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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 Notes Digestion And Absorption- Download PDF Notes

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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 Notes Digestion And Absorption- Download PDF Notes

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Feb 09, 2024 08:35 PM IST

Digestion and Absorption is a very important chapter of the NCERT Human Physiology: Digestion and Absorption from an Exam Point of View. The NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 notes give you a basic idea of the chapter on digestion and absorption. Class 11 Biology chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption NCERT Notes will teach you about the human digestive system, the mechanisms of digestion of food, absorption of these digested products, and several disorders of Digestive System.These notes will provide you with additional information on the topic, which will aid you in passing your tests and examinations. Students can also choose to download the XI class Digestion and Absorption notes pdf file. Download the CBSE Notes for Class 11 Biology, Chapter 16, PDF to use offline anywhere. Students must go through each topic in the digestion and absorption Class 11 Notes Biology in the easiest and most effective way possible with the help of NCERT Notes for Class 11.

Class 11 Biology chapter 16 notes also cover all the important concepts related to mechanism of the digestive system and associated digestive glands, which are useful in various competitive exams. Digestion and absorption NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology help you revise these major concepts given in the NCERT Book in a short period of time during CBSE Board exam preparation. CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 notes will help you with quick revision. The Digestion and Absorption chapter covers all headings of NCERT. CBSE Class 11 Biology chapter 16 notes also contain important examples that have been frequently asked in the various exams. Having revision notes and NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 handy saves you time. The NCERT Class 11 notes pdf can be downloaded through the link given below.

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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 Class Notes

Digestion and Absorption

  • Although carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the major components of food, vitamins and minerals are also required by our body in small quantities.
  • Food provides energy and organic materials for the growth and repair of body tissues. Water helps in the metabolic processes of the body and prevents dehydration.
  • Our food consists of macromolecules that can’t be used by our body in their original form.
  • The mechanism of converting complex food substances into simple absorbable forms is called digestion.
  • Digestion is administered by our gastrointestinal system by mechanical and biochemical methods.

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The Human Digestive System

Digestive System

The digestive system of humans consists of the alimentary canal and the associated glands.

Alimentary Canal:

  • It is a long and muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus. The accessory glands of the digestive system like salivary glands, liver, and pancreas pour their secretions into the canal through their ducts.
  • The alimentary canal has the following distinct regions:
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1. Buccal (oral) cavity

2. Pharynx

3. Oesophagus (food pipe)

4. Stomach

5. Small intestine

6. Large intestine

1. Buccal Cavity:

  • It performs the function of ingestion, mastication, and solving of food. It consists of teeth, tongue, and its muscles. Teeth are embedded in jaws. This type of attachment is called thecodont.
  • In human beings, teeth are naturally replaced once in life. So, they have two successive sets of teeth. Such a condition is called diphyodont. Deciduous teeth refer to the first set of teeth that appear in the body. They are also called milk teeth. They do fall off and are then replaced by permanent teeth.
  • An adult human being has four types of teeth and they differ in shape and function. Man has 32 permanent teeth set in 2 jaws, namely incisors (I), canines (C), premolars (PM) and molars (M)

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Arrangement of different types of teeth in the jaws, on one side

  • The arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw is represented by a dental formula. The dental formula in humans is 21232123. It is in the order- I, C, PM, M. The hard chewing surface of the teeth is made up of a substance called enamel. It helps in the mastication of food.

2. Pharynx:

The pharynx acts as a common passage for food and air.

3. Oesophagus:

It is a thin, long tube that leads to the stomach. Gastro-oesophageal sphincter regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach.

4. Stomach:

  • The stomach is situated in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity.
  • It is J-shaped and has three parts- fundus-upper part, cardiac - middle part, and pyloric- lower part.
  • The fundus is towards the oesophagus, cardia is the middle part and food passes into the duodenum through the pylorus.

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Anatomical regions of human stomach

  • Pyloric sphincter is present between the pyloric region of the stomach and duodenum. It is a ring of smooth muscles. It stops and closes several times.

5. Small Intestine

It consists of three parts known as duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

a. Duodenum: It forms the upper part of the small intestine which is ‘C’-shaped.

b. Jejunum: Duodenum leads to a coiled tube called the jejunum.

c. Ileum: It is a highly coiled region of the intestine.

6. Large Intestine:

  • It absorbs the water and discharges the undigested waste.
  • It has three parts- caecum, colon, and rectum.
  • The caecum is a blind sac and some symbiotic microorganisms reside in it. In the case of humans, it is very small and from it extends a small finger-like vermiform appendix which gets infected during appendicitis, it is a vestigial organ.
  • The caecum opens into the colon and is divided into 3 parts – an ascending, a transverse, and a descending part.
  • The rectum is a small muscular region at the end of the large intestine that can store the undigested food before passing it out through the anus.

