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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2024 - Download PDF

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2024 - Download PDF

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Apr 04, 2025 04:40 PM IST

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26: The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2024-25 has been created in a way that enables students to grasp important biological concepts in an organized way. It deals with reproduction, genetics, evolution, biotechnology, and ecology-related topics, which will serve as a solid base for both board exams and competitive exams. The NCERT Syllabus is logical, which allows students to proceed from what they have learned in school and gain an in-depth knowledge of life sciences.

This Story also Contains
  1. NCERT CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology
  2. NCERT Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26
  3. Best Reference Books for Class 12 CBSE Biology
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2024 - Download PDF
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2024 - Download PDF

Biology is an important subject for CBSE board exams and medical entrance exams such as NEET. A large number of questions in NEET are directly asked from NCERT textbooks, so students must study the syllabus properly. The subject not only contributes to scoring high marks in exams but also grows analytical thinking regarding biological phenomena, human health, and environmental concerns.

Background wave

The NCERT and CBSE guidelines focus more on the clarity of concept and application of knowledge. The syllabus is revised according to the current educational policies to include the latest scientific developments. Students are recommended to use the official NCERT Biology textbook and practice diagrams, which are very important for grasping and memorizing advanced concepts.

NCERT CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology

The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2025-26 has been developed with the intent of allowing students to concentrate on major topics and ace exams. Since most CBSE board questions are taken directly from NCERT books, thoroughly studying them is a must. NCERT books clarify concepts clearly and simply so that students find it easier to learn complex topics. Also, NCERT Solutions class 12 have extensive explanations, making students overcome doubts and build their knowledge strongly. Units such as Genetics and Evolution, Reproduction, and Biology and Human Welfare carry maximum weightage, so targeting these can increase total scores in both board exams as well as NEET.


Chapter Name
Key Topics
1Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  • Flower structure
  • Development of male & female gametophytes
  • Pollination: Types & agents
  • Outbreeding devices
  • Double fertilization
  • Embryo & endosperm development
2Human Reproduction
3Reproductive Health
4Principles of Inheritance and Variation
5Molecular Basis of Inheritance
6Evolution
7Human Health and Disease
  • Common diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, filariasis, etc.)
  • Pathogens & parasites
  • Prevention & control
8Microbes in Human Welfare
  • Role of microbes in food processing
  • Sewage treatment
  • Industrial production
  • Bio-control agents
  • Bio-fertilizers
9Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
10Biotechnology and its Applications
  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
  • Applications in health & agriculture
  • Gene therapy
  • Stem cell technology
  • Production of human insulin & vaccines
11Organisms and Population
12Ecosystem
13Biodiversity and Conservation
  • Concept & patterns of biodiversity
  • Conservation methods
  • Hotspots & endangered species
  • Causes of biodiversity loss


NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects

NCERT Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26

The CBSE Class 12 Biology practical exam is worth 30 marks and assesses students based on experiments, slide preparations, spotting, and viva questions.

CBSE Biology Practical Marking Scheme (30 Marks)

  • One Major Experiment – 5 Marks
  • One Minor Experiment – 4 Marks
  • Slide Preparation – 5 Marks
  • Spotting Exercises – 7 Marks
  • Practical Record & Viva – 4 Marks
  • Project Work & Viva – 5 Marks

List of Experiments & Slide Preparations

  • Flower Dissection – Study reproductive organs.
  • Tissue Microscopy – View plant and animal tissues.
  • Enzyme Activity – Temperature & pH effect.
  • Osmosis & Diffusion – Learn transport across membranes.
  • Chromatography – Plant pigment separation.

Spotting Exercises

  • Pathogen Identification – Learn disease-causing organisms.
  • Symbiotic Associations – View mutual relationships in nature.
  • Homologous & Analogous Organs – Compare evolutionary characteristics.

