NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2024 - Download PDF

Edited By Shamshad Ali Dar | Updated on Mar 25, 2025 10:20 AM IST

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26: The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2024-25 has been created in a way that enables students to grasp important biological concepts in an organized way. It deals with reproduction, genetics, evolution, biotechnology, and ecology-related topics, which will serve as a solid base for both board exams and competitive exams. The NCERT Syllabus is logical, which allows students to proceed from what they have learned in school and gain an in-depth knowledge of life sciences.

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NCERT CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology
NCERT Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26
Best Reference Books for Class 12 CBSE Biology

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2024 - Download PDF

Biology is an important subject for CBSE board exams and medical entrance exams such as NEET. A large number of questions in NEET are directly asked from NCERT textbooks, so students must study the syllabus properly. The subject not only contributes to scoring high marks in exams but also grows analytical thinking regarding biological phenomena, human health, and environmental concerns.

The NCERT and CBSE guidelines focus more on the clarity of concept and application of knowledge. The syllabus is revised according to the current educational policies to include the latest scientific developments. Students are recommended to use the official NCERT Biology textbook and practice diagrams, which are very important for grasping and memorizing advanced concepts.

NCERT CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology

The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2025-26 has been developed with the intent of allowing students to concentrate on major topics and ace exams. Since most CBSE board questions are taken directly from NCERT books, thoroughly studying them is a must. NCERT books clarify concepts clearly and simply so that students find it easier to learn complex topics. Also, NCERT Solutions class 12 have extensive explanations, making students overcome doubts and build their knowledge strongly. Units such as Genetics and Evolution, Reproduction, and Biology and Human Welfare carry maximum weightage, so targeting these can increase total scores in both board exams as well as NEET.

	Chapter Name	Key Topics
1	Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	Flower structure Development of male & female gametophytes Pollination: Types & agents Outbreeding devices Double fertilization Embryo & endosperm development
2	Human Reproduction	Male & female reproductive systems Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis & oogenesis) Menstrual cycle Fertilization Embryo development up to blastocyst stage
3	Reproductive Health	Importance of reproductive health Prevention of STDs Contraception methods Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
4	Principles of Inheritance and Variation	Mendelian inheritance Chromosomal theory Linkage & crossing over Sex-linked inheritance (haemophilia, colour blindness) Multiple alleles Polygenic inheritance
5	Molecular Basis of Inheritance	Structure of DNA & RNA DNA packaging & replication Transcription & translation Genetic code Gene regulation (lac operon) Discovery of DNA as genetic material
6	Evolution	Darwin’s theory Modern synthetic theory Origin of life Evidence of evolution (fossils, embryology, molecular evidence) Mechanisms of evolution
7	Human Health and Disease	Common diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, filariasis, etc.) Pathogens & parasites Prevention & control
8	Microbes in Human Welfare	Role of microbes in food processing Sewage treatment Industrial production Bio-control agents Bio-fertilizers
9	Biotechnology: Principles and Processes	Recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering techniques DNA cloning
10	Biotechnology and its Applications	Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Applications in health & agriculture Gene therapy Stem cell technology Production of human insulin & vaccines
11	Organisms and Population	Population ecology Habitat & niche Adaptations Population interactions (mutualism, predation, competition, parasitism)
12	Ecosystem	Components of the ecosystem Productivity & decomposition Energy flow Ecological pyramids Nutrient cycles (carbon & phosphorus) Ecological succession
13	Biodiversity and Conservation	Concept & patterns of biodiversity Conservation methods Hotspots & endangered species Causes of biodiversity loss

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects

NCERT Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26

The CBSE Class 12 Biology practical exam is worth 30 marks and assesses students based on experiments, slide preparations, spotting, and viva questions.

CBSE Biology Practical Marking Scheme (30 Marks)

One Major Experiment – 5 Marks
One Minor Experiment – 4 Marks
Slide Preparation – 5 Marks
Spotting Exercises – 7 Marks
Practical Record & Viva – 4 Marks
Project Work & Viva – 5 Marks

List of Experiments & Slide Preparations

Flower Dissection – Study reproductive organs.
Tissue Microscopy – View plant and animal tissues.
Enzyme Activity – Temperature & pH effect.
Osmosis & Diffusion – Learn transport across membranes.
Chromatography – Plant pigment separation.

