?

Potassium deficiency

6. Q.6. List one prokaryote that is non-symbiotic and fixes nitrogen.

Azotobacter

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Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

3 Jobs Available
Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

3 Jobs Available
Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

2 Jobs Available
Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

2 Jobs Available
Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

2 Jobs Available
Producer

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

2 Jobs Available
Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

5 Jobs Available
Vlogger

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

3 Jobs Available
Publisher

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

3 Jobs Available
Journalist

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

3 Jobs Available
Editor

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

3 Jobs Available
Reporter

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

2 Jobs Available
Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

2 Jobs Available
Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

3 Jobs Available
Production Manager
3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
QA Lead

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

2 Jobs Available
Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

2 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Automation Test Engineer

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

2 Jobs Available
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