NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 - Download PDF

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Aug 08, 2025 03:34 PM IST

The NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology makes learning easy with detailed chapters. All chapters include well-labeled diagrams and real-life examples. It includes chapters on genetics, evolution, ecology, and biotechnology. Topics of each chapter are explained in simple language so the students don’t get confused. The NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 is useful for higher studies as well as for competitive exams like NEET.

This Story also Contains

NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Theory)
NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Practicals)
How to Download the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?
Best Reference Books for Class 12 Biology syllabus
Chapter-wise Solutions for Class 12 Biology
Advantages of Knowing the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 - Download PDF

The NCERT syllabus for class 12 Biology has 13 chapters. It focuses on both theory and practical sections to give students complete knowledge. The updated syllabus is not available at the official website of NCERT. But students can download the latest syllabus from the Careers360 platform. The syllabus is arranged from basic to advanced topics so students can study step by step. They can refer to the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology PDF for quick access during the exam time.

NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Theory)

The Biology syllabus has been prepared to help students score well in exams. Most questions in the board exam are taken directly from the NCERT books. That’s why thoroughly studying them is very important. These books clearly explain concepts so that students find it easier to learn difficult topics. Given below is a table that includes chapters present in the Class 12 Biology syllabus, along with the topic name.

Chapter	Chapter Name	Topic Name
Chapter 1	Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	Flower structure Development of male & female gametophytes Pollination: Types & agents Outbreeding devices Double fertilization Embryo & endosperm development
Chapter 2	Human Reproduction	Human reproductive system Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis & oogenesis) Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Fertilization in Humans Embryo development up to the blastocyst stage
Chapter 3	Reproductive Health	Importance of reproductive health Prevention of STDs Contraception methods Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
Chapter 4	Principles of Inheritance and Variation	Mendelian inheritance Chromosomal theory Linkage & crossing over Sex-linked inheritance (haemophilia, colour blindness) Multiple alleles Polygenic inheritance
Chapter 5	Molecular Basis of Inheritance	Structure of DNA & RNA DNA packaging & replication Transcription & translation Genetic code Gene regulation (lac operon) Discovery of DNA as genetic material
Chapter 6	Evolution	Darwin’s theory Modern synthetic theory Origin of life Evidence of evolution (fossils, embryology, molecular evidence) Mechanisms of evolution
Chapter 7	Human Health and Disease	Common diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, filariasis, etc.) Pathogens & parasites Prevention & control
Chapter 8	Microbes in Human Welfare	Role of microbes in food processing Sewage treatment Industrial production Bio-control agents Bio-fertilizers
Chapter 9	Biotechnology: Principles and Processes	Recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering techniques DNA cloning
Chapter 10	Biotechnology and its Applications	Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Applications in health & agriculture Gene therapy Stem cell technology Production of human insulin & vaccines
Chapter 11	Organisms and Population	Population ecology Habitat & niche Adaptations Population interactions (mutualism, predation, competition, parasitism)
Chapter 12	Ecosystem	Components of the ecosystem Productivity & decomposition Energy flow Ecological pyramids Nutrient cycles (carbon & phosphorus) Ecological succession
Chapter 13	Biodiversity and Conservation	Concepts & patterns of biodiversity Conservation methods Hotspots & endangered species Causes of biodiversity loss

NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Practicals)

Have you ever wondered why doing experiments is part of studying biology? Practical work helps to apply what they have learn in theory, which makes concepts clearer. It also builds confidence in handling lab equipment and following safety rules. These skills are valuable for exams and future studies. Given below is a list of practical experiments included in the NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26.

Practical Marking Scheme (30 Marks)

One Major Experiment – 5 Marks
One Minor Experiment – 4 Marks
Slide Preparation – 5 Marks
Spotting Exercises – 7 Marks
Practical Record & Viva – 4 Marks
Project Work & Viva – 5 Marks

NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26: List of Experiments

The list of all the experiments is given below:

A. Experiments

Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
Study the plant population density by the quadrat method.
Study the plant population frequency by the quadrat method.
Prepare a temporary mount of an onion root tip to study mitosis.
Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, banana, etc.

B. Study and observe the following (Spotting)

Flowers are adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
Pollen germination on the stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.
Identification of stages of gamete development: transverse section (T.S.) of testis and T.S. of ovary (grasshopper/mice).
Meiosis in onion bud cells or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (mammalian).
Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colours/sizes of any plant.
Prepared pedigree charts of any one genetic trait, such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow’s peak, or colour blindness.
Controlled pollination — emasculation, tagging, and bagging.
Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and fungi causing ringworm are viewed through permanent slides, models, virtual images, or specimens. Comment on their disease symptoms.
Models/specimens showing symbiotic association in lichens, root nodules of leguminous plants, and parasitic nutrition shown by Cuscuta on a host.
Flash cards/models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects

How to Download the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?

Follow the step-by-step instructions below to download the syllabus for quick and easy access:

Step 1: Go to the official NCERT website at http://ncert.nic.in.

