ISC 12th Exam 2025 - Exam Dates (Out), Syllabus, Question Papers, Result

History: Unit 01

• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (i) Working of provincial autonomy-Congress and other ministries: The main features of provincial autonomy
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (i) Working of provincial autonomy-Congress and other ministries: A critical account of the election of 1937 and the working of the Congress ministries
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (i) Working of provincial autonomy-Congress and other ministries: A summary of main developments under non-Congress ministries
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (ii) Failure of the Cripps mission; quit India resolution; arrest of Congress leaders; violent public reaction; government repression of revolt of 1942
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (ii) Why the Cripps mission was sent to India. Reasons for the rejection of its proposals should lead directly to the quit India resolution
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (ii) A compact account of the movement, its repression and a brief analysis of its significance
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Transfer of power (1945-1947)-changed attitude of British government; the cabinet mission plan proposals; Congress and league reaction; direct action by league
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Transfer of power (1945-1947)-communal riots; Attlee's declaration of 1947; the Mountbatten plan; partition and independence
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Reasons for change in the attitude of the British government after world war II-cabinet mission: Its aims and the major provisions of its plan
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Election to the constituent assembly and the results
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Controversy between Congress and league over the question of: (a) Grouping of provinces under the terms of the plan
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Controversy between Congress and league over the question of: (b) Being part of the constituent assembly. (c) Being part of the interim government
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Muslim league’s direct action and communal riots. Congress and Muslim league’s decisions on these issues
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) 1947-Attlee’s declaration of 20th february 1947; Mountbatten plan-main features: Acceptance of the plan by major political parties; modifications in the Indian independence act
• Towards independence and partition-the last phase (1935-1947): (iii) Reasons why the Congress accepted partition
• Establishment and development of Indian democracy (1947-1966): (i) The refugee problem, the transfer of assets and the river waters dispute
• Establishment and development of Indian democracy (1947-1966): (ii) The foundation of Indian democracy-significance of the first general election based on universal adult suffrage (1952): Role of political parties
• Establishment and development of Indian democracy (1947-1966): (ii) The foundation of Indian democracy-significance of the first general election based on universal adult suffrage (1952): Problems of preparation and their solutions, process
• Establishment and development of Indian democracy (1947-1966): (ii) The foundation of Indian democracy-significance of the first general election based on universal adult suffrage (1952): Result and impact of the elections
• Challenges to Indian democracy (1964-1977): (i) The role of the syndicate-(a) in the appointment of Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Indira Gandhi in 1966 as prime minister
• Challenges to Indian democracy (1964-1977): (i) The role of the syndicate-(b) importance of the election of 1967: The factionalism in the Congress (syndicate vs. Indira Gandhi) leading to its split in 1969
• Challenges to Indian democracy (1964-1977): (i) The role of the syndicate-emergence of opposition political parties and their main leaders
• Challenges to Indian democracy (1964-1977): (ii) Naxal movement-causes of its rise; the struggle carried out by peasants and students; government measures against it; reasons for its decline in the 1970’s and its impact
• Challenges to Indian democracy (1964-1977): (iii) JP movement (1974-75)-origin: Jai Prakash Narayan’s disputes with Mrs. Gandhi; main features of its course; leadership; measures to suppress it
• Challenges to Indian democracy (1964-1977): (iii) JP movement (1974-75)-assessment of its significance and impact (positive and negative features)
• Challenges to Indian democracy (1964-1977): (iv) Emergency (1975-76)-reasons for imposition; main features of the suspension of democratic rights. Assessment of its impact (positive and negative aspects). Possible reasons for withdrawal
• Changing face of the Indian democracy (1977–1986): Return of Congress to power (1979-1986). Centre-state relations to be studied with reference to: (a) Punjab-separatist demands and the centre’s response
• Changing face of the Indian democracy (1977–1986): Centre-state relations to be studied with reference to-(b) demands in the north-east: Assam’s agitation against foreigners and the centre’s response (1947-85); main events to be done in detail
• Changing face of the Indian democracy (1977–1986): Centre-state relations to be studied with reference to-(b) demands in the north-east: Nagaland’s demand for autonomy and its resolution (1947-80); main events to be done briefly
• Changing face of the Indian democracy (1977–1986): Centre-state relations to be studied with reference to-(b)demands in the north-east: Mizoram movement (1959-1986) to be touched upon
• India’s foreign policy: (i) Non-aligned movement (NAM)-reasons for following a non-aligned policy in the context of the Cold War. Aims-Panchsheel. Establishment and growth-Bandung and Belgrade conferences; Cold war and NAM in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s
• India’s foreign policy: (ii) Sino-Indian war-Background: Initial relations with the peoples’ republic of China; disputes over-(a) Tibet issue: Chinese takeover and asylum of the Dalai Lama in India
• India’s foreign policy: (ii) Sino-Indian war-Background: (b) Border issues. Sino-Indian war (1962): Immediate causes and consequences
• India’s foreign policy: (ii) Sino-Indian War (1962)-immediate causes and consequences