Viva Questions

Students can be questioned on:

  • Principles behind experiments
  • Procedural steps and observations
  • The biological significance of the results

Also Read:

Best Reference Books for Class 12 CBSE Biology

NCERT syllabus for Class 12 Biology helps to prepare for class 12 board exams. However referring to some Class 12 Biology reference books helps the students to dig into more details about important topics. Some of the best reference books for class 12 biology are mentioned below:

  • S. Chand’s Biology for class XII by B.P. Pandey.
  • Trueman’s Elementary Biology for Class 12 and NEET by K.N. Bhatia and M.P. Tyagi.
  • Together with Biology by S. Chand.
  • CBSE Biology Chapter-wise Solved Papers class 12th by Arihant Expert.
  • Pradeep’s A Text Book of Biology class 12 by P.S. Dhami.
  • Biology by Campbell and Reece

Check: NCERT Books for class 12 all Subjects

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter wise

Below mentioned are the Chapterwise solutions:

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 2 Human Reproduction
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 3 Reproductive Health
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 6 Evolution
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 10 Biotechnology and its Applications
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 11 Organisms and Population
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 12 Ecosystem
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 13 Biodiversity and Conservation


NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus gives a sound understanding of the fundamentals of biology concepts, including questions that are applicable for board and competitive exams like NEET. It gives good conceptual clarity based on well-presented chapters, diagrams, and practicals. As most NEET and CBSE board examination questions are solely based on NCERT material, proper revision of the textbook, diagram practice, and solving the previous years' papers are also important for clearing the exam. Regular study, smart revision techniques, and reference materials will assist students in succeeding in the board as well as entrance exams.

Also, Read:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the main units covered in the Class 12 Biology NCERT syllabus?

The Class 12 Biology NCERT syllabus is divided into five main units:

  1. Reproduction

  2. Genetics and Evolution

  3. Biology and Human Welfare

  4. Biotechnology and Its Applications

  5. Ecology and Environment

2. How many chapters are there in the Class 12 Biology NCERT textbook?

There are 13 chapters in total in the Class 12 Biology NCERT textbook.

3. Is Biotechnology an important part of the syllabus?

Yes, Biotechnology is an important and frequently asked section in NEET. It includes two chapters:

  • Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

  • Biotechnology and Its Applications

4. Are topics like Evolution and Human Health included?

Yes, both topics are included:

  • Evolution is part of the chapter Evolution under the unit Genetics and Evolution.

  • Human Health and Disease is a separate chapter under the unit Biology and Human Welfare.

5. What chapters are included under the unit “Genetics and Evolution”?

This unit includes the following two chapters:

  1. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

  2. Evolution

6. Does the syllabus include practicals and if so, what kind?

Yes, practicals are included. Some key practical components are:

  • Slide preparation (pollen grains, onion root tip mitosis)

  • Spotting (pollen germination, flowers, stages of embryo development)

  • Biochemical tests (starch, sugar, protein, fat)

  • Study of specimens, charts, and models (flowers, embryos, diseases)

  • Experiments on plant physiology and Mendelian genetics

7. Are there any changes in the Biology syllabus for this academic year?

As of now, no major changes have been officially announced by NCERT or CBSE for the current academic year. However, always refer to the official CBSE website or your school for the latest updates.

8. Is Ecology and Environment a scoring unit?

Yes, Ecology and Environment is generally considered a highly scoring unit, often with direct and NCERT-based questions in NEET and board exams.

9. What topics are covered under “Biotechnology: Principles and Processes”?

This chapter includes:

  • Basic concepts of biotechnology

  • Tools of recombinant DNA technology (restriction enzymes, vectors)

  • Cloning vectors and competent cells

  • Steps in genetic engineering (isolation, insertion, multiplication)

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and gene cloning

10. Is there any chapter focused on reproduction in humans and plants?

Yes, the Reproduction unit includes four chapters:

  1. Reproduction in Organisms

  2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

  3. Human Reproduction

  4. Reproductive Health

11. Are diagrams important in Class 12 Biology exams?

Yes! Diagrams are important both to understand and to score:

Labeled diagrams such as the human reproductive system, flower anatomy, DNA anatomy, etc., are commonly asked.

They convey answers better and bring higher marks.

12. Does the NCERT syllabus cover current environmental issues?

Yes, the chapter Environmental Issues in the unit Ecology and Environment discusses:

  • Air and water pollution

  • Solid waste management

  • Ozone depletion

  • Global warming

  • Loss of biodiversity

  • Conservation strategies

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