Spotting Exercises

Pathogen Identification – Learn disease-causing organisms.
Symbiotic Associations – View mutual relationships in nature.
Homologous & Analogous Organs – Compare evolutionary characteristics.

Viva Questions

Students can be questioned on:

Principles behind experiments
Procedural steps and observations
The biological significance of the results

Also Read:

Best Reference Books for Class 12 CBSE Biology

NCERT syllabus for Class 12 Biology helps to prepare for class 12 board exams. However referring to some Class 12 Biology reference books helps the students to dig into more details about important topics. Some of the best reference books for class 12 biology are mentioned below:

S. Chand’s Biology for class XII by B.P. Pandey.
Trueman’s Elementary Biology for Class 12 and NEET by K.N. Bhatia and M.P. Tyagi.
Together with Biology by S. Chand.
CBSE Biology Chapter-wise Solved Papers class 12th by Arihant Expert.
Pradeep’s A Text Book of Biology class 12 by P.S. Dhami.
Biology by Campbell and Reece

Check: NCERT Books for class 12 all Subjects

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter wise

Below mentioned are the Chapterwise solutions:

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 2 Human Reproduction

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 3 Reproductive Health

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 6 Evolution

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 10 Biotechnology and its Applications

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 11 Organisms and Population

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 12 Ecosystem

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 13 Biodiversity and Conservation

NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus gives a sound understanding of the fundamentals of biology concepts, including questions that are applicable for board and competitive exams like NEET. It gives good conceptual clarity based on well-presented chapters, diagrams, and practicals. As most NEET and CBSE board examination questions are solely based on NCERT material, proper revision of the textbook, diagram practice, and solving the previous years' papers are also important for clearing the exam. Regular study, smart revision techniques, and reference materials will assist students in succeeding in the board as well as entrance exams.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How many chapters are there in Class 12 biology?

There are a total of 13 chapters in Class 12 biology.

2. Is class 12 biology syllabus NCERT easy?

Generally, the paper of CBSE Class 12 is kept as a balanced and easy paper, which makes it easy for students to solve the questions if they have studied the subject.

3. How can I learn Bio Fast?

You should clear all your concepts instead of memorising the words and complete the lab work to have practical knowledge.

Also Read

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry

NCERT Solutions for Miscellaneous Exercise Chapter 7 Class 12 - Integrals

NCERT Solutions for Exercise 4.1 Class 11 Maths Chapter 4 - Principle of Mathematical Induction

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Popular Questions

A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms^-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1) $0.34\; J$	Option 2) $0.16\; J$
Option 3) $1.00\; J$	Option 4) $0.67\; J$

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times. Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated. How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ? Fat supplies 3.8×10⁷J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate. Take g = 9.8 ms⁻² :

Option 1)

2.45×10⁻³ kg

Option 2)

6.45×10⁻³ kg

Option 3)

9.89×10⁻³ kg

Option 4)

12.89×10⁻³ kg

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1) $2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J$	Option 2) $200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J$
Option 3) $2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J$	Option 4) $20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J$

A particle is projected at 60⁰ to the horizontal with a kinetic energy $K$ . The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1) $K/2\,$	Option 2) $\; K\;$
Option 3) $zero\;$	Option 4) $K/4$

In the reaction,

$2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}$

Option 1) $11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}$ at STP is produced for every mole $HCL_{(aq)}$ consumed	Option 2) $6L\, HCl_{(aq)}$ is consumed for ever $3L\, H_{2(g)}$ produced
Option 3) $33.6 L\, H_{2(g)}$ is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts	Option 4) $67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}$ at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, $Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2}$ will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1) 0.02	Option 2) 3.125 × 10^-2
Option 3) 1.25 × 10^-2	Option 4) 2.5 × 10^-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1) decrease twice	Option 2) increase two fold
Option 3) remain unchanged	Option 4) be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1) Molality	Option 2) Weight fraction of solute
Option 3) Fraction of solute present in water	Option 4) Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol^-1) is

Option 1) twice that in 60 g carbon	Option 2) 6.023 × 10²²
Option 3) half that in 8 g He	Option 4) 558.5 × 6.023 × 10²³

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t²) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m² , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is