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Reproduction is the fundamental biological process by which organisms produce their offspring and keep their generation in continuation. While the process varies in different species, in Humans, reproduction is a bit of a complex process involving a series of steps, beginning with the formation of gametes (gametogenesis)in both males and females, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth. To make these difficult concepts more understandable and have a clear vision, students can rely on the Human Reproduction NCERT Solutions for Class 12, which are created by subject experts to break down each process in detail.
In addition to understanding human reproduction, you’ll explore various components that form the male and female reproductive systems, the hormonal regulation of processes like implantation and the menstrual cycle, and the entire process of childbirth With the help of images and flowcharts given in Class 12 biology chapter 2 NCERT solutions, your learning becomes more enjoyable and effective.
In the board examination, this chapter plays an important role and holds a good weightage. Consistent practice of Human Reproduction NCERT solutions will help you score well on the exam and also prepare effectively for competitive exams. Understanding key concepts will boost your skills and allow you to perform excellently in this topic.
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Working through all the questions and answers given below will help you step ahead in achieving better marks in the upcoming board examination and further competitive exams.
Human Reproduction Exercise:
(a) Humans reproduce _____________ (asexually/sexually)
(b) Humans are _____________ (oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous)
(c) Fertilisation is _____________ in humans (external/internal)
(d) Male and female gametes are _____________ (diploid/haploid)
(e) Zygote is _____________ (diploid/haploid)
(f) The process of release of ovum from a mature follicle is called _____________
(g) Ovulation is induced by a hormone called _____________
(h) The fusion of male and female gametes is called _____________
(i) Fertilisation takes place in _____________
(j) Zygote divides to form _____________which is implanted in uterus.
(k) The structure which provides a vascular connection between the foetus and uterus is called _____________
Answer:
(a) Humans reproduce sexually
(b) Humans are viviparous
(c) Fertilisation is internal in humans
(d) Male and female gametes are haploid
(e) Zygote is diploid
(f) The process of release of ovum from a mature follicle is called ovulation
(g) Ovulation is induced by a hormone called luteinizing hormone
(h) The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilisation
(i) Fertilisation takes place in a fallopian tube
(j) The zygote divides to form a blastocyst which is implanted in the uterus.
(k) The structure which provides a vascular connection between the foetus and the uterus is called the placenta
Q2. Draw a labelled diagram of the male reproductive system.
Answer:
The labelled diagram of the male reproductive system in human reproduction class 12 is as follows:
Q4. Write two major functions of each of the testis and ovary.
Answer:
Functions of testis
Functions of ovary
Q5. Describe the structure of a seminiferous tubule.
Answer:
Seminiferous tubules are highly coiled structures present in testicular lobules. The seminiferous tubules are lined by two types of cells i.e. spermatogonia and Sertoli cells from inside. Spermatogonia are the male germ cells that form sperms through meiotic divisions followed by mitotic division, while Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells. The region outside the seminiferous tubules is called the interstitial space and it contains small blood vessels and Leydig cells. TheLeydig's cells secrete androgens.
Q6 What is spermatogenesis? Briefly describe the process of spermatogenesis.
Answer:
Spermatogenesis is the process of the formation of spermatozoa from spermatogonia in the testes at the time of puberty. In this process, the spermatogonia present at the inner side of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in number. Each spermatogonium contains 46 chromosomes. Spermatogonia form spermatocyte that undergoes meiotic division to produce secondary spermatocytes having 23 chromosomes. The secondary spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic division to form spermatids. The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by a process called spermiogenesis The sperm heads remain embedded in the Sertoli cells and are released from seminiferous tubules by the process of spermiation
Q7. Name the hormones involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis.
Answer:
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to an increase in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus. An increase in GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary and stimulates the secretion of two gonadotropins, LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicular stimulating hormone). Among these, LH acts on Leydig cells and stimulates them to secrete androgens whereas FSH acts on Sertoli cells and stimulates the secretion of some factors which help in spermiogenesis.
Q8. Define spermiogenesis and spermiation.
Answer:
Spermiogenesis- The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by the process called spermiogenesis.
