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NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology solutions chapter 3 Human Reproduction is a very important chapter from the examination point of view. The experts in this field who have deep knowledge and understanding about the field have prepared NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology chapter 3 solutions to provide accurate information. The experts have used simple and understandable language to prepare Class 12 Biology NCERT exemplar solutions in chapter 3. The solutions will help the students to refer to this quality study material to experience the best learning. NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology solutions chapter 3 pdf download is useful to access it offline.
In this chapter of NCERT Class 12 Solutions, the students will learn and study the different reproductive events in humans, which include the formation of sperms in males, ovulation in females, insemination, fertilization, implantation, gestation, and the delivery of the baby.
Question:1
Answer:
Pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH) play a very vital role during the follicular and ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle.
Question:2
Meiotic division during oogenesis is different from that in spermatogenesis. Explain how and why?
Answer:
It is true that the meiotic division during oogenesis is different from that in spermatogenesis. Following are the details about significant differences between them:
Meiosis resumes only once the puberty begins.
Following are some possible reasons for this difference in patterns of oogenesis and spermatogenesis:
Question:3
Answer:
The following figure shows various stages of zygote development till implantation:
(a) The zygote divides into two-cell stage called cleavage. This development takes place when the zygote is still in the isthmus.
(b) The cleavage undergoes further rounds of mitosis to form 2, 4, 8 and finally 16-celled stage.
These daughter cells are called blastomere.
(c) The 16-celled stage is known as morula.
(d) The morula changes into blastocyst; with more rounds of meiosis. At this stage, the blastomeres are arranged in an outer layer of cells; called trophoblast and an inner mass of cells.
(e) Implantation to uterine wall happens at the blastocyst stage.
Question:4
Draw a neat diagram of the female reproductive system and label the parts associated with the following
(a) production of gamete,
(b) site of fertilisation
(c) site of implantation and,
(d) birth canal.
Answer:
Question:5
With a suitable diagram, describe the organisation of mammary gland.
Answer:
Mammary glands are paired structures which contain glandular tissue and a variable amount of fat.
Question:1
Answer:
Menarche marks the onset of puberty (beginning of reproductive phase).
Menopause marks the end of the reproductive phase.
Question:2
a. How many spermatozoa are formed from one secondary spermatocyte?
b. Where does the first cleavage division of zygote take place?
Answer:
(a) One secondary spermatocyte forms four spermatids, all of which subsequently develop into spermatozoa via the process spermiogenesis.
(b) The first cleavage division of zygote takes place in the ampullary-isthmus junction.
Question:4
Answer:
Corpus luteum is responsible for the secretion of progesterone, which is essential to maintain the endometrium and helps in the proper development of the foetus.
This is the reason for the long life of Corpus luteum when Fertilisation has occurred. However, when there is no fertilisation, it serves no purpose and thus remains active only for 10-12 days
Question:4
What is foetal ejection reflex? Explain how it leads to parturition?
Answer:
Foetal ejection reflex is the mild uterine contraction at the time of childbirth. It triggers the release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary, which induces strong uterine contraction and finally leads to parturition.
Question:5
Except for the endocrine function, what are the other functions of the placenta?
Answer:
The placenta is responsible for the following in addition to its endocrine function –
(A) Supply of oxygen and nutrient to foetus
(B) Removal of waste products from the foetus
Question:6
Why do doctors recommend breastfeeding during the initial period of infant growth?
Answer:
Milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is known as colostrum and contains several antibodies, which are important for the development of disease resistance in the baby. This is the prime reason why doctors recommend breastfeeding during the initial period of growth of an infant.
Question:7
Answer:
During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the following things happen in the ovary and the uterus –
Question:8
Answer:
Hormones responsible for various changes during the menstrual cycle are:
Question:10
Answer:
Following changes occur in the oogonia during the transition of a primary follicle to Graafian follicle:
(a) Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells; called a primary follicle
(b) Primary follicle transforms into secondary follicle by getting surrounded by another layer of granulosa cells and a new theca.
(c) The secondary follicle then transforms into the tertiary follicle. The tertiary follicle is characterised by a fluid-filled cavity called the antrum. At this stage, the primary oocyte undergoes second meiotic division and forms secondary oocyte and a tiny polar body.
(d) The tertiary follicle then changes into mature Graafian follicle. During this stage, a new layer; called zona pellucida; develops around the secondary oocyte.
Question:1
Answer:
Gametogenesis→Insemination→Fertilization→Implantation→Gestation→Parturition
Question:3
What is the role of cervix in the human female reproductive system
Answer:
Cervix and vagina together form the birth canal. Parturition happens through the birth canal.
Question:4
Why are menstrual cycles absent during pregnancy?
Answer:
Gonadotropins, which are required for the development of new follicles, are suppressed due to the high levels of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy. This inhibits the initiation of a new menstrual cycle.
Question:5
Column A | Column B |
Ovaries Oviduct B Vagina | Ovulation A Pregnancy Birth |
Answer:
A. Fertilisation
B. Uterus
Question:6
Answer:
Parturition signals arise from the foetus. Oxytocin is the main hormone involved in parturition and is released from the maternal pituitary gland.
Question:7
What is the significance of epididymis in male fertility?
Answer:
Secretions from the epididymis, vas deferens, prostate and seminal vesicle are essential for maturation and motility of sperms. These organs play an important role in male fertility.
Question:8
Answer:
Hormone | Function | Hormone’s origin |
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) | Act on the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the release of LH and FSH | Hypothalamus |
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Acts at Leydig cells and stimulates the secretion of androgen | Pituitary |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Acts on Sertoli cells and stimulates factors which are involved in spermatogenesis | Pituitary |
Question:10
Answer:
Chromosome number reduces to half in gametes as, during gametogenesis, meiosis takes place resulting in the haploid number of chromosomes.
During Fertilisation, male and female gametes undergo fusion to make the diploid zygote.
Question:11
What is the difference between a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte?
Answer:
Primary Oocyte | Secondary Oocyte |
Primary oocyte is formed when the female is still in the womb | Secondary oocyte is formed when the individual undergoes puberty |
It is surrounded by secondary follicle | It is surrounded by tertiary follicle |
Number of chromosomes is 46 | Number of chromosomes is 23 |
Question:12
What is the significance of ampullary-isthmic junction in the female reproductive tract?
Answer:
First cleavage division of zygote occurs in the ampullary-isthmic junction in the female reproductive tract
Question:13
How does zona pellucida of ovum help in preventing polyspermy?
Answer:
Zona pellucida’s membrane undergoes changes when sperm comes into contact with it. This prevents the entry of other sperm into the ovum and thus prevent polyspermy.
Question:14
Mention the importance of LH surge during the menstrual cycle.
Answer:
Rupture of Graafian follicle is induced by a rapid surge in LH level. Resulting in the release of ovum (ovulation)
Question:15
Which type of cell division forms spermatids from the secondary spermatocytes?
Answer:
Meiosis results in the formation of spermatids from secondary spermatocytes.
Question:1
Choose the incorrect statement from the following:
a. In birds and mammals, internal Fertilisation takes place
b. Colostrum contains antibodies and nutrients
c. Polyspermy in mammals is prevented by the chemical changes in the egg surface
d. In the human female implantation occurs almost seven days after Fertilisation
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) Polyspermy in mammals is prevented by the chemical changes in the egg surface
Explanation: Zona pellucida absorbs water and swells preventing further entry of sperms. So, physical change rather than chemical change is responsible for the prevention of polyspermy in mammals.
Question:2
Identify the correct statement from the following:
a. High levels of estrogen trigger the ovulatory surge.
b. Oogonial cells start to proliferate and give rise to functional ova in regular cycles from puberty onwards.
c. Sperms released from seminiferous tubules are highly motile.
d. Progesterone level is high during the post-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) Progesterone level is high during the post-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle
Explanation: Ovulatory surge is triggered by the high levels of LH and FSH. Sperms released from seminiferous tubules are non-motile. Oogonial cells stop their activity when the girl child is still in the womb.
Question:3
Spot the odd one out from the following structures with reference to the male reproductive system:
a. Rete testis
b. Epididymis
c. Vasa efferentia
d. Isthmus
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) Isthmus
Explanation: Isthmus is a part of the oviduct in the female reproductive system. Others are parts of the male reproductive system
Question:4
Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen, is contributed by.
i. Seminal vesicle
ii. Prostate gland
iii. Urethra
iv. Bulbourethral gland
(a) i and ii (b) i, ii and iv (c) ii, iii and iv (d) i and iv
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Explanation: Urethra has no contribution to seminal plasma
Question:5
Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms from:
a. Seminiferous tubules
b. Vas deferens
c. Epididymis
d. Prostate gland
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) Seminiferous tubules
Explanation: Seminiferous tubules
Question:6
Mature Graafian follicle is generally present in the ovary of a healthy human female around:
a. 5 – 8 day of menstrual cycle
b. 11 – 17 day of menstrual cycle
c. 18 – 23 day of menstrual cycle
d. 24 – 28 day of the menstrual cycle
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) 11-17 day of the menstrual cycle
Explanation: After rupturing in Graafian follicle, ovulation takes place in this period
Question:7
The acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due to:
a. Its contact with zona pellucida of the ova
b. Reactions within the uterine environment of the female
c. Reactions within the epididymal environment of the male
d. Androgens produced in the uterus
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) Its contact with zona pellucida of the ova
Explanation: Sperm can enter the ova only after the enzyme from acrosome breaks down the zona pellucida
Question:8
Which one of the following is not a male accessory gland?
a. Seminal vesicle
b. Ampulla
c. Prostate
d. Bulbourethral gland
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) Ampulla
Explanation: Ampulla is part of the fallopian tube
Question:9
The spermatogonia undergo division to produce sperms by the process of spermatogenesis. Choose the correct one with reference to above.
a. Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and always undergo meiotic cell division
b. Primary spermatocytes divide by mitotic cell division
c. Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes and undergo second meiotic division
d. Spermatozoa are transformed into spermatids
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes and undergo second meiotic division
Explanation: Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes, and they undergo meiotic cell division; primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic cell division. Spertamids and transformed into spermatozoa
Question:10
Column I A. Head B. Middle piece C. Acrosome D. Tail | Column II i. Enzymes ii. Sperm motility iii. Energy iv. Genetic material |
a. A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii
b. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
c. A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii
d. A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) (A) – (iv), (B) – (iii), (C) – (i), (D) – (ii)
Explanation: Nucleus is present in the head. Acrosome releases enzyme which dissolves zona pellucida. The tail helps in swimming of sperm and the middle piece is the place where mitochondria are present
Question:12
Match the following and choose the correct options:
Column I A. Trophoblast B. Cleavage C. Inner cell mass D. Implantation | Column II i. Embedding of the blastocyst in the endome trium ii. Group of cells that would differentiate as embryo iii. The outer layer of blastocyst attached to the endometrium iv. Mitotic division of the zygote |
a. A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
b. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
c. A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-iv
d. A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i)
Question:13
Which of the following hormones is not secreted by human placenta?
a. hCG
b. Estrogens
c. Progesterone
d. LH
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) LH
Explanation: LH (Luteinizing hormone) is secreted by the pituitary gland
Question:14
The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal vesicle and opens into urethra as:
a. Epididymis
b. Ejaculatory duct
c. Efferent ductule
d. Ureter
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) Ejaculatory duct
Explanation: Ejaculatory duct
Question:15
Urethral meatus refers to the:
a. Urinogenital duct
b. Opening of vas deferens into urethra
c. The external opening of the urinogenital duct
d. Muscles surrounding the urinogenital duct
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) External opening of the urinogenital duct
Explanation: External opening of the urinogenital duct
Question:16
Morula is a developmental stage:
a. Between the zygote and blastocyst
b. Between the blastocyst and gastrula
c. After the implantation
d. Between implantation and parturition
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) between the zygote and blastocyst
Explanation: between the zygote and blastocyst
Question:17
The membranous cover of the ovum at ovulation is:
a. Corona Radiata
b. Zona radiata
c. Zona pellucida
d. Chorion
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) corona radiate
Explanation: corona radiate
Question:18
Identify the odd one from the following:
a. Labia minora
b. Fimbriae
c. Infundibulum
d. Isthmus
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) Labia Minora
NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology solutions chapter 3 helps students to learn and understand the different reproductive events, thus they will get to know about the functioning of different parts in a human body.
Chapter 1 | |
Chapter 2 | |
Chapter 3 | |
Chapter 4 | |
Chapter 5 | |
Chapter 6 | |
Chapter 7 | |
Chapter 8 | |
Chapter 9 | |
Chapter 10 | |
Chapter 11 | |
Chapter 12 | |
Chapter 13 | |
Chapter 14 | |
Chapter 15 | |
Chapter 16 |
The students can download the solutions in the pdf format by using the webpage to pdf tool available online at free of cost.
The students who are preparing for their board exams or preparing for entrance exams can benefit from this.
The experts use the chapters and also the information that is provided to them along with their practical knowledge.
It provides the students with simple and stepwise answers to the questions present in the textbook will help them in preparing for the examination.
hello,
Yes you can appear for the compartment paper again since CBSE gives three chances to a candidate to clear his/her exams so you still have two more attempts. However, you can appear for your improvement paper for all subjects but you cannot appear for the ones in which you have failed.
I hope this was helpful!
Good Luck
Hello dear,
If you was not able to clear 1st compartment and now you giving second compartment so YES, you can go for your improvement exam next year but if a student receives an improvement, they are given the opportunity to retake the boards as a private candidate the following year, but there are some requirements. First, the student must pass all of their subjects; if they received a compartment in any subject, they must then pass the compartment exam before being eligible for the improvement.
As you can registered yourself as private candidate for giving your improvement exam of 12 standard CBSE(Central Board of Secondary Education).For that you have to wait for a whole year which is bit difficult for you.
Positive side of waiting for whole year is you have a whole year to preparing yourself for your examination. You have no distraction or something which may causes your failure in the exams. In whole year you have to stay focused on your 12 standard examination for doing well in it. By this you get a highest marks as a comparison of others.
Believe in Yourself! You can make anything happen
All the very best.
Hello Student,
I appreciate your Interest in education. See the improvement is not restricted to one subject or multiple subjects and we cannot say if improvement in one subject in one year leads to improvement in more subjects in coming year.
You just need to have a revision of all subjects what you have completed in the school. have a revision and practice of subjects and concepts helps you better.
All the best.
If you'll do hard work then by hard work of 6 months you can achieve your goal but you have to start studying for it dont waste your time its a very important year so please dont waste it otherwise you'll regret.
Yes, you can take admission in class 12th privately there are many colleges in which you can give 12th privately.
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The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.
In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning).
Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian.
The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack