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Do you know how the refrigerator works? A refrigerator is based on the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, especially the second law of thermodynamics and the concept of heat transfer. It works on the principle of heat absorption from the cooler interior of the fridge and heat rejection to the warmer surroundings. The primary function of a refrigerator is to make the inside cooler and make the outside warmer. This is achieved by a substance that absorbs and releases heat during phase changes which is called compressing and expanding a refrigerant.
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JEE Main Scholarship Test Kit (Class 11): Narayana | Physics Wallah | Aakash | Unacademy
NEET Scholarship Test Kit (Class 11): Narayana | Physics Wallah | Aakash | ALLEN
NCERT Chapter 6 Chemistry class 11, "Thermodynamics" provides a detailed explanation of some essential principles such as the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy), the second law of thermodynamics (entropy and spontaneity), and the concept of free energy, enthalpy, and work done in the processes and the principles and theories that govern their behavior. This chapter also includes many key concepts such as energy transformations, heat, and work.
The NCERT solutions for class 11 chemistry Thermodynamics are designed by our subject experts to offer a systematic and structured approach to these important concepts and help students to develop a clear understanding of critical concepts through the series of solved examples and conceptual explanations, these solutions provide a valuable resource to enhance performance in board exams as well as in the competitive exams like JEE Advanced, NEET, JEE Mains, etc. In this article, we will discuss detailed solutions to all the questions. Also, check NCERT Solutions for Class 11 for solutions to all questions chapter-wise.
Question:1
1) Thermodynamics is not concerned about.........
(i) energy changes involved in a chemical reaction.
(ii) the extent to which a chemical reaction proceeds.
(iii) the rate at which a reaction proceeds.
(iv) the feasibility of chemical reaction.
Answer:
The answer is option (iii) the rate at which a reaction proceeds.
Explanation: Thermodynamics is actually concerned with the initial and final states of a system and not with the rate at which the transformations take place. The laws can be applied to a system only when the system is in equilibrium.
Question:2
Which of the following statements is correct ?
(i) The presence of reacting species in a covered beaker is an example of open system.
(ii) There is an exchange of energy as well as matter between the system and the surroundings in a closed system.
(iii) The presence of reactants in a closed vessel made up of copper is an example of a closed system.
(iv) The presence of reactants in a thermos flask or any other closed insulated vessel is an example of a closed system.
Answer:
The answer is an option (iii) the presence of reactants in a closed vessel made up of copper is an example of a closed system.
Explanation: When the reactants are in a closed vessel, the matter cannot be exchanged. However, the energy may be exchanged through walls. So the reactants in a copper or a steel vessel are an example of a closed system.
Question:3
The state of gas can be described by quoting the relationship between _________ .
(i) pressure, volume, temperature
(ii) temperature, amount, pressure
(iii) amount, volume, temperature
(iv) pressure, volume, temperature, amount
Answer:
The answer is option (iv) pressure, volume, temperature, amount.
Explanation: The states of a gas can be described by the relationship between the variables such as p, V, T, and the amount of gas. These variables are called state variables. Their values are only concerned with the current state of the system.
Question:4
The volume of gas is reduced to half from its original volume. The specific heat will ________ .
(i) reduce to half
(ii) be doubled
(iii) remain constant
(iv) increase four times
Answer:
The answer is that option (iii) remains constant.
Explanation: The property of Specific heat capacity is an intensive property since it refers to the quantity of heat needed to elevate the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. It depends on the volume of the substance.
Question:5
During complete combustion of one mole of butane, 2658 kJ of heat is released. The thermochemical reaction for above change is
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer:
The answer is the option (iii).
Explanation: The definition of the enthalpy of combustion is when the substance undergoes combustion and the enthalpy change that happens per mole in that substance. All other reactants are assumed to be in their standard states at that time.