Spermiation- The release of sperm from the seminiferous tubules occurs through a process called spermiation.
Q10. What are the major components of seminal plasma?
Answer:
The major components of seminal plasma are mucous, fructose, calcium, ascorbic acid, certain enzymes and some secretions of accessory glands.
Q11. What are the major functions of male accessory ducts and glands?
Answer:
Male accessory ducts include vasa efferentia, and epididymis. vas deferens and rete testis. They transport and temporarily store spermatozoa. Male accessory glands include the seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland and prostate gland. These glands secrete fluids that lubricate the female reproductive system and sperm.
Q12 . What is oogenesis? Give a brief account of oogenesis.
Answer:
The process of the formation of mature female gametes is called oogenesis. It starts during the embryonic development stage when millions of oogonia (gamete mother cells) are formed in each fetal ovary. The gamete mother cells start division and enter into prophase-I of meiotic division and get temporally arrested. At this stage, they are called primary oocytes. Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells, which is called the primary follicle The primary follicle gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells called secondary follicles that transform into the tertiary follicle that contains a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum. The tertiary follicles further change into the mature follicle called Graffian follicle which rapture to release secondary oocytes (ovum) from the ovary by the process of ovulation.
Q13 . Draw a labelled diagram of a section through the ovary.
Answer:
A labelled diagram of a section through the ovary is as follows:
Q15. Name the functions of the following:
Answer:
Corpus luteum-
It secretes progesterone. Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of endometrium.
Answer:
Endometrium- Implantation of the fertilized ovum and many events of pregnancy take place in the endometrium.
Answer:
Acrosome- It is filled with enzymes that hydrolyse the gg membrane thus, helping the sperm in penetration of the ovum during fertilisation of the ovum.
Q16. Identify True/False statements. Correct each false statement to make it true.
(a) Androgens are produced by Sertoli cells. (True/False)
Answer:
Androgens are produced by Sertoli cells. (False).
Androgens are produced by Leydig's cells.
(b) Spermatozoa get nutrition from Sertoli cells. (True/False)
Answer:
Spermatozoa get nutrition from Sertoli cells. (True)
(c) Leydig cells are found in the variety (True/False)
Answer:
Leydig cells are found in the ovary. (False)
Leydig cells are found in seminiferous tubules of the testis
(d) Leydig cells synthesise androgens. (True/False)
Answer:
Leydig cells synthesise androgens. (True)
(e) Oogenesis takes place in the corpus luteum. (True/False)
Answer:
Oogenesis takes place in the corpus luteum. (False)
Oogenesis takes place in the ovary
(f) Menstrual cycle ceases during pregnancy
Answer:
The menstrual cycle ceases during pregnancy. (True)
Answer:
The presence or absence of a hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity or sexual experience. (True)
Q17 What is the menstrual cycle? Which hormones regulate the menstrual cycle?
Answer:
Menstrual cycle: The reproductive cycle in female primates is called the menstrual cycle. In a 28-day menstrual cycle, the menses tatakelace on cycle days 3-5. The menstrual cycle consists of phases like menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulatory phase and luteal phase.
Menstrual phase
1. The production of LH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is reduced.
2. The withdrawal of this hormone causes degeneration of the corpus luteum and, therefore progesterone production is reduced.
3. The production of oestrogen is also reduced in this phase.
4. The endometrium of the uterus breaks down & menstruation begins.
5. The cells of endometrium secretions, blood & unfertilised ovum constitute the menstrual flow.
Follicular phase-
1. This phase usually includes cycle days 6-13 or 14 in a 28 28-daycare.
2. The follfollicle-stimulatingmone (FSH) secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogens.
3. Oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall.
4. The endometrium becomes thicker by rapid cell multiplication and this is accompanied by an increase in uterine glands & blood vessels.
Ovulatory phase
1. Both LH & FSH attain a peak level in the middle of the cycle (about 14 th day).
2. Oestrogen concentration in the blood increases.
3. Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of the graffian follicle and thereby the release of the ovum. LH causes ovulation.
Luteal Phase:
1. Includes cycle days 15 to 28.
2. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
3. Endometrium thickens.
4. Uterine glands become secretory.
Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle.
1. FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce oestrogens.
2. LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
3. The menstrual phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.
4. LH causes ovulation
5. The proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.
6. The secretory phase is caused by increased production of progesterone.
Q18. What is parturition? Which hormones are involved in the induction of parturition?
Answer:
The process of delivery of the foetus is called parturition. The Oxytocin hormone causes a strong contraction of the uterine. Contraction of uterine becomes stronger and stronger by the stimulatory reflex between uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion. This leads to the expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through the birth canal.
Answer:
The sex chromosome in a human female is XX while in a male it is XY. Thus, female produces haploid gametes having all X chromosomes but male produces two types of gametes with either X or Y. The sex of the child will be dependent on which sperm whether the one with X chromosomes or the one with Y chromosome fertilises the ovum with an X chromosome. Therefore, the sex of the baby is determined by the father's chromosomes, not the mother's.
Answer:
One ovum is released by a human ovary in a month. Identical twins are developed from a single egg. Hence, only one egg would have been released when the mother gave birth to identical twins. If the twins are fraternal then they must have been developed from two eggs.
Q21. How many eggs do you think were released by the ovary of a female dog which gave birth to 6 puppies?
Answer:
Dogs are polyovulatory animals and they release more than one egg at a particular time. So, a female dog with 6 puppies in one generation, releases 6 eggs.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions
Given below is the table that comprises all the important topics covered in Human Reproduction NCERT Solutions Class 12 which gives you a thorough understanding of the entire process.
2 | Human Reproduction |
2.1 | The Male Reproductive System |
2.2 | The Female Reproductive System |
2.3 | Gametogenesis |
2.4 | Menstrual Cycle |
2.5 | Fertilisation and Implantation |
2.6 | Pregnancy and Embryonic Development |
2.7 | Parturition and Lactation |
To understand reproduction in humans, students first need to understand the reproductive system of both males and females.
The male reproductive system consists of:-
A pair of sex glands is known as testis.
A duct system comprising of vasa efferentia, epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculation ducts.
Accessory glands are known as the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.
The penis contains the urethra.
The female reproductive system consists of:-
A pair of ovaries
A duct system comprises a pair of fallopian tubes, a uterus, a vagina.
Accessory glands are a pair of mammary glands.
Gametogenesis is the process of gamete formation in sexually reproducing animals. In males, it is known as spermatogenesis, and in females, the development of gametes is called oogenesis.
The periodic series of changes in the sex organs throughout the life of a female from puberty to menopause is called the menstrual cycle.
This cycle is divided into three phases:
Ovulatory Phase
Luteal Phase
Menstrual Phase
Parturition is the act of spelling the fully developed foetus from the mother’s uterus at the end of the gestation period.
Implantation is the process of attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall(endometrium).
The term ‘lactation’ refers to the secretion and ejection of milk by the mammary glands.
Also, check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:
This chapter is also useful for quick revision, offering well-structured explanations aligned with the syllabus. It helps students resolve doubts, improve accuracy, and boost confidence. Consistent practice enhances time management and exam performance.
Question: Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen, is contributed by.
i. Seminal vesicle
ii. Prostate gland
iii. Urethra
iv. Bulbourethral gland
Options
i and ii
i, ii and iv
ii, iii and iv
i and iv
Answer: Option 2
The urethra has no contribution to seminal plasma. The urethra has no contribution to seminal plasma, as it primarily serves as a passage for urine and semen. Seminal plasma is produced by accessory glands like the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. These glands secrete fluids that provide nutrients, lubrication, and protection to sperm. The urethra simply acts as a conduit for semen during ejaculation. Despite its role in sperm transport, it does not add any secretions to the seminal fluid.
Hence, the correct answer is the option (2) (i), (ii) and (iv).
Question: For how long will a human ovum survive after ovulation?
Answer: The ovum can survive for almost 24 hours after ovulation.
Question: Identify the hormone which maintains pregnancy.
Answer: Progesterone.
Question: What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Answer: The acrosome holds hydrolytic enzymes that assist the sperm in penetrating the outer layers of the ovum during fertilization. It has a significant role in allowing the sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg.
