NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 2025-26, Download All Subjects PDF Here

Unit

NCERT Chapter-wise Solution

Marks

I

Electrostatics

16

Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; torque on a dipole in uniform electric field, super position principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole,etc.

Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field, etc.

II

Current Electricity

Chapter-3: Current Electricity

Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear) Carbon resistors, Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current , electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance,etc

III

Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism

17

Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, Cyclotron.Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, etc.

Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter

IV

Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current

Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction. Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current.

Chapter-7: Alternating Current

V

Electromagnetic Waves

18

Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves

Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only), etc

VI

Optics

Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Chapter-10: Wave Optics

Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, Wave front and Huygen's principle, Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle, coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Interference, etc.

VII

Dual Nature of Matter

12

Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light, etc.

VIII

Atoms & Nuclei

Chapter-12: Atoms

Chapter-13: Nuclei

Composition and size of nucleus, Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law, etc.

IX

Electronic Devices

7

Chapter-14: Semiconductor Electronics

Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier, Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only), etc.

Total

70

NCERT Chapter-wise Solution

Important Topics

Marks

Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions

08

Chapter 2 - Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions

Chapter 3 - Matrices

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Oncommutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries)

10

Chapter 4 - Determinants

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, like sin−1 x , cos−1 x and tan−1 x, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives

35

Chapter 6 - Application of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as reallife situations)

Chapter 7 - Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them. ∫ dx x 2 ± a 2, ∫ dx √x 2 ± a 2 , ∫ dx √a 2 − x 2 , ∫ dx ax2 + bx + c , ∫ dx √ax2+bx+c ∫ px + q ax2 + bx + c dx, ∫ px + q √ax2+bx + c dx, ∫ √a 2 ± x 2 dx, ∫ √x 2 − a 2 dx ∫√??2 + ?? + ? ??, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals

Chapter 8 - Application of Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)

Chapter 9 - Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: dy dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants. d? d? + px = q, where p and q are functions of y or constants.

Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.

14

Chapter 11 - Three Dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between two lines.

Chapter 12 - Linear Programming

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

05

Chapter 13 - Probability

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean of random variable.

08

Total

80

NCERT Chapter-wise Solution

Important Topics

Chapter 1 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower Structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; pollination -Types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; post-fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization, etc.

Chapter 2 - Human Reproduction

Embryo development up to blastocyst formation, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, Male and Female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis, etc.

Chapter 3 - Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - contraception and medical termination of pregnancy, need and methods, etc.

Chapter 4 - Principles of Inheritance And Variation

Chromosome theory of inheritance; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans, Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and inheritance, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance, etc.

Chapter 5 - Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon, Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication, etc.

Chapter 6 - Evolution

Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution, Origin of life; biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution (palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence), etc.

Chapter 7 - Human Health and Disease

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, etc.

Chapter 8 - Microbes in Human Welfare

Energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers, In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, etc.

Chapter 9 - Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Chapter 10 - Biotechnology and its Applications

Stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms, Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, etc.

Chapter 11 - Organisms And Population

Population and ecological adaptations; population interactions - mutualism, Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, competition, predation, parasitism, etc.

Chapter 12 - Ecosystem

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession, etc.

Chapter 13 - Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity, etc.