HP Board 12th Syllabus 2025‑26 – HPBOSE Class 12 All Subjects PDF & Marking Scheme

HPBOSE Class 12 Maths Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 History Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 Geography Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 Hindi Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 English Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024

HPBOSE Class 12 Computer Science Syllabus 2024

Unit Name

Chapters

Marks

Relations And Functions

Relations and Functions: Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One-to-one and onto functions, composite functions, and the inverse of a function. Binary operations (4 Marks)

10

Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions. (6 Marks)

Algebra

Matrices: Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices. Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutatively of multiplication of matrices and existence of nonzero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restricted to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of the inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

12

Determinants: Determinants of a square matrix (up to 3 X 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of linear equations by examples, solving systems of linear equations in two or three variables (having a unique solution) using the inverse of a matrix.

Calculus

Continuity and Differentiability: Continuity and differentiability, derivatives of composite functions, chain rule. derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, the derivative of an implicit function. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives. Logarithmic differentiation. Derivatives of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second-order derivatives of Rolle's and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations.

33

Applications of derivatives: Rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents & normals, approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a probable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).

Integrals: Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts only simple integrals of any type. ∫ ?? ? 2±?2 , ∫ ?? √? 2±?2 , ∫ ?? √?2−? 2 , ∫ ?? √??2+?? 2+? ,∫ ?? √??2+??+? , ∫ ??+? ?? 2+??+? ?? , ∫ ??+? √??2+??+? ?? , ∫ √? 2 ± ? 2 ?? and √? 2 − ? 2 ?? to be evaluated. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

Applications of the Integrals: Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles/parabolas/ellipses (ij standard form only). Area between the two above-mentioned curves (the region should be identifiable).

Differential Equation: Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of differential equations, Formation of differential equations whose general solution is given, Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: ?? ?? + ?(?)? = ?(?), where p(x) and q(x) are functions of x

Vectors And Three-Dimensional Geometry

Vectors:

Vectors and scalars, the magnitude and direction of a vector. Directions and/ratios of

vectors. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors). Position

vector of a point, negative of a vector, component of a vector, addition of vectors,

multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in

a given ratio. Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection of a vector on a line. Vector

(cross) product of vectors.

12

Three–dimensional geometry: Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian and vector equations of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equations of the plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes. (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.

Linear Programming

Linear Programming: Introduction, definition of related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimisation, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optional feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

5

Probability

Probability: Multiplication theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of a haphazard variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and the Binomial distribution.

3

Unit

Topics

Marks

Electrostatics

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, and torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find the field due to an infinitely long straight wire, a uniformly charged infinite planar sheet and a uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside). Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and a system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of an electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor; Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without a dielectric medium between the plates; energy stored in a capacitor. Van de Graaff generator.

7

Current Electricity

Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics, (linear and non-linear) electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance. The internal resistance of a cell, the Potential difference and emf of a cell, and the combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications, the Wheatstone bridge, and the Metre bridge. Potentiometer- principle and its applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing the emf of two cells; measurement of the internal resistance of a cell.

7

Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law, and its application to the current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and tropical solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields: Cyclotron. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields: Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to an ammeter and a voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron; Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements; Para, dia and ferro-magnetic substances with examples, Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths, Permanent magnets.

7

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws, Induced emf and current, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, Self and mutual inductance. Need for displacement current. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage, reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; Power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC generator and transformer.

7

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only); Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio-waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), including elementary facts about their uses

3

Optics

Reflections of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light- blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments – Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflection and refraction) and their magnifying powers.

Wave Optics – Wave front and Huygen’s principle; reflection and refraction of a plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference- Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of the central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster’s Law; uses of plane polarised light and Polaroid.

12

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observation; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davisson-Germer experiment.

3

Atomic & Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of the atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars, isotones, Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

4

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors: Semiconductor diode-I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR): Transistor as a switch.

6

Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.

4

Chapter Name

Marks

Solid State

4

Solutions

3

Electrochemistry

6

Chemical Kinetics

4

Surface chemistry

4

General Principles and Processes of Isolation Elements

3

p-Block Elements

6

d- and f-Block Elements

5

Coordination Compounds

3

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

5

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

2

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

3

Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen

2

Biomolecules

3

Polymers

3

Chemistry in Everyday Life

4

Total

60

Chapter

Page No.

Dropped Topics/Chapters

Unit 1: The Solid State

1–34

Full Chapter

Unit 5:Surface Chemistry

123–148

Full Chapter

Unit 6:GeneralPrinciples

and Processes of Isolation of Elements

149–169

Full Chapter

Unit 7:Thep-BlockElements

170–214

Full Chapter

Unit 9:CoordinationCompounds

262-263

StabilityofCoordinationCompounds

Chapter

Page No.

Dropped Topics/Chapters

Units

Syllabus

Network Operating System

Basic network concepts, Overview and History of Linux, Linux Kernel, Linux Resources, Advantages of Linux, Creating and Viewing Files, Basic Shell concept, shell commands, I/O redirection, pipelines, vi editor, Linux File System, managing files using the shell, Cyber Laws.

Network Operating System Administration (Configuration & Maintenance)

Hardware and Network Operating System Maintenance, Network Security, and IT Career opportunities, Windows NT & its advantages, Difference between Linux and Windows NT, Linux firewall and its types, Managing Storage Devices: Understanding basic disk concepts and managing system disks, logical volume concepts and managing logical volumes, managing file system attributes and swap space, Mount point view, Introduction to Shell Scripting. Administering User Accounts using the GUI tool and Command Line.

Desktop Publishing (Advanced)

Introduction to CorelDraw, Various components of the CorelDraw window, Tools in CorelDraw, Creating Graphics & saving files, Importing images of various graphic formats and editing them, Designing logos, Greeting Cards, etc. Hands-on with CorelDRAW.

Elementary Server-side Scripting through PHP

Dreamweaver, XHTML, Difference between XHTML and HTML, Fundamentals of PHP, its advantages, Variables, Data Types, Operators, scope of variable, Control Program Flow (Decision statement and Looping statements), arrays, functions, working with applications, submitting forms, get/post methods. Date/time session variables

RDBMS Concepts and MYSQL

Basic of database systems, Problems in the Traditional file-oriented approach, Three-level architecture of DBMS, Roles of DBA, Data Dictionary, Advantages and Disadvantages of RDBMS, Constraints: Domain-level constraints, Referential Constraints, SQL Statements: DDL Statements, DML Statements, DCL Statements, TCL Statements, Concept of Keys, Constraints on Attributes, SQL Functions.

PL/SQL

PL/SQL block structure, Basics of PL/SQL, Controlling PL/SQL Flow for Execution, IF statements, IF-THEN-ELSE statement Execution Flow, IF-THEN-ELSEIF statement Execution Flow, LOOP Statement, Basic Loop, For Loop, While Loop. Triggers, Types of Triggers: Row-Level Triggers, Statement-Level Triggers, BEFORE and AFTER Triggers. Cursor, Types of Cursor: Implicit and Explicit Cursor

Internet Business Applications

Concept of online service-E-Commerce Practice, Net Banking, Online submission of various application forms, Various kinds of online reservations such as railways, Hotels etc., Online Customer support services, online marketing & shopping, Social Networking viz, Facebook etc.