Question:6
(i) zero
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) equal to
Answer:
The answer is option (ii)
Explanation: The reaction for the formation of
Hence,
Question:7
In an adiabatic process, no transfer of heat takes place between system and surroundings.Choose the correct option for free expansion of an ideal gas under adiabatic condition from the following.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer:
The answer is option (iii)
Explanation: w =0 in the situation of free expansion since the volume is also constant. Als0, q=0 considering the process is adiabatic. The first law of thermodynamics states that
Question:8
The pressure-volume work for an ideal gas can be calculated by using the expression
The work can also be calculated from the pV - plot by using the area under the curve within the specified limits. When an ideal gas is compressed (a) reversibly or (b) irreversibly from Vi to Vf, choose the correct option.
(i) w (reversible) = w (irreversible)
(ii) w (reversible) < w (irreversible)
(iii) w (reversible) > w (irreversible)
(iv) w (reversible) = w (irreversible) + pex.
Answer:
Question:9
The entropy change can be calculated by using the expression
When water freezes in a glass beaker, choose the correct statement amongst the following :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer:
The answer is option (iii)
Explanation: As we all know in the case of an exothermic process, heat is released, which leads to a decrease in the surrounding entropy and as a result, the system entropy increases. As freezing is an exothermic process, we choose this option.
Question:10
On the basis of thermochemical equations (a), (b) and (c), find out which of the algebraic relationships given in options (i) to (iv) is correct.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i) z = x + y
(ii) x = y – z
(iii) x = y + z
(iv) y = 2z – x
Answer:
The answer is option (iii) x = y + z
x =y + z is the correct option as the Algebraic sum of y and z will give x.
Explanation: When y is subtracted from x, we get z. Explained below:
When subtracted, we receive:
So, z= x-y, or, easily put, x=y+z. Hence, option c.
Question:11
Consider the reactions given below. On the basis of these reactions find out which of the algebraic relations given in options (i) to (iv) is correct?
(i)
(ii)
(i) x = y
(ii) x = 2y
(iii) x >y
(iv) x< y
Answer:
The answer is option (iii).
Explanation: In the case of reaction b, the bonds are broken, but in reaction a, the bonds are not broken. However, the same bonds are formed in both cases.
Question:12
The enthalpies of elements in their standard states are taken as zero. The enthalpy of formation of a compound
(i) is always negative
(ii) is always positive
(iii) may be positive or negative
(iv) is never negative
Answer:
The answer is option (iii) maybe positive or negative
Explanation: It can be positive or negative as the reaction could be exothermic or endothermic.
Question:13
Enthalpy of sublimation of a substance is equal to
(i) enthalpy of fusion + enthalpy of vaporization
(ii) enthalpy of fusion
(iii) enthalpy of vaporization
(iv) twice the enthalpy of vapourization.
Answer:
The answer is an option (i) enthalpy of fusion + enthalpy of vaporization
Explanation: In the case of enthalpy of sublimation, a solid converts to liquid and then to gas. In this process, the conversion to liquid requires enthalpy of fusion and the conversion to vapor requires the enthalpy of vapourisation.
Question:14
Which of the following is not correct?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer:
The answer is option (ii)
Explanation: As we all know for a spontaneous reaction,
Question:15
Thermodynamics mainly deals with
(i) interrelation of various forms of energy and their transformation from one form to another.
(ii) energy changes in the processes which depend only on the initial and final states of the microscopic system containing a few molecules.
(iii) how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out.
(iv) the system in an equilibrium state or moving from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
Answer:
The answer is option (i) and (iv)
Explanation: The prerequisite conditions required for the thermodynamics laws to be applicable is for the system to be in equilibrium. Also, they are relevant to the macroscopic systems and not to the microscopic systems which have very few numbers of molecules.
Question:16
In an exothermic reaction, heat is evolved, and the system loses heat to the surroundings. For such system
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer:
The answer is options (i) and (ii)
Explanation: In an exothermic reaction, the heat is released to the surroundings of the system. So,
Question:17
The spontaneity means, having the potential to proceed without the assistance of an external agency. The processes which occur spontaneously are
(i) flow of heat from colder to warmer body.
(ii) gas in a container contracting into one comer.
(iii) gas expanding to fill the available volume.
(iv) burning carbon in oxygen to give carbon dioxide.
Answer:
The answer is options (iii) and (iv).