History: Unit 02

• World War-II: (i) Factors leading to the war-aggressive foreign policies of Germany, Italy and Japan
• World War-II: (ii) Course of the war: Europe, Africa, and far east. American entry and contribution-main theatres of the war during 1939-1945 in chronological order
• World War-II: (ii) Course of the war: Europe, Africa, and far east. American entry and contribution-the main battles: El Alamein, Stalingrad, Midway and the policy of "island hopping" in the pacific. The US contribution for Europe and the pacific
• World War-II: (iii) Reasons for the defeat of the axis powers-each of the reasons for the defeat of the Axis
• De-colonization-in Africa (Ghana and Kenya): (i) Ghana-democracy, dictatorship and military government (1957-69). Brief background to independence, Nkrumah’s role, reasons for his overthrow; coup of 1966
• De-colonization-in Africa (Ghana and Kenya): (ii) Kenya-conflict and independence (1947-1969). Background: Conflict over independence and role of Kenyatta
• Cold war 1945-91-origin, course, end, and impact: (i) Origins of the cold war-end of wartime unity; Yalta and Potsdam conferences; Truman doctrine and Marshall plan; Molotov plan
• Cold war 1945-91-origin, course, end, and impact: (i) The main points raised at the two post-war conferences as well as the major points of differences
• Cold war 1945-91-origin, course, end, and impact: (i) A general account of the Soviet expansion in east Europe until 1948 and the major causes of the Cold War
• Cold war 1945-91-origin, course, end, and impact: (ii) The cold war expands-Berlin Blockade; NATO; division of Germany; “thaw” in the cold war (1953-59)-how partial was it? Warsaw Pact
• Cold war 1945-91-origin, course, end, and impact: (ii) The two phases of the Vietnam war, the French and the US involvement and escalation after the Tonkin Gulf incident
• Cold war 1945-91-origin, course, end, and impact: (ii) In the 1960-62 period, the U-2 affair and the Berlin Wall incident; the Cuban missile crisis-the easing of tension can be done as a result of the crisis
• Cold war 1945-91-origin, course, end, and impact: (iii) Breakup of the USSR-reasons for collapse of USSR: Economic failure; Gorbachev’s policies (Glasnost and Perestroika)
• Protest movements: (i) Anti-apartheid movement-anti-apartheid movement in south Africa (1948-1994): Main features of apartheid, opposition to apartheid (Dr Nelson Mandela’s role)
• Protest movements: (i) Anti-apartheid movement-anti-apartheid movement in south Africa (1948-1994): Transition to black majority rule and the end of apartheid
• Protest movements: (ii) Feminist movement-feminist movement in USA (early 1960’s-early 1980’s): Betty Friedan’s book and the civil rights movement
• Protest movements: (ii) Feminist movement-feminist movement in USA (early 1960’s-early 1980’s): Role of national organisation for women (NOW) and its campaign for the equal rights amendment (ERA)
• Protest movements: (ii) Feminist movement-feminist movement in USA (early 1960’s-early 1980’s): Socio-cultural impact of the Movement to be mentioned briefly
• Middle east-Israeli-Palestine conflict (1916-1993): (i) Post war conflict in Palestine after World War-I, till the formation of the state of Israel. Aims of Arab nationalism and Zionism
• Middle east-Israeli-Palestine conflict (1916-1993): (i) Impact of World War-I-the conflicting promises made by the British to the Arabs and the Jews: Husain-MacMahon correspondence, the Sykes-Picot agreement and the Balfour declaration
• Middle east-Israeli-Palestine conflict (1916-1993): (ii) The Arab-Israeli wars from 1948 to camp David accord (1979)-first Arab-Israeli conflict (1948-1949), the Suez crisis (1956), the six day war (1967), the Yom Kippur war (1973)
• Middle east-Israeli-Palestine conflict (1916-1993): (ii) Sadat and the camp David accord (1979). The origin and formation of the PLO

Sociology: Unit 01

• Definition and features of social institutions
• Types of social institutions: Kinship-Meaning of kinship, types of kinship: Consanguineous and affinal kinship. Degree of kinship (primary, secondary, tertiary; descent (matrilineal, patrilineal)
• Types of social institutions: Kinship-residence (matrilocal, patrilocal, and avunculocal) discuss Kinship usages: Avoidance, joking relationship, teknonymy, avunculate, amitate, couvade; also discuss descriptive and classificatory kinship terms
• Types of social institutions: Marriage-definition and functions. Definition, merits, demerits, functions of the following: Rules of marriage-exogamy and endogamy (clan, gotra, pravara, village, and sapinda), cross and parallel cousin, levirate, sororate
• Types of social institutions: Marriage-definition, merits, demerits, functions of the following: Rules of marriage-hypergamy, and hypogamy
• Types of social institutions: Marriage-definition, merits, demerits, functions of the following: Forms of marriage: Polygamy (polyandry and polygyny), monogamy
• Types of social institutions: Family-definition and features (MacIver’s features); functions of family to be discussed explaining the reasons for its universal existence
• Types of social institutions: Family-types of family: Consanguineous and conjugal family (family of origin and procreation), matriarchal and patriarchal family (matripotestal, patripotestal, and avuncupotestal), nuclear and joint families
• Types of social institutions: Family-structural changes (disintegration of the joint family), functional changes; factors responsible for the changes. Small family norm

Sociology: Unit 02

• Definition and concepts of religion and science; beliefs, rituals, superstitions, taboo: Definition and basic understanding of each of the above. Differences and similarities between religion and science
• Theories of religion: Animism, naturism, totemism, functional theories-a brief discussion of animism, naturism, totemism; functional theories (Malinowski, Radcliffe Brown, and Durkhiem)
• Functions and dysfunctions of religion: A brief discussion on the positive and negative functions of religion
• Morality and social control: Definition of morality and social control; relation between religion, morality and social control, moral code, religious code

Sociology: Unit 03

• Political organization and its role in bringing about change in society
• Definition of political organization; definition of Panchayati Raj (the 73rd constitution amendment act, Bal Panchayats); discuss the role of the panchayat in empowerment of women and children

Sociology: Unit 04

• Economic organization: Definition of economic organization, economic, and free goods
• Economies of Indian tribes: Food gathering, agriculture, shifting axe cultivation, handicrafts, pastoralism, industrial labour
• Economies of Indian tribes: (v) Large resources of coal, iron and steel in Bengal, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh; examples of Santhal, Ho in pick-mining, coal-cutting, the mica and the iron and steel industry
• Jajmani system: Caste based occupations and exchange of services
• Traditional markets: To be discussed with respect to weekly markets, barter exchange