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Parts of a large intestine

Layers of The Alimentary Canal:

  • The wall of the alimentary canal has four layers called serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa, and mucosa.

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Diagrammatic representation of a transverse section of the gut.

  • Serosa is the outermost layer.

  • Muscularis is composed of smooth muscles.

  • Loose connective tissues containing nerves, blood, and lymph vessels compose the sub-mucosal layer.

  • The mucosa is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal. It forms irregular folds called rugae in a brush border appearance. These modifications increase the surface area enormously.

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A section of the small intestinal mucosa

Digestive Glands:

  1. There are 3 pairs of salivary glands:

  • The parotids (cheek)

  • The submaxillary/submandibular (lower jaw)

  • The sub- linguals (below the tongue).

They secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity.

  1. Liver:

  • It is the largest gland of the body with a weight of about 1.2 to 1.5 kg in an adult human.
  • The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of the liver and each lobule is covered by thin connective tissue called the Glisson’s capsule.
  • The bile is stored in the gall bladder.
  • The duct of the gall bladder called the cystic duct along with the hepatic duct forms the common bile duct.

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The duct systems of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Digestion of Food

  • The process of digestion is fulfilled by mechanical and chemical processes. The buccal cavity performs two major functions:
  1. Mastication of food
  2. Facilitation of swallowing.
  • Mucus helps in the lubrication of the masticated food particles into a bolus. The bolus goes through the oesophagus by peristalsis (waves of muscular contractions). The saliva is composed of electrolytes like Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- and enzymes like salivary amylase and lysozyme.
  • The chemical process of digestion is started in the buccal cavity by salivary amylase. About 30 percent of starch is hydrolysed by this enzyme (optimum pH 6.8) into maltose.
  • Lysozyme acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections.

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  • The mucosa of the stomach has gastric glands. Gastric glands have 3 types of cells namely -

(i) Mucus neck cells -secrete mucus

(ii) Peptic or chief cells- secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen

(iii) Parietal or oxyntic cells - secrete HCl and intrinsic factor-factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.

  • The stomach stores the food for 4-5 hours and the food mixes with gastric juice of the stomach. It is facilitated by the churning movements of its muscular wall and is called the chyme. The inactive enzyme pepsinogen reacts with HCl and gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin. Pepsin is responsible for the conversion of proteins into proteoses and peptides (peptones).
  • The muscularis layer of the small intestine generates various types of movements which help in the mixing of the food with various secretions in the intestine.
  • Pancreatic juice contains inactive enzymes – trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, amylases, lipases, and nucleases.
  • The bile released into the duodenum through the hepato-pancreatic duct contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, but no enzymes. The function of bile is the emulsification of fats( breaking down the fats into very small micelles).
  • Secretions of brush border cells and goblet cells constitute the intestinal juice/ succus entericus. They have a variety of enzymes like disaccharidases, dipeptidases, lipases, nucleosidases, etc. The mucus along with HCO3- protects the intestinal mucosa from acid and provides an alkaline medium (pH 7.8) for enzymatic activities.

Proteins, proteoses, and peptones are acted upon by the proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice.

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Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed by pancreatic amylase into disaccharides.

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Fats are broken down by lipases.

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Nucleases act on nucleic acids.

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The enzymes in the intestinal juice react with the end products to form absorbable forms.

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  • Jejunum and ileum regions of the small intestine absorb the absorbable substances.
  • In the large intestine, no digestive activity occurs and undigested substances are passed to the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water, minerals, and certain drugs and helps in the secretion of mucus which helps in lubrication.

The undigested substances enter into the large intestine through the ileo-caecal valve and are stored in the rectum till defecation.

Absorption of Digested Products

  • Absorption is the process by which end products of digestion pass into the blood or lymph.

  • It is carried out by passive, active, or facilitated transport mechanisms.

  • Small amounts of monosaccharides are absorbed by simple diffusion.

  • Glucose and amino acids are absorbed with the help of carrier proteins, this mechanism is called facilitated transport.

  • Various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose, electrolytes like Na+are absorbed by active transport.

  • Fatty acids, glycerol cannot be absorbed into the blood and are incorporated into small droplets (micelles) which move into the intestinal mucosa. They are re-formed into small protein-coated fat globules(chylomicrons) which are transported into the lymph vessels called lacteals in the villi.