Explanation: Both the processes, namely, the filling of empty space by gas, as well as the burning of carbon which leads to the formation of carbon dioxide, are spontaneous processes.
Question:18
For an ideal gas, the work of reversible expansion under isothermal conditions can be calculated by using the expression
A sample containing 1.0 mol of an ideal gas is expanded isothermally and reversibly to ten times of its original volume, in two separate experiments. The expansion is carried out at 300 K and at 600 K respectively. Choose the correct option.
(i) Work done at 600 K is 20 times the work done at 300 K.
(ii) Work done at 300 K is twice the work done at 600 K
(iii) Work done at 600 K is twice the work done at 300 K.
(iv)
Answer:
The answer is (iii) and (iv).
Explanation: Now, q = -w, in the case of an isothermal reversible change
In case of ideal gases,
Question:19
Consider the following reaction between zinc and oxygen and choose the correct options out of the options given below:
(i) The enthalpy of two moles
(ii) The enthalpy of two moles of
(iii) 8 kJ mol -1 energy is evolved in the reaction.
(iv) 693.8 kJ mol-1 energy is absorbed in the reaction.
Answer:
The answers are options (i) and (iii).
Explanation:
The reaction depicted above is exothermic in nature, and, hence, the reactant enthalpy is more than the product enthalpy.
Question:20
1 mol of water or 18g of water has an enthalpy of change for vaporization. Now it is given that the change of enthalpy required for 1 mole of water is 40.79 kJ/mol.
For 2 moles of water, the enthalpy change will be 2 x 40.79 = 81.58 KJ. Therefore the standard enthalpy of vaporisation of water is
Question:21
Water has a greater enthalpy of vaporization than acetone. Acetone molecules have a weak force of attraction between them, and hence they require less heat to break the molecular bonds.
Question:22
No, since CaCO3 has been formed from other compounds and not from its constituent elements.
Question:23
The value of
Answer:
The enthalpy change for the given reaction can be calculated as: -
The enthalpy of the reaction is +91.8 kg/mol. This happens as with the reversal of reaction, the value of
Question:24
According to Hess’s law,
This is so because, during the reaction
Question:25
The enthalpy of atomisation for the reaction
Answer:
The reaction presented in the question is
Now,
The mean bond enthalpy of the C-H bond should be used here. For the atomization of 4 moles of C-H bonds, the value is 1665 kJ/mol-1 So, per mole energy = 1665/4 = 416.2 kJ / mol-1
Question:26
In order to calculate the lattice enthalpy of NaBr,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Question:27
Entropy in an isolated system increases with the increase in the disorder in the system. As diffusion is a spontaneous process, the process also will be a spontaneous one.
Question:28
Temperature and the entropy change are both inversely proportional quantities. Q and T are related to the entropy in the case of reversible reaction in the following manner:
Question:29
Yes. The temperature of the surroundings and the system will be identical when we look at the condition of thermal equilibrium. The enthalpy varies in an inversely proportionate manner in the case of system and surroundings. If the enthalpy of the system increases, the enthalpy of the surroundings deceases.
Question:30
At 298 K, Kp for the reaction
Answer:
As per the information given in the question, Kp for the above reaction is 0.98
For a process to be of spontaneous nature,
As
Hence
Question:31
In case of a cyclic change, the value of
Question:32
The standard molar entropy of H2O (s) will be less than 70 JK-1mol-1. This is because entropy decreases when ice is formed from water as molecules reduce their movement and are arranged in an orderly fashion.
Question:33
Out of the options mentioned, the state functions are: Temperature, Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free energy and the path functions are Work, Heat, etc.
Question:34
The molar enthalpy of vapourization of acetone is less than that of water. Why?
Answer:
As the intermolecular forces of attraction is lower in acetone than in water, the enthalpy of vaporization of water is higher than that of acetone.
Question:35
Which quantity out of
Answer:
Question:36
Predict the change in internal energy for an isolated system at constant volume.