Question: Why are testes outside the body cavity in males?
Answer: Testes are outside the body within the scrotum to keep a temperature of 2–2.5°C less than body temperature. This reduced temperature is crucial for normal spermatogenesis (sperm production).
Question: Write down the process of fertilization in human beings.
Answer: Human fertilization takes place in the ampullary part of the fallopian tube. When sperm travel to the ovum, acrosomal enzymes facilitate penetration of the corona radiata and zona pellucida. After a sperm successfully merges with the plasma membrane of the ovum, it initiates the cortical reaction, which blocks further entry of sperm. This combination stimulates the ovum to finish meiosis II, and the female and male pronuclei fuse, giving rise to a diploid zygote. The zygote proceeds to undergo mitotic divisions (cleavage) and travels towards the uterus for implantation.
Fertilization marks the beginning of embryonic development. It also determines the sex of the offspring depending on whether an X or Y chromosome-bearing sperm fertilizes the egg. The entire process is tightly regulated to ensure species-specific interaction between gametes.
Question: Explain the menstrual cycle and its hormonal regulation.
Answer: The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cyclic mechanism that prepares the female body to become pregnant. It has four primary stages: menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal. Menstruation is when the cycle begins, in which the lining of the endometrium is secreted. The follicle maturation and formation of estrogen along with stimulation through FSH bring about endometrial growth in the follicular phase. Somewhere between the 14th day, an increase in LH results in ovulation the release of the matured ovum. The burst follicle is converted into the corpus luteum, which releases progesterone during the luteal phase to keep the endometrium ready for potential implantation.
If there is no fertilization, the corpus luteum breaks down, progesterone decreases, and the cycle begins again. Each phase is delicately regulated by hormonal interaction between the hypothalamus (GnRH), pituitary (FSH & LH), and ovaries (estrogen & progesterone). Imbalances can cause menstrual disorders. The cycle is also a marker of reproductive health and is the foundation for many contraceptive and fertility therapies.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12- Subject-wise
By completing the Class 12 Human Reproduction NCERT Solutions, you will thoroughly understand key concepts like human reproduction, gamete formation, regulatory hormones, and fertilization. Regular practice will make you familiar with the question formats and enable you to answer difficult questions easily. Each concept is carefully prepared by experts to support you throughout your learning journey and resolve any doubts you may have.
The important points of the male reproductive system given in human reproduction class 12 are:
Male Reproductive System-
The important points of the female reproductive system given in human reproduction class 12 are:
Female Reproductive System-
These are the important topics of NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 2 Human Reproduction:
If you are confused or can't solve the question given in the NCERT then refer to the NCERT solutions for class 12 Biology chapter 2 human reproduction. It will make you clear with the concept behind the questions and will also help you in preparing for a competitive exam (NEET) as well as your school exam because NCERT is the foundation for any type of exam. NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 2 human reproduction will also be of help in preparing for 12th board exam. You can access them offline anywhere, anytime by downloading the pdf. For doing well in the examination, use NCERT syllabus and the exercise provided in the NCERT Book. For solving problems, the NCERT exemplar is always of help.
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of sperm and egg production respectively. They differ in location, and results. Spermatogenesis occurs continuously in the testes, and produces four sperm from one cell, while oogenesis occurs cyclically in the ovaries, producing one egg and three polar bodies from one cell.
Fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg. It occurs in the fallopian tubes (oviducts), where the fertilized egg (zygote) then travels to the uterus for potential implantation and pregnancy.
Hormones are crucial for human reproduction, regulating puberty, menstrual cycles, sperm production, and pregnancy, impacting both male and female reproductive systems.
The menstrual cycle in females is regulated by a complex link of hormones, primarily from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries, leading to the cyclical release of an egg and the preparation of the uterine lining for upcoming pregnancy.
Amniotic fluid also helps protect the fetus from infectious agents due to its inherent antibacterial properties. Additionally, it serves as a pool of fluid and nutrients for the fetus containing: proteins, electrolytes, immunoglobulins, and vitamins from the mother.
Common reproductive disorders in humans include infertility/subfertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both men and women, as well as cancers of the reproductive organs.
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