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The Summary of Absorption in Different Parts of the Digestive System

  • The absorbed substances utilise them for their activities by assimilation.

Disorders of Digestive System

Jaundice: In jaundice, the liver is affected. Also, skin and eyes turn yellow due to the deposition of bile pigments.

Vomiting is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a reflex action controlled by the vomiting center in the medulla.

Diarrhoea: It is the abnormal movements of the bowel and increased liquidity of the faecal discharge.

Constipation: The bowel movements occur irregularly and faeces are retained in the large intestine.

Indigestion: It gives a feeling of fullness.

PEM: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) produces Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.

Marasmus: It occurs due to a deficiency of calories(carbohydrates).

Kwashiorkor happens due to protein deficiency. Symptoms of Kwashiorkor include a wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of growth, and brain development.

Chapter-Wise NCERT Class 11 Notes Biology

Significance of NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 Notes:

The NCERT notes of Digestion and Absorption Class 11 helps to revise the chapter and to get an idea about the main topics covered in the chapter. It covers the main topics of the Class 11 CBSE Biology Syllabus. It also helps the students to prepare for competitive exams like AIPMT, AIIMS, NEET, etc.

Subject Wise NCERT Exemplar Solutions

Subject Wise NCERT Solutions

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. Q.1. In NCERT biology chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption, which food blends completely with acidic gastric juices of the stomach?

The food stays in the stomach for 4-5 hours during which it gets blended completely with the acidic gastric juice present in the stomach through churning movements of the muscular walls. This food is known as chyme.

2. Q.2. In NCERT biology chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption, name the tissue or cells that secrete the enzyme enterokinase, which activates Trypsinogen?

 The enzyme enterokinase activates trypsinogen to trypsin. The enzyme is secreted by the intestinal mucosa.

3. Q.3. Where in the alimentary canal absorption of water takes place according to CBSE Class 11 Biology chapter 16 notes?

In the wall of the stomach.

4. Q.4.In NCERT biology chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption, list enzymes involved in the breakdown of nucleotides?

Nucleotidases and nucleosidases.

5. Q.5. What is digestion as per NCERT Class 11 Biology chapter 16 notes and notes for Class 11 Biology chapter 16?

Digestion is the process of conversion of complex food substances to simpler substances that can be absorbed by mechanical and biochemical methods.

6. Q.6. In class 11 Digestion and Absorption notes and Absorption and NCERT notes for Class 11 Biology chapter 16, which glands are concerned with the alimentary canal?

The salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas, are the lists of glands, concerned with the alimentary canal. 

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A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1)

0.34\; J

Option 2)

0.16\; J

Option 3)

1.00\; J

Option 4)

0.67\; J

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times.  Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated.  How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ?  Fat supplies 3.8×107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.  Take g = 9.8 ms−2 :

Option 1)

2.45×10−3 kg

Option 2)

 6.45×10−3 kg

Option 3)

 9.89×10−3 kg

Option 4)

12.89×10−3 kg

 

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1)

2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

Option 2)

200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

Option 3)

2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

Option 4)

20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

A particle is projected at 600   to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1)

K/2\,

Option 2)

\; K\;

Option 3)

zero\;

Option 4)

K/4

In the reaction,

2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

Option 1)

11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

Option 3)

33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

Option 4)

67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2} will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1)

0.02

Option 2)

3.125 × 10-2

Option 3)

1.25 × 10-2

Option 4)

2.5 × 10-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1)

decrease twice

Option 2)

increase two fold

Option 3)

remain unchanged

Option 4)

be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1)

Molality

Option 2)

Weight fraction of solute

Option 3)

Fraction of solute present in water

Option 4)

Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol-1) is

Option 1)

twice that in 60 g carbon

Option 2)

6.023 × 1022

Option 3)

half that in 8 g He

Option 4)

558.5 × 6.023 × 1023

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t2) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m2 , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is

Option 1)

less than 3

Option 2)

more than 3 but less than 6

Option 3)

more than 6 but less than 9

Option 4)

more than 9

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Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

3 Jobs Available
Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

2 Jobs Available
Videographer
2 Jobs Available
Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

2 Jobs Available
Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

2 Jobs Available
Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

5 Jobs Available
Journalist

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

3 Jobs Available
Publisher

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

3 Jobs Available
Vlogger

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

3 Jobs Available
Editor

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

3 Jobs Available
Linguist

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning). 

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian

2 Jobs Available
Public Relation Executive
2 Jobs Available
Travel Journalist

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Production Manager
3 Jobs Available
Merchandiser
2 Jobs Available
QA Lead

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment. 

2 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
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