Answer:
There is no change in internal energy for an isolated system at a constant volume if there is no transfer of heat as work which are the conditions of an isolated system. Hence,
Question:37
The conditions in which heat becomes path-independent are:
a) when the volume remains the same
As
b) when the pressure remains the same
So,
So, at a constant volume and at constant pressure heat change is a state function because it is equal to a change in internal energy and a change in enthalpy respectively which are state functions.
Question:38
A free expansion is known as the expansion of gas in a vacuum. The equation can be written as
q =0, when we consider isothermal expansion.
Referring to the first law of thermodynamics we have
Hence,
Question:39
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one mole of the substance by one degree Celsius is known as its heat capacity.
For the molar heat capacity calculation, we multiply 18 and the value of the specific heat
We know that, C (specific heat) =
Therefore,
Question:40
In the case of an ideal gas, the difference between
Therefore, for 10 moles of an ideal gas-
= 41.84 J
Question:41
We know that, 1 mole of carbon = 12g
To calculate the molar enthalpy, change of graphite, we need to multiply enthalpy change for 1g carbon along with its molar mass. Which as per the information provided in the question can be calculated as,
Question:42
We know that to calculate Enthalpy change, the formula is
= (Bond energy of H-H bond + Br-Br bond) – (2 × bond energy of H-Br)
In our case, we can calculate enthalpy change by substituting the values.
=
= -109 kJ mol-1
Question:43
As per the information provided in the question, for one mole of
Hence for the vaporisation of 284 g of
Question:44
Standard molar enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of a compound from its most stable states or reference states. As per the given information in the question, the standard enthalpy for the given equation is – 572 kJ mol–1
Now the enthalpy of formation for
Question:45
Assumption: The cylinder is filled with one-mole gas, and the piston is frictionless. Let the pressure of the gas inside be p and the volume of gas be
A piston is moved towards the inside to make the external pressure
Question:46
When a process can be reversed by bringing an extremely small change in it, we call it a reversible process. The pressure-volume graph can be used to calculate the work done. The pressure is not constant, and changes in infinitesimal amounts as compression happens from initial volume Vi to the final volume Vf. The below graph depicts the work done with the shaded area.
Question:47
(a) Throwing a stone from the ground to the roof
b) the reaction involved is a process where the energy decreases after the reaction. It can be represented as:
In process b), potential energy/enthalpy change is contributing factor to the spontaneity.
Question:48
No, for the state of spontaneity, the enthalpy change is not the only criteria. Entropy also needs to be taken into account here.
We can conclude from the figure that this change is a reversible change.
Now,
Question:50
We know that the amount of work done =
On substituting the values in the formula, we get,
According to the described problem,
Therefore,
The significance of the negative sign states that the work is done on the surroundings of the system. In the case of reversible expansion, the work done will be more.
Question:51
A |
B |
(i) Adiabatic Process |
(a) Heat |
(ii) Isolated system |
(b) At constant volume |
(iii) Isothermal change |
(c) First law of thermodynamics |
(iv) Path function |
(d) No exchange of energy and matter |
(v) State function |
(e) No transfer of heat |
(vi) |
(f) Constant temperature |
(vii)Law of conservation of energy |
(g) Internal energy |
(viii) Reversible process |
(h) |
(ix) Free Expansion |
(i) At constant pressure |
(x) |
(j) Infinitely slow process which |
(xi) Intensive property |
(k) Entropy |
(xii) Extensive property |
(l) Pressure |
|
(m) Specific heat |
Answer:
(i) - (e); (ii)- (d); (iii)- (f); (iv)- (a); (v)- (g), (k), (l); (vi)- (b); (vii)- (c); (viii)- (j); (ix) (h); (x)- (i); (xi)- (a), (l), (m); (xii)- (g), (k)
Question:52
Match the following processes with entropy change:
Reaction |
Entropy change |
(i) A liquid vapourises |
(a) |
(ii)Reaction is non-spontaneous at all temperatures and |
(b) |
(iii) Reversible expansion of an ideal gas |
|
Answer:
(i) - b
(ii) - c
(iii) -a
Explanation:
Reaction |
Entropy change |
(i) A liquid vaporizes |