Step 2: On the home page, in the 'Search' option, type 'Syllabus' and click on it. This will take you to the syllabus page.

Step 3: Click on the 'Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Classes' option. The syllabus PDF will open.

Step 4: You will get all the links for different subjects from the list in the PDF.

Note: The Class 12 Biology syllabus is not updated on the NCERT official website. Students can download the latest syllabus from this page, which is given below.

Download -

NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26

Best Reference Books for Class 12 Biology syllabus

Sometimes, a few topics are not clearly explained in the prescribed textbooks. In such cases, it is important to refer to some other books. These books serve as a valuable resource and cover the NCERT syllabus clearly. All topics are explained clearly, with additional examples and practice questions. This builds a strong understanding and confidence. Given below are reference books that students can read to understand the NCERT Syllabus Class 12 Biology easily.

S. Chand’s Biology for class XII by B.P. Pandey.
Trueman’s Elementary Biology for Class 12 and NEET by K.N. Bhatia and M.P. Tyagi.
CBSE Biology Chapter-wise Solved Papers class 12th by Arihant Expert.
Pradeep’s A Text Book of Biology Class 12 by P.S. Dhami.
Biology by Campbell and Reece

Also read,

Chapter-wise Solutions for Class 12 Biology

To answer all the questions given in the textbook, students can refer to the solutions. All the solutions are prepared by subject experts in simple and clear language. Practicing the questions given in the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 improves problem-solving skills. This also increases the learning and makes revision better before exams.

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 2 Human Reproduction

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 3 Reproductive Health

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 5 Molecular basis of inheritance

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 6 Evolution

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 7 Human health and disease

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare

NCERT Solutions for class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Biotechnology and its Application

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Organisms and Populations

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Ecosystem

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Biodiversity and Conservation

Advantages of Knowing the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus

Having a thorough understanding of the syllabus in advance offers several benefits. Some of the key ones are listed below:

It gives knowledge of the topics that students have to study throughout the academic session.
Students can plan their studies without any confusion.
They get to know the list of experiments along with the theory syllabus.
Having access to the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology PDF in advance provides confidence.

Also, Read:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the main units covered in the Class 12 Biology NCERT syllabus?

The NCERT syllabus for class 12 Biology is divided into five main units:

Reproduction
Genetics and Evolution
Biology and Human Welfare
Biotechnology and Its Applications
Ecology and Environment

2. How many chapters are there in the Class 12 Biology NCERT textbook?

There are 13 chapters in total in the NCERT syllabus for class 12 Biology.

3. Is Biotechnology an important part of the NCERT Biology Class 12 syllabus?

Yes, Biotechnology is an important part of Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus and frequently asked section in NEET. It includes two chapters:

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Biotechnology and Its Applications

4. Are topics like Evolution and Human Health included in Class 12 Biology syllabus?

Yes, both topics are included:

Evolution is part of the chapter Evolution under the unit Genetics and Evolution.
Human Health and Disease is a separate chapter under the unit Biology and Human Welfare.

5. What chapters are included under the unit “Genetics and Evolution”?

The unit, "Genetics and Evolution," includes two chapters in NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology PDF, which are:

Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Evolution

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Popular Questions

A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms^-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1) $0.34\; J$	Option 2) $0.16\; J$
Option 3) $1.00\; J$	Option 4) $0.67\; J$

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times. Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated. How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ? Fat supplies 3.8×10⁷J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate. Take g = 9.8 ms⁻² :

Option 1)

2.45×10⁻³ kg

Option 2)

6.45×10⁻³ kg

Option 3)

9.89×10⁻³ kg

Option 4)

12.89×10⁻³ kg

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1) $2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J$	Option 2) $200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J$
Option 3) $2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J$	Option 4) $20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J$

A particle is projected at 60⁰ to the horizontal with a kinetic energy $K$ . The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1) $K/2\,$	Option 2) $\; K\;$
Option 3) $zero\;$	Option 4) $K/4$

In the reaction,

$2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}$

Option 1) $11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}$ at STP is produced for every mole $HCL_{(aq)}$ consumed	Option 2) $6L\, HCl_{(aq)}$ is consumed for ever $3L\, H_{2(g)}$ produced
Option 3) $33.6 L\, H_{2(g)}$ is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts	Option 4) $67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}$ at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, $Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2}$ will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1) 0.02	Option 2) 3.125 × 10^-2
Option 3) 1.25 × 10^-2	Option 4) 2.5 × 10^-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1) decrease twice	Option 2) increase two fold
Option 3) remain unchanged	Option 4) be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1) Molality	Option 2) Weight fraction of solute
Option 3) Fraction of solute present in water	Option 4) Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol^-1) is

Option 1) twice that in 60 g carbon	Option 2) 6.023 × 10²²
Option 3) half that in 8 g He	Option 4) 558.5 × 6.023 × 10²³

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t²) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m² , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is