Sociology: Unit 05

• Economies of Indian tribes: (i) Food gathering; (ii) agriculture: Shifting axe cultivation (Jhum, Dahi, Koman, Penda, Podu and Bewar), criticism of this type of cultivation, examples of tribes having this practice
• Economies of Indian tribes: (iii) Handicraft making; (iv) pastoralism; (v) industrial labour-migration of large numbers of Santhal, Kond, and Gond to tea gardens in the north east
• Agrarian economy, Jajmani system, and rural employment
• Agrarian economy: Land relations-owner, tenant, share cropper
• A brief understanding of MGNREGA and its implications

Sociology: Unit 06

• Definition of tribe and features: Definition of tribe, features (unity and self-sufficiency, clan and family, common totemic ancestor, territory, occupation, endogamy, dormitories, language, common culture, common name, common religion)
• Definition of tribe and features: Definition of tribe, features (political organization and territory)
• Dormitories in tribal India: Definition; origin of dormitories; features and functions; culture contact and change in dormitories
• Present conditions, problems, and solutions: Economic, political (regionalism and separatism), social and cultural conditions and problems
• Present conditions, problems, and solutions: Discuss briefly the following policies of the government of India (post independence) for upliftment of the Indian tribes-tribal panchsheel
• Present conditions, problems, and solutions: Important constitutional safeguards-important committees and commissions: Backward classes commission; special central assistance
• Present conditions, problems, and solutions: Economic programmes and facilities-integrated rural development programme (IRDP); large sized multi-purpose cooperative societies (LAMPS); 20 point programme; programme for encouragement in crafts
• Present conditions, problems, and solutions: Economic programmes and facilities-home industries and agriculture; educational policies

Sociology: Unit 07

• Social stratification: The elements-definition of social stratification, features, inequality, difference
• Class: The class system-its nature, development, types of classes. Discuss briefly the growth, nature of the different classes (lower, middle, upper)
• Caste: The caste system-concept, caste origin, caste and class comparison, its features. Definition; theory of divine origin; characteristics of caste. Social mobility-Brahminisation, Sanskritisation, and Westernization-definitions only
• Gender: Difference between sex and gender, patriarchal ideology and the status of women in India
• Gender: Difference between sex and gender, gender bias and its consequences for both men and women-at the workplace, property rights and family status
• Gender: Gender issues-female infanticide, foeticide, dowry, sati, child marriage, domestic violence, rape, widowhood, sexual harassment; women as perpetrators of violence

Sociology: Unit 08

• Social change and development: Definition of social change and development-features and sources
• Aspects of development: Industrialization, urbanization, modernization, globalization, and sustainable development-definitions and their role in social change
• Aspects of development: The relationship between social change and development, (special focus on sustainable development, ecological and environment issues for improving quality of life for the present and future)
• Social movements: Meaning, causes, and their role in society
• Role of education in creating social change: Meaning and functions of education. Emphasize the role of education in creating social change. Role of right to education (RTE) and its implications to be discussed briefly
• Role of mass media in creating social change: Role of mass media (print, electronic, audio-visual; positive and negative aspects of mass media). Understanding each of the above forms of mass media and their role in creating social change
• Role of mass media in creating social change: Their role in creating a civil society that confronts the bureaucracy and the authoritarianism of the state machinery through NGO activity, vigils and acts like the right to information (RTI)
• Role of mass media in creating social change: Positive and negative aspects of mass media

Psychology: Unit 01

• Intelligence: What is meant by intelligence-theories regarding the nature of intelligence; how intelligence is measured-the concept of IQ, intelligence tests-individual tests, group tests. Levels of intelligence and associated characteristics
• Intelligence: Definition of intelligence (David Wechsler); what is meant by intelligence-theories regarding the nature of intelligence; theories of Intelligence: Two factor theory-Charles Spearman; primary mental abilities-Thurston
• Intelligence: Raymond Cattell-fluid and crystallised intelligence. Modern theories: Information processing; triarchic theory-Sternberg; theory of multiple intelligence-Howard Gardner. How intelligence is measured-the concept of IQ
• Intelligence: Intelligence tests-individual tests-Wechsler (WAIS-3), group tests-Raven’s progressive matrices, test details (aim, history, description, scoring, and uses) should be included
• Intelligence: Levels of intelligence and associated characteristics (from gifted to below average)
• Aptitude, achievement, and interest: Meaning of these terms. Reason for their assessment and means of assessment (different tools/ tests) used
• Aptitude, achievement, and interest: What is meant by aptitude-when aptitude needs to be assessed-the GATB (general aptitude test battery); meaning and usefulness of achievement tests; why interest is measured

Psychology: Unit 02

• What is meant by personality: Definition of personality-allport
• Theories of personality: Type theories, psychoanalytic theory-Freud’s structure of personality; psycho-sexual stages of development; post Freudians (in brief); humanistic-Rogers and Maslow; traits-Allport, Cattell; social/ behavioural learning-Bandura
• Theories of personality: Type theory-Sheldon, Hippocrates, Charak Samhita of Ayurveda. Psychoanalytic theory of personality: Freud's levels of consciousness, structure of personality-Id, ego, and superego; principles on which they function
• Theories of personality: Type theory-psychosexual stages of development and fixation; post Freudians: Erik Erikson, Horney; humanistic theories of Rogers (concept of fully functioning persons) and Maslow (self actualization)
• Theories of personality: Traits-allport (central, secondary, and cardinal traits), Cattell (source and surface traits). The five-factor model of Costa and McCrae. Social cognition and social learning theories of Bandura (explanation of concepts)
• How personality is assessed: Reports, inventories (MMPI), projective technique thematic apperception test
• How personality is assessed: The use of self reports-inventories/ questionnaires in assessing personality-an understanding of the MMPI (minnesota multiphasic personality inventory); what is meant by projective techniques
• How personality is assessed: How the TAT (thematic apperception test) is used (test details should include procedure, scoring and results)