As a liquid changes to a gaseous state, the movement of molecules will increase and hence the entropy will also increase. |
ii) Reaction is non-spontaneous at all temperatures and AH is positive. |
ΔG is positive as the process in non-spontaneous. Also, ΔH is positive. Hence, ΔS is negative. |
(iii) Reversible expansion of an ideal |
This process at every stage is always in equilibrium |
Question:53
|
Description |
(i) |
(a) Non-spontaneous at high temperature. |
(ii) |
(b) Spontaneous at all temperatures |
(iii) |
(c) Non-spontaneous at all temperatures |
Answer:
(i) - c
(ii) - a
(iii) -b
Explanation:
Parameters |
Description |
i) + - + |
ΔG is positive, and ΔS is negative when we have a positive enthalpy change. So, at all temperatures, the process remains non-spontaneous |
ii) - - + at a hight T |
when we have a positive enthalpy change, ΔG is positive. The process will be non-spontaneous at high temperatures. |
iii) - + - |
When enthalpy change is negative, ΔG is negative, and ΔS is positive. Hence the process will be spontaneous at all temperatures. |
Question:54
(i) Entropy of vapourization |
(a) decreases |
(ii) K for spontaneous process |
(b) is always positive |
(iii) Crystalline solid state |
(c) lowest entropy |
(iv) |
(d) |
Answer:
(i) - b, d
(ii) - b
(iii) -c
(iv) -a
Explanation:
Col I |
Col II |
(i) Entropy of vaporization |
ΔH vap / T |
(ii) K for spontaneous process |
|
(iii) Crystalline solid state |
Molecules in the solid state of matter are the most stable and ordered and hence have the least entropy |
(iv) ΔU in adiabatic expansion of ideal gas |
ΔU decreases as in the situation of expansion, the system is the one that does work. so, q =0 and ΔU = -w |
Question:55
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A): Combustion of all organic compounds is an exothermic reaction.
Reason (R) : The enthalpies of all elements in their standard state are zero.
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A is false but R is true.
Answer:
The answer is option (ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: the reactant enthalpies are always greater than the product enthalpies when it comes to the combustion reaction.
Question:56
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A) : Spontaneous process is an irreversible process and may be reversed by some external agency.
Reason (R) : Decrease in enthalpy is a contributory factor for spontaneity.
(i) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true, but R is false.
(iv) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
The answer is option (ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: In the case of a spontaneous process, the randomness should be positive, and ΔU should be negative.
Question:57
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A): A liquid crystallizes into a solid and is accompanied by a decrease in entropy.
Reason (R): In crystals, molecules organize in an ordered manner.
(i) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true, but R is false.
(iv) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
The answer is option (i) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: As the liquid starts to crystallize the randomness in the molecules decreases as they get arranged in an orderly fashion. Hence, the entropy decreases.
Question:58
Derive the relationship between
Answer:
Now, the heat absorbed at constant volume is equal to the change in the internal Energy.
qp is the heat absorbed.
p
the equation can be represented as
so, we get,
now we take into consideration, the enthalpy
Hence, we can rewrite the first equation as,
now, in the case of the state functions.
H is a state function because it depends on U, p, and V, all of which are state functions.
So,
We can rewrite equation 2 in case of finite changes as,
We measure changes in enthalpy, when heat is being absorbed at a constant pressure.
ΔV = 0, for constant volume. So, equation 3 becomes ΔH = ΔU = qv
Let Va be the total volume of gaseous reactants and Vb be the total volume of gaseous products. Let nA be the number of moles of gas reactants and nB be the number of moles for the gaseous products. The ideal gas law is:
pVa= nA R T
pVb= nB R T
now,
pVb - pVa = (nB - nA) RT
hence,
now, by using equation 3 and equation 4,
we can write
ΔH = ΔU + Δng RT
Question:59
Extensive properties Mass, internal energy, heat capacity.
Intensive properties Pressure, molar heat capacity, density, mole fraction, specific heat, temperature and molarity.
Ratio of two extensive properties is always intensive.
Extensive/Extensive = Intensive
So, mole fraction and molarity are intensive properties.
Question:60
When one mole of an ionic compound dissociates into its ions, the enthalpy change related to this process is called lattice enthalpy.
Lattice enthalpy for NaCl is calculated as follows:
1) Sublimation of sodium metal
2) Ionization enthalpy: ionization of sodium atoms
3) Bond dissociation enthalpy: dissociation of chlorine
4) Electron gain enthalpy: electron gain by chlorine
These steps collectively form the BORN-HABER Cycle, wherein the sum total of enthalpy changes around a cycle is equal to 0.
Question:61
We are aware of the equation that,
The temperature of the system and surroundings will be equal if both are in equilibrium. Also, the enthalpy changes are inversely proportional in both of them.
We can represent the entropy changes in the surroundings as:
Hence, we can rewrite this as:
In case of a spontaneous process:
We can write the above equation as:
ΔG is the measure of free energy as it is the net available energy for performing some useful work.
Criteria for spontaneity:
Question:62
Let us assume that a cylinder has 1-mole gas without any weight or friction having area of cross-section A. Hence, the total volume is depicted by Vi and the initial pressure is assumed to be p.
Let us assume that pext is the external pressure.
Now, if pext> p, the piston moves down until pext = p,
Hence, the final volume is Vf and the distance moved by piston be ?l
Thus, ?V = ?l × A (eq-1)
?V = Vf - Vi
We know that, force = pressure ×area
Therefore, F = pext× A (eq-2)
If w is work done on the system
W = force × displacement
= pext × A ×?l
From eq-1
W = pext×(-?V)
W = -pext?V
W = -pext( vf – vi)
If vf> vi work is done by the system and w is negative. If vf< vi work is on the system and w is positive
The students preparing for the Class XI examination can refer to the chapters and the topics that are covered in the chapter. The students can use the NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 download pdf feature to save solutions in their device. The solutions provided in the chapter will help the students in understanding the different topics to solve the questions.
The chapter will help the students understand the different concepts related to the relationship between heat and other forms of energy.
NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry chapter 6 solutions will let students know the important aspects of Thermodynamics in a better way.
They will also learn about the relationship between heat and other forms of energy and their importance that is required in the field.
In NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Thermodynamics, the students will learn about a closed system, in which only energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
The topics will help the students learn about the surroundings of a system that is the part of the universe that does not contain the system.
Based on the exchange of energy and matter, thermodynamic systems can be classified into 3 types: closed system, open system, and an isolated system.
Chapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties |
Chapter 6 Thermodynamics |
Chapter 7 Equilibrium |
Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques |
Mentioned below are the important topics that will help the students in studying for the examination:
It will help the students learn about the relationship between heat and other forms of energy and their importance that is required in the field.
Class 11 Chemistry NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 6 deals with the different forms of energy and how they are used in our day-to-day lives. Learning from the solutions will also help the students in preparing for the competitive exam.
NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 6 explains a closed system, where only energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
In an open system energy as well as matter can be exchanged with the surroundings. In an isolated system, both energy and matter cannot be exchanged with the surroundings.
Chapter-1 - Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Chapter-2 - Structure of Atom
Chapter-3 - Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Chapter-4 - Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Chapter-5 -Thermodynamics
Chapter-6 -Equilibrium
Chapter-7 -Redox Reaction
Chapter-8 -Organic chemistry- some basic principles and techniques
Chapter-9 - Hydrocarbons
Read more NCERT Solution subject wise -
Also, read NCERT Notes subject-wise -
Also Check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:
Thermodynamics in chemistry is the study of energy changes that occur in chemical reactions and physical processes. It deals with heat, work, energy, and the relationships between them.
The three laws of Thermodynamics are given below:
Exothermic reactions: These reactions release heat into the surroundings.
Endothermic reactions: These reactions absorb heat from the surroundings.
Reversible processes can be reversed by an infinitesimal change in the external conditions, while irreversible processes cannot be reversed.
A process will be spontaneous if it occurs without any external intervention, and its Gibbs Free Energy decreases.
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As per latest 2024 syllabus. Physics formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
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