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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 – Download PDF & Chapter-wise Topics
  • NCERT Syllabus
  • NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 – Download PDF & Chapter-wise Topics

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 – Download PDF & Chapter-wise Topics

Irshad AnwarUpdated on 22 Nov 2025, 12:37 PM IST

The NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 makes learning easier by providing detailed explanations in every chapter. Each chapter includes well-labeled diagrams, clear examples, and real-life applications to help students understand complex concepts better. The syllabus covers important topics such as reproduction, genetics, evolution, ecology, and biotechnology. Topics of each chapter are explained in simple language so the students don’t get confused. Knowing the NCERT syllabus also helps students stay focused on the topics and revise effectively for exams.

This Story also Contains

  1. NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 (Theory)
  2. NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 (Practicals)
  3. How to Download the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?
  4. Advantages of Knowing the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus
  5. What's New in the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?
  6. Best Reference Books for Class 12 Biology syllabus
  7. Chapter-wise Solutions for Class 12 Biology
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 – Download PDF & Chapter-wise Topics
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26

The Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus has 13 chapters, which focus on both theory and practical sections to give students complete knowledge. The syllabus is arranged from basic to advanced topics so students can study step by step, building a strong foundation before moving to complex concepts. The updated syllabus is not available at the official website of NCERT. But students can download the latest syllabus from the Careers360 platform. The NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 is useful for higher studies as well as for competitive exams like NEET.

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 (Theory)

The Biology syllabus has been prepared to help students score well in exams. Most questions in the board exam are taken directly from the NCERT textbooks. That’s why thoroughly studying them is very important. These books clearly explain concepts so that students find it easier to learn difficult topics. Given below is a table that includes the chapters present in the NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus, along with the topic name.

Chapter Chapter NameTopic Name
Chapter 1

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants


  • Flower structure

  • Development of male & female gametophytes

  • Pollination: Types & agents

  • Outbreeding devices

  • Double fertilization

  • Embryo & endosperm development

Chapter 2

Human Reproduction


Chapter 3

Reproductive Health


  • Importance of reproductive health

  • Prevention of STDs

  • Contraception methods

  • Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)

Chapter 4

Principles of Inheritance And Variation


Chapter 5

Molecular Basis of Inheritance


  • Structure of DNA & RNA

  • DNA packaging & replication

  • Transcription & translation

  • Genetic code

  • Gene regulation (lac operon)

  • Discovery of DNA as genetic material

Chapter 6

Evolution


Chapter 7

Human Health and Disease


  • Common diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, filariasis, etc.)

  • Pathogens & parasites

  • Prevention & control

Chapter 8

Microbes in Human Welfare


  • Role of microbes in food processing

  • Sewage treatment

  • Industrial production

  • Bio-control agents

  • Bio-fertilizers

Chapter 9

Biotechnology Principles and Processes


Chapter 10

Biotechnology and its Applications



  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

  • Applications in health & agriculture

  • Gene therapy

  • Stem cell technology

  • Production of human insulin & vaccines

Chapter 11

Organisms And Population



  • Population ecology

  • Habitat & niche

  • Adaptations

  • Population interactions (mutualism, predation, competition, parasitism)

Chapter 12

Ecosystem


Chapter 13

Biodiversity and Conservation


  • Concepts & patterns of biodiversity

  • Conservation methods

  • Hotspots & endangered species

  • Causes of biodiversity loss

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 (Practicals)

Have you ever wondered why doing experiments is part of studying biology? Practical work helps to apply what they have learn in theory, which makes concepts clearer. It also builds confidence in handling lab equipment and following safety rules. These skills are valuable for exams and future studies. Given below is a list of practical experiments included in the NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus.

Practical Marking Scheme (30 Marks)

  • One Major Experiment – 5 Marks
  • One Minor Experiment – 4 Marks
  • Slide Preparation – 5 Marks
  • Spotting Exercises – 7 Marks
  • Practical Record & Viva – 4 Marks
  • Project Work & Viva – 5 Marks

NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26: List of Experiments

The list of all the experiments is given below:

A. Experiments

  • Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.

  • Study the plant population density by the quadrat method.

  • Study the plant population frequency by the quadrat method.

  • Prepare a temporary mount of an onion root tip to study mitosis.

  • Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, banana, etc.

B. Study and observe the following (Spotting)

  • Flowers are adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).

  • Pollen germination on the stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.

  • Identification of stages of gamete development: transverse section (T.S.) of testis and T.S. of ovary (grasshopper/mice).

  • Meiosis in onion bud cells or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.

  • T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (mammalian).

  • Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colors/sizes of any plant.

  • Prepared pedigree charts of any one genetic trait, such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow’s peak, or color blindness.

  • Controlled pollination — emasculation, tagging, and bagging.

  • Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and fungi causing ringworm are viewed through permanent slides, models, virtual images, or specimens. Comment on their disease symptoms.

  • Models/specimens showing symbiotic association in lichens, root nodules of leguminous plants, and parasitic nutrition shown by Cuscuta on a host.

  • Flash cards/models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects

How to Download the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?

Follow the step-by-step instructions below to download the syllabus for quick and easy access:

  • Step 1: Go to the official NCERT website at ncert.nic.in.
  • Step 2: On the home page, in the 'Search' option, type 'Syllabus' and click on it. This will take you to the syllabus page.
  • Step 3: Click on the 'Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Classes' option. The syllabus PDF will open.
  • Step 4: You will get all the links for different subjects from the list in the PDF.

Note: The NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus is not updated on the official website. Students can download the latest syllabus from this page, which is given below.

Download -

Advantages of Knowing the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus

Having a thorough understanding of the syllabus in advance offers several benefits. Some of the key ones are listed below:

  • It gives knowledge of the topics that students have to study throughout the academic session.

  • Students can plan their studies without any confusion.

  • They get to know the list of experiments along with the theory syllabus.

  • Having access to the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology PDF in advance provides confidence.

Also, Read:

What's New in the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?

In the updated curriculum, the syllabus has been revised to make learning more focused for Class 12 students. These changes make sure that important concepts are easier to understand.

  1. More focus has been given to biotechnology and its applications, including recent techniques and developments.

  2. Practical-based learning and experiments are included with theory to help students understand concepts clearly.

  3. Certain topics in genetics, evolution, and ecology have been updated with current examples and recent scientific findings.

  4. Diagrams, flowcharts, and coloured pictures are highlighted for better clarity and easier comprehension.

Best Reference Books for Class 12 Biology syllabus

Sometimes, a few topics are not clearly explained in the prescribed textbooks. In such cases, it is important to refer to some other books. These books serve as a valuable resource and cover the NCERT syllabus clearly. All topics are explained clearly, with additional examples and practice questions. This builds a strong understanding and confidence. Given below are reference books that students can read to understand the NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus easily.

  • S. Chand’s Biology for class XII by B.P. Pandey.
  • Trueman’s Elementary Biology for Class 12 and NEET by K.N. Bhatia and M.P. Tyagi.
  • CBSE Biology Chapter-wise Solved Papers class 12th by Arihant Expert.
  • Pradeep’s A Text Book of Biology Class 12 by P.S. Dhami.
  • Biology by Campbell and Reece

Also read,

Chapter-wise Solutions for Class 12 Biology

To answer all the questions given in the textbook, students can refer to the solutions. All the solutions are prepared by subject experts in simple and clear language. Practicing the questions given in the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 improves problem-solving skills. This also increases the learning and makes revision better before exams.

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 2 Human Reproduction
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 3 Reproductive Health
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 5 Molecular basis of inheritance
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 6 Evolution
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 7 Human health and disease
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare
NCERT Solutions for class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Biotechnology and its Application
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Organisms and Populations
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Ecosystem
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Biodiversity and Conservation

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What are the main units covered in the Class 12 Biology NCERT syllabus?
A:

The NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus is divided into five main units:

  1. Reproduction

  2. Genetics and Evolution

  3. Biology and Human Welfare

  4. Biotechnology and Its Applications

  5. Ecology and Environment

Q: How many chapters are there in the Class 12 Biology NCERT textbook?
A:

There are 13 chapters in total in the NCERT syllabus for class 12 Biology.

Q: Is Biotechnology an important part of the NCERT Biology Class 12 syllabus?
A:

Yes, Biotechnology is an important part of Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus and frequently asked section in NEET. It includes two chapters:

  • Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

  • Biotechnology and Its Applications

Q: Are topics like Evolution and Human Health included in Class 12 Biology syllabus?
A:

Yes, both topics are included:

  • Evolution is part of the chapter Evolution under the unit Genetics and Evolution.

  • Human Health and Disease is a separate chapter under the unit Biology and Human Welfare.

Q: What chapters are included under the unit “Genetics and Evolution”?
A:

The unit, "Genetics and Evolution," includes two chapters in NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology PDF, which are:

  1. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

  2. Evolution

Q: Does the syllabus include practicals and if so, what kind?
A:

Yes, practicals are included. Some key practical components are:

  • Slide preparation (pollen grains, onion root tip mitosis)

  • Spotting (pollen germination, flowers, stages of embryo development)

  • Study of specimens, charts, and models (flowers, embryos, diseases)

  • Experiments on plant physiology and Mendelian genetics

Q: Are there any changes in the Biology syllabus for this academic year?
A:

As of now, no major changes have been officially announced by NCERT for the current academic year. However, always refer to the official website or your school for the latest updates.

Q: Is Ecology and Environment a scoring unit?
A:

Yes, Ecology and Environment is generally considered a highly scoring unit, often with direct and NCERT-based questions in NEET and board exams.

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