Psychology: Unit 03

• Meaning of development, growth and maturation: Meaning of development, growth and maturation; why is the study of lifespan development important?
• Infancy-cognitive development, socioemotional development: Cognitive-Piaget’s sensory motor stage; socio-emotional development-emergence of attachment. Mary Ainsworth’s and Lamb’s strange situation test
• Childhood-cognitive development, moral development: Cognitive development-Piaget’s theory (preoperational, concrete, and formal operational);
• Childhood-cognitive development, moral development: Moral development-Kohlberg’s perspective experiment on moral dilemma-pre-conventional, conventional, and post conventional morality
• Adolescence-cognitive development, socio-emotional development; some major concerns: Cognitive development-Piaget’s formal operational stage; some major concerns-substance abuse (drugs and alcohol)-meaning of substance abuse, symptoms
• Adolescence-cognitive development, socio-emotional development; some major concerns: Eating disorders-bulimia, anorexia

Psychology: Unit 04

• Meaning of stress-its basic nature: Stress as a process-stressors (negative and positive events); the stages of GAS or the general adaptation syndrome (Selye's model). Cognitive appraisal of stress-primary and secondary
• Common causes of stress: External/ situational-major life events, minor hassles of everyday life, work-related causes, the physical environment. Internal/ dispositional: Personality variables-traits and types
• Effects of stress on health: Upsets the internal mechanism and balance-immune system affected, hypertension, heart problems, ulcers, diabetes, asthma
• Stress management-ineffective and effective strategies of handling stress: Coping with stress-ineffective strategies-defense mechanisms-rationalization, projection, reaction formation, regression, repression
• Stress management-ineffective and effective strategies of handling stress: Coping with stress-displacement, sublimation; effective strategies-relaxation training and yoga

Psychology: Unit 05

• Meaning of 'abnormal behavior'-biological, psychological and socio-cultural perspectives
• Principles of classification of psychological disorders with reference to DSM IV
• Different views of "abnormal" behaviour-the statistical stand-the biological/ medical approach-the psychodynamic perspective-the sociocultural dimension
• Why classification of disorders is necessary-an understanding of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV (brief explanation of each axis)
• Characteristics of some psychological disorders: Anxiety-generalized, phobic, obsessive-compulsive; mood-bi-polar, depression (causes and symptoms of all)
• What is meant by anxiety-different forms of anxiety disorders: Phobias, obsession-compulsive disorders; mood disorders characteristics of severe depression, manic-depressive or bipolar disorder (causes and symptoms)
• Schizophrenia-meaning; main types; characteristics
• Basic nature of schizophrenia-characteristics of disorganized catatonic and paranoid schizophrenia (symptoms)
• Psychotherapy-psychoanalysis; client centred; behavioural
• What is meant by psychotherapy-central features of psychodynamic therapies-free association, dream analysis, transference and counter transference; the principles on which client centered therapy has been developed
• Behavioural therapies based on classical (flooding, systematic desensitization) and operant conditioning (token economies, shaping) and modelling

Psychology: Unit 06

• Social bias-biases in forming judgments (attribution). Explain with examples each of the following biases-the self-serving bias, the false consensus effect, automatic vigilance
• Social influence-how people try to change others’ behaviour; social norms; conformity and obedience-factors affecting them-what is meant by social norms-why people conform to social norms and why they digress; factors affecting conformity and obedience
• Social influence-Asch's study on conformity; why and when people obey others-Milgram's experiment

Psychology: Unit 07

• Meaning of 'Attitude'; how attitudes are formed and changed
• What are attitudes-the components of attitude; the process of forming attitudes-how attitudes change: persuasion
• Prejudice-meaning of 'prejudice' and discrimination; the origins of prejudice; how to combat prejudice
• An understanding of the meaning of prejudice and how it works in the form of discrimination-causes of prejudice: Social learning, realistic competition, social categorization and stereotyping; ways in which prejudice can be resisted

Psychology: Unit 08

• Educational (school) psychology: How Psychology helps to facilitate learning in school-students and teachers; individual problems: Learning differences, teaching and evaluation techniques, school environment
• Educational (school) psychology: Career counselling-how psychology helps in the choice of a career requirements of a field or job, testing individuals, matching individual and field/ job
• Organizational psychology: How psychology helps to promote efficiency, well-being and profitability-study of factors involved. Recruitment, motivation, team building and leadership skills, marketing and consumer behaviour

Accounts: Unit 01

• Fundamentals of partnership: (i) Definition, meaning, and features of a partnership. (ii) Provisions of the Indian partnership act, 1932, with respect to books of accounts-(a) meaning and importance
• Fundamentals of partnership: (ii) Provisions of the Indian partnership act, 1932, with respect to books of accounts-(b) rules applicable in the absence of a partnership deed
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(a) profit and loss appropriation account, (b) partners’ capital accounts: Fixed and fluctuating
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(c) partners’ current accounts when fixed capital method is followed: Interest on capital, interest on drawings
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(c) Partners’ current accounts when fixed capital method is followed: Interest on current accounts (debit and credit) salary
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(c) Partners’ current accounts when fixed capital method is followed: Commission to partners and managers
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(c) Partners’ current accounts when fixed capital method is followed: Transfer to reserves
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(c) Partners’ current accounts when fixed capital method is followed: Division of profit among partners
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(d) guarantee of profits
• Fundamentals of partnership: (iii) Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account and partners’ capital and current accounts-(e) past adjustments (relating to interest on capital, interest on drawing, salary and profit sharing ratio)
• Goodwill: Concept of goodwill and mode of valuation-(a) meaning, nature, and features of goodwill, (b) factors affecting the value of goodwill
• Goodwill: Concept of goodwill and mode of valuation-(c) mode of valuation: Average profit method-meaning and practical application, simple average, weighted average method, super profit method: Meaning and practical application
• Goodwill: Concept of goodwill and mode of valuation-(c) mode of valuation: Capitalization method-meaning and practical application, capitalization of average profit, capitalization of super profit
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(i) calculation of new profit sharing ratio, sacrificing ratio and gaining ratio
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(ii) accounting treatment of goodwill on admission of a partner: Based on accounting standard-26 issued by the institute of chartered accountants of India in the context of intangible sssets
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(ii) accounting treatment of goodwill on admission of a partner: (a) Premium for goodwill paid privately, (b) premium for goodwill paid (in cash or kind) and retained in the business
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(ii) accounting treatment of goodwill on admission of a partner: (c) Premium for goodwill paid and withdrawn by the old partners
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(ii) accounting treatment of goodwill on admission of a partner: (d) When the incoming partner cannot bring premium for goodwill in cash, adjustments are to be done through his current account (e) Hidden goodwill
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(ii) accounting treatment of goodwill on admission of a partner: (f) When goodwill appears in the old balance sheet
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(iii) preparation of revaluation account: Preparation of a revaluation account where changes in the values of assets and liabilities are reflected in the new balance sheet after reconstitution of a partnership firm
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(iv) accounting treatment of accumulated profits and losses: General reserve/ reserve fund, workmen compensation reserve/ fund, investment fluctuation reserve/ fund, contingency reserve
• Reconstitution of partnership: Admission-(iv) accounting treatment of accumulated profits and losses: Profit and loss account (debit and credit balance) and advertisement suspense account/ deferred revenue expenditure
• Reconstitution of partnership: Retirement of a partner-(i) calculation of new profit sharing ratio, gaining ratio and sacrificing ratio, (ii) Adjustment with regard to goodwill including hidden goodwill
• Reconstitution of partnership: Retirement of a partner-(iii) adjustment with regard to undistributed profits and losses, (iv) preparation of revaluation account on retirement of a partner, (v) calculation and payment of amount due to the retiring partner
• Reconstitution of partnership: Dissolution of a partnership firm-(i) meaning of dissolution and settlement of accounts under section 48 of the Indian partnership act 1932
• Reconstitution of partnership: Dissolution of a partnership firm-(ii) preparation of realization account, partner’s loan account, partner’s capital account and cash/ bank account

Accounts: Unit 02

• Issue of shares: Problems on issue of shares-(a) issue of shares at par and premium under companies act, 2013
• Issue of shares: Problems on issue of shares-(b) issue of shares for considerations other than cash: To promoters (can be considered either through goodwill account or Incorporation costs account), to underwriters, to vendors
• Issue of shares: Problems on issue of shares-(c) calls in arrears, calls in advance, (d) over and undersubscription (including prorata allotment), (e) forfeiture and reissue of shares at par, premium, or discount
• Issue of shares: Problems on issue of shares-(f) disclosure of share capital in the company’s balance sheet
• Issue of debentures: Problems on issue of debentures (at par, at premium, and at discount), problems on issue of debentures to include: (a) Issue of debentures at par, at premium, and at discount under companies act 2013
• Issue of debentures: Problems on issue of debentures to include-(b) issue of debentures as collateral security for a loan, (c) issue of debentures for considerations other than cash: To promoters, to underwriters, to vendors
• Issue of debentures: Problems on issue of debentures to include-(d) accounting entries at the time of issue when debentures are redeemable at par and premium, (e) interest on debentures (with TDS)
• Issue of debentures: Problems on issue of debentures to include-(f) disclosure of debentures in the company’s balance sheet, (g) disclosure of discount on issue of debentures in the company’s balance sheet when debentures are redeemed in instalments
• Redemption of debentures: Creation of debenture redemption reserve (DRR). Redemption of debentures out of profits. Redemption of debentures out of capital. Redemption of debentures in a lump sum
• Final accounts of companies: Preparation of the balance sheet of a company (along with notes to accounts) as per schedule III part I of companies act 2013

Accounts: Unit 03

• Comparatve statements and common size statements
• Meaning, significance, and limitations of comparative statements and common size statements
• Preparation of comparative balance sheet and statement of profit and loss (inter-firm and intra-firm) showing absolute change and percentage change
• Common size balance sheet to be prepared as a percentage of total assets and total liabilities
• Common size statement of profit and loss to be prepared as a percentage of revenue from operations

Accounts: Unit 04

• Meaning, importance and preparation of a cash flow statement
• Calculation of net cash flows from operating activities based on Indirect method only
• Preparation of a cash flow statement from two consecutive years’ balance sheet with or without adjustments
• Preparation of complete/ partial cash flow statement from extracts of balance sheets and statements of p/ l with or without adjustments
• Preparation of cash flow statement on basis of operating, investing and financing activities
• The following items are to be taken when calculating net cash flows from financing activities: Issue of shares at par and premium, issue of debentures at par, premium, and discount. Redemption of preference shares and debentures at par
• The following items are to be taken when calculating net cash flows from financing activities: Interest paid on long term and short term borrowings and dividend-interim and proposed/ paid on shares
• The following items are to be taken when calculating net cash flows from financing activities: Long term borrowings and short term borrowings-bank overdraft, cash credit and short term loan. Whether taken or repaid
• The following items are to be taken when calculating net cash flows from financing activities: Share issue expenses/ underwriting commission paid
• The following items are to be taken when calculating net cash flows from investing activities: Cash purchase of fixed assets. Cash sale of fixed assets. Purchase of shares or debentures or long term investments of other companies
• The following items are to be taken when calculating net cash flows from investing activities: Interest and dividend received on shares or debentures or long term investments of other companies
• The following items are to be taken when calculating net cash flows from investing activities: Sale of shares or debentures or long term investments of other companies
• The following items are to be taken for cash and cash equivalents: Cash, bank, short term investments, marketable securities

Accounts: Unit 05

• Liquidity ratios: (i) Current ratio-current assets/ current liabilities
• Liquidity ratios: (i) Current ratio-current assets=current investments + inventories (excluding loose tools and spare parts) + trade receivables + cash and bank balance + short-term loans and advances+other current assets
• Liquidity ratios: (i) Current ratio-current liabilities = short term borrowings + trade payables + other current liabilities + short term provisions
• Liquidity ratios: (ii) Quick ratio/ liquid ratio-quick assets/ current liabilities or all current assets-inventories (excluding loose tools and spare parts)-prepaid expenses/ current liabilities or liquid assets/ current liabilities
• Solvency ratios: (a) Debt to equity ratio-debt/ long term debt/ equity shareholders' funds. Debt=long term borrowings + long term provisions equity/ shareholders’ funds = share capital + reserves and surplus
• Solvency ratios: (a) Debt to equity ratio-non current assets + (current assets-current liabilities)-non current liabilities. Non current assets + working capital-non current liabilities
• Solvency ratios: (a) Debt to equity ratio-(tangible assets+intangible assets + non current investments + long term loans and advances) + working capital-(long term borrowings + long term provisions)
• Solvency ratios: (b) Proprietary ratio-shareholders funds/ equity total assets, total assets = non current assets + current assets
• Solvency ratios: (b) Proprietary ratio-tangible assets + intangible assets + non current investments + long term loans and advances + current investments + inventories (including loose tools and spare parts) + trade receivables
• Solvency ratios: (b) Proprietary ratio-cash and bank balance + short-term loans and advances + other current assets
• Solvency ratios: (c) Debt to total assets ratio-debt/ total assets
• Solvency ratios: (d) Interest coverage ratio=net profit before interest and taxes/ interest, interest includes interest on only longterm borrowings
• Activity ratios: (i) Trade receivable turnover ratio=credit revenue from operation/ average trade receivable
• Activity ratios: (i) Credit revenue from operation-cash revenue from operation. Average trade receivables= opening trade receivable + closing trade receivable/ 2
• Activity ratios: (ii) Trade payable turnover ratio=net credit purchases/ average trade payable, average trade payables = opening trade payable + closing trade payable/ 2
• Activity ratios: (iii) Working capital turnover ratio=revenue from operations/ working capital
• Activity ratios: (iv) Inventory turnover ratio = cost of goods sold/ cost of revenue from operation/ average inventory, cost of goods sold=opening stock + net purchases + direct expenses-closing stock
• Activity ratios: (iv) Inventory turnover ratio = cost of revenue from operations = revenue from operations-gross profit or cost of material consumed (including direct expenses) + change in inventories of WIP and finished goods
• Activity ratios: (iv) inventory turnover ratio = or opening inventory + net purchases + direct expenses-closing inventory, average inventory = opening inventory + closing inventory/ 2
• Profitability ratios: (i) Gross profit ratio-gross profit/ revenue from operations × 100, gross profit=revenue from operations-cost of revenue from operations/ cost of goods sold
• Profitability ratios: (i) Gross profit ratio-cost of revenue from operations = cost of material consumed (including direct expenses) + change in inventories of WIP and finished goods
• Profitability ratios: (i) Gross profit ratio-opening inventory + net purchases + direct expenses-closing inventory
• Profitability ratios: (ii) Net profit ratio = net profit/ revenue from operations x 100, net profit = gross profit+other income-indirect expenses-tax
• Profitability ratios: (iii) Operating ratio-cost of revenue from operations/ cost of goods sold + operating expenses/ revenue from operations x100
• Profitability ratios: (iii) Operating ratio-cost of revenue from operations + operating expenses-operating income/ revenue from operations x 100
• Profitability ratios: (iii) Operating ratio-operating expenses = employee benefit expenses+depreciation of tangible assets + selling and distribution expenses+office and administrative expense
• Profitability ratios: (iii) Operating ratio-operating income = commission received, cash discount received
• Profitability ratios: (iv) Operating profit ratio-net operating profit/ revenue from operations x 100, net operating profit = net profit after tax+non-operating expenses-non operating incomes
• Profitability ratios: (iv) Operating profit ratio-gross profit-operating expenses + operating incomes
• Profitability ratios: (iv) Operating profit ratio-non operating expenses = finance cost (interest on borrowings) + loss on sale of non current assets+amortisation of intangible assets + writing off capital losses
• Profitability ratios: (iv) Operating profit ratio-non operating incomes = interest and dividend receivedon investment + profit on sale of non current assets

Accounts: Unit 06

• Concept of electronic spreadsheet: Meaning, utility, merits and demerits of electronic spreadsheets
• Features offered by electronic spreadsheet: An understanding of basic features of electronic spreadsheets such as: Creating worksheet, entering data into worksheet, heading information, data, text, dates, alphanumeric values, saving and quitting worksheet
• Features offered by electronic spreadsheet: Opening and moving around in an existing worksheet. Toolbars and menus, keyboard shortcuts. Working with single and multiple workbooks-copying, renaming, moving, adding and deleting
• Features offered by electronic spreadsheet: Working with single and multiple workbooks-copying entries and moving between workbooks. Formatting of worksheet-auto format, changing -alignment, character styles, column width, date format, borders and colours
• Features offered by electronic spreadsheet: Previewing and printing worksheet-page setting, print titles, adjusting margins, page break, headers and footers. Formulas-summation, subtraction, division, multiplication, average and percentage
• Features offered by electronic spreadsheet: Functions-date, if-then-else, freezing panes
• Application of spreadsheets in generating the following accounting information: (i) Payroll components of payroll-basic, HRA, DA and TA, CCA, deduction for PF and income tax
• Application of spreadsheets in generating the following accounting information: (ii) Data presentation graphs and charts-using wizards, various charts type, formatting grid lines and legends, previewing and printing charts database-creation, sorting
• Application of spreadsheets in generating the following accounting information: (ii) Data presentation database-creating, sorting, query, and filtering a database

Accounts: Unit 07

• Concept and features of DBMS: Types and features of DBMS. A conceptual understanding of the basic features of data base management system (DBMS) i.e. data update and retrieval using basic functions and commands of SQL.
• Concept and features of DBMS: Basic commands-select, where, and, or, update, delete and basic functions: Avg, count, max, min, sum
• DBMS in business application: Database design, tables, fields, relationships, forms reports and indexing. The following examples of DBMS in business application: Accounting information, debtors and creditors

Accounts: Unit 08

• DBMS in business application: The following examples of DBMS in business application-bank reconciliation statement, asset accounting

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions. Relations as: Relation on a set A, identity relation, empty relation, universal relation
• Types of relations: Relations as-types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relation. Functions: One to one and onto functions
• Inverse trigonometric functions: Definition, domain, range, principal value branch-principal values, sin¯x, cos¯x, tan¯x etc and their graphs, sin¯x = cos¯ √ 1 – x = tan¯ x/ √ 1 - x
• Inverse trigonometric functions: Definition, domain, range, principal value branch- sin¯x = cosec¯ 1/ x; sin¯ x + cos¯ x = pie/ x and similar relations for cot¯x, tan¯ x, sin¯x ± sin¯ y = sin¯ (x √ 1 – y  ± y √ 1 - x)
• Inverse trigonometric functions: Definition, domain, range, principal value branch- cos¯x ± cos¯ y = cos¯ (xy ± √ 1 – y, √ 1 - x ) similary tan¯x + tan¯y = tan¯ x + y/ 1 – xy, xy<1, tan¯x - tan¯y = tan¯ x – y/ 1 + xy, xy > -1
• Inverse trigonometric functions: Definition, domain, range, principal value branch- formulae for 2sin¯x, 2cos¯x, 2tan¯x, 3tan¯x etc and application of these formulae

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Matrices and determinants: (i) Matrices-concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
• Matrices and determinants: (i) Matrices-operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Noncommutativity of multiplication of matrices
• Matrices and determinants: (i) Matrices-invertible matrices (here all matrices will have real entries)
• Matrices and determinants: (ii) Determinants-determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, co-factors
• Matrices and determinants: (ii) Determinants-adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix
• Matrices and determinants: (ii) Determinants-types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3), order; identity matrix, diagonal matrix. Symmetric, skew symmetric
• Matrices and determinants: (ii) Determinants-operation-addition, subtraction, multiplication of a matrix with scalar, multiplication of two matrices (the compatibility). Singular and non-singular matrices
• Matrices and determinants: (ii) Determinants-existence of two non-zero matrices whose product is a zero matrix. Inverse (2x2, 3x3) A¯ AdjA/ |A|
• Matrices and determinants: Martin’s rule (i.e. using matrices) ax + by + cz = d, ax + by + cz = d, ax + by + cz = d, AX = B => X = A¯B, problems based on above. Determinants-order. Minors. Cofactors. Expansion

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Differentiation: Derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions
• Differentiation: Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Differentiation-derivatives of trigonometric functions. Derivatives of exponential functions
• Differentiation: Derivatives of logarithmic functions. Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions-differentiation by means of substitution. Derivatives of implicit functions and chain rule. e for composite functions
• Differentiation: Derivatives of parametric functions. Differentiation of a function with respect to another function example differentiation of sinx with respect to x. Logarithmic differentiation-finding dy/ dx when y = xˣ˟
• Differentiation: Successive differentiation up to 2nd order
• Applications of derivatives: Applications of derivatives-increasing/ decreasing functions, tangents and normals, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool)
• Applications of derivatives: Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations). Equation of tangent and normal. Increasing and decreasing functions. Maxima and minima
• Applications of derivatives: Stationary/ turning points. Absolute maxima/ minima, local maxima/minima, first derivatives test and second derivatives test, application problems based on maxima and minima
• Integrals: Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them
• Integrals: Fundamental theorm of calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals
• Integrals: Indefinite integral-integration as the inverse of differentiation. Anti-derivatives of polynomials and functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec²x, cosec²x etc
• Integrals: Indefinite integral-integrals of the type sin²x, sin³x, sin⁴x, cos²x, cos³x, cos⁴x. Integration of 1/x, ex. Integration by substitution. Integrals of the type f ‘ (x) [f (x)]n, f ‘(x)/ f(x). Integration of tanx, cotx, secx, cosecx
• Integrals: Indefinite integral-integration by parts, when degree of f (x) ≥ degree of g(x) e.g, x + 1/ x + 3x + 2 = 1 - ( 3x +1/ x + 3x + 2)
• Integrals: Definite integral-fundamental theorem of calculus (without proof), properties of definite integrals
• Differential equations: Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given
• Differential equations: Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree
• Differential equations: Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: dy/ dx +py= q, where p and q are functions of x or constants, dx/ dy + px = q, where p and q are functions of y or constants. Differential equations, order and degree
• Differential equations: Formation of differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constant(s). Solution of differential equations. Variable separable. Homogeneous equations. Linear form dx/ dy +py = Q where P and Q are functions of x only
• Differential equations: Similarly, for dx/ dy

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem
• Independent and dependent events conditional events
• Laws of probability, addition theorem, multiplication theorem, conditional probability
• Theorem of total probability
• Baye’s theorem

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector
• Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector
• Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar
• Definition, geometrical interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors
• As directed line segments
• Magnitude and direction of a vector
• Types: Equal vectors, unit vectors, zero vector
• Position vector
• Components of a vector
• Vectors in two and three dimensions
• Î, ĵ, k as unit vectors along the x, y, and the z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the unit vectors
• Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors; scalar multiplication of a vector
• Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its geometrical significance
• Cross product-its properties-area of a triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear vectors

Mathematics: Unit 06

• Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points
• Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines
• Cartesian and vector equation of a plane
• Distance of a point from a plane
• Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines parallel to them.
• Equation of xy-plane, yz-plane, zx-plane
• Direction cosines, direction ratios
• Angle between two lines in terms of direction cosines/ direction ratios
• Condition for lines to be perpendicular/ parallel
• Lines: Cartesian and vector equations of a line through one and two points. Coplanar and skew lines. Conditions for intersection of two lines. Distance of a point from a line
• Planes: Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Direction ratios of the normal to the plane. One point form. Normal form. Intercept form. Distance of a point from a plane. Intersection of the line and plane

Mathematics: Unit 07

• Application in finding the area bounded b y simple curves and coordinate axes
• Area enclosed between two curves
• Application of definite integrals-area bounded by curves, lines and coordinate axes is required to be covered
• Simple curves: Lines, parabolas, and polynomial functions

Mathematics: Unit 08

• Application of calculus in commerce and economics in the following: Cost function, average cost, marginal cost and its interpretation-demand function, revenue function, marginal revenue function and its interpretation, profit function and breakeven point
• Application of calculus in commerce and economics in the following: Increasing-decreasing functions

Mathematics: Unit 09

• Lines of regression of x on y and y on x
• Lines of best fit
• Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x
• bxy × byx = r, 0 ≤ bxy x byx ≤ 1. Identification of regression equations
• Estimation of the value of one variable using the value of other variable from appropriate line of regression

Mathematics: Unit 10

• Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables
• Feasible and infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)
• Introduction, definition of related terminology such as constraints, objective function
• Optimization, advantages of linear programming; limitations of linear programming; application areas of linear programming; different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P problems
• Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum feasible solution

Physics: Unit 01

• Electric charges and fields: Electric charges; conservation and quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole
• Electric charges and fields: Electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire
• Electric charges and fields: Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
• Electric charges and fields: Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of charge; permittivity of free space and of dielectric medium. Frictional electricity, electric charges (two types); repulsion and attraction; simple atomic structure-electrons and ions
• Electric charges and fields: Conductors and insulators; quantization and conservation of electric charge; Coulomb's law in vector form; (position coordinates r, r not necessary). Comparison with Newton’s law of gravitation
• Electric charges and fields: Superposition principle (F = F + F + F⋅⋅⋅)
• Electric charges and fields: (a) Concept of electric field and its intensity; examples of different fields; gravitational, electric and magnetic; electric field due to a point charge E = F/ qº (qº is a test charge)
• Electric charges and fields: (a) Ē for a group of charges (superposition principle); a point charge q in an electric field Ē experiences an electric force FE = qE
• Electric charges and fields: (a) Intensity due to a continuous distribution of charge that is linear, surface and volume
• Electric charges and fields: (b) Electric lines of force-a convenient way to visualize the electric field; properties of lines of force; examples of the lines of force due to-(i) an isolated point charge (+ve and – ve)
• Electric charges and fields: (b) Examples of the lines of force due to-(ii) dipole, (iii) two similar charges at a small distance; (iv) uniform field between two oppositely charged parallel plates
• Electric charges and fields: (c) Electric dipole and dipole moment; derivation of the Ē at a point, (1) on the axis (end on position) (2) on the perpendicular bisector (equatorial that is broad side on position) of a dipole, also for r>> 2l (short dipole)
• Electric charges and fields: (c) Dipole in a uniform electric field; net force zero, torque on an electric dipole: τ =p × E and its derivation
• Electric charges and fields: (d) Gauss’ theorem-the flux of a vector field; Q=vA for velocity vector ν||A, A is area vector. Similarly, for electric field E, electric flux φE = EA for E||A and Φe = E. A for uniform E
• Electric charges and fields: (d) Gauss’ theorem-for non-uniform field φE = ∫dφ=∫E.dA. Special cases for θ = 0º, 90º and 180º. Gauss’ theorem, statement: φE =q/∈ or φE = ∫ E.dA = q/ ε where Фe is for a closed surface; q is the net charge enclosed
• Electric charges and fields: (d) Gauss’ theorem-∈o is the permittivity of free space. Essential properties of a Gaussian surface
• Electric charges and fields: (d) Applications-obtain expression for E due to (1) an infinite line of charge, (2) a uniformly charged infinite plane thin sheet
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: Equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, energy stored in a capacitor. (a) Concept of potential, potential difference and potential energy. Equipotential surface and its properties
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (a) Obtain an expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge; graphical variation of E and V vs r, VP=W/q
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (a) Hence VA -VB = WBA/ q (taking q from B to A) = (q/4πε)(/rA- /rB); derive this equation; also VA = q/4πε.1/rA; or q>0, VA>0 and for q<0, VA < 0
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (a) For a collection of charges V = algebraic sum of the potentials due to each charge; potential due to a dipole on its axial line and equatorial line; also at any point for r>>2l (short dipole)
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (a) Potential energy of a point charge (q) in an electric field E, placed at a point P where potential is V, is given by U=qV and ∆U=q (VA-VB)
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (a) The electrostatic potential energy of a system of two charges = work done W=W in assembling the system; U or U = (1/4πε) qq/ r
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (a) For a system of 3 charges U = U + U + U = 1/ 4πε ( qq / r + qq / r + qq / r)
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (a) For a dipole in a uniform electric field, derive an expression of the electric potential energy UE = -p.E, special cases for φ =0º, 90º and 180º
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V; obtain the capacitance of a parallelplate capacitor (C = ∈A/d) and equivalent capacitance for capacitors in series and parallel combinations
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (b) Obtain an expression for energy stored (U = 1/2 CV =1/2 QC = 1/2 Q/C) and energy density
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C; this is also called relative permittivity K = ∈r = ∈/∈; elementary ideas of polarization of matter in a uniform electric field qualitative discussion
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (c) Induced surface charges weaken the original field; results in reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for charge remaining the same Q=CV = C'V'=K. CV'; V'=V/K; and E’ E/K
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (c) If the capacitor is kept connected with the source of EMF, V is kept constant V = Q/C = Q'/C’; Q' = C'V = K. CV = K. Q increases; for a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric in between
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: (c) C' = KC = K.∈. A/d = ∈r. ∈o .A/d. Then C’ = ∈ A/ ( d/ ∈r); for a capacitor partially filled dielectric, capacitance, C' =∈oA/ (d-t + t/ ∈r)
• Electrostatic potential, potential energy and capacitance: Induced surface charges weaken the original field

Physics: Unit 02

• Mechanism of flow of current in conductors
• Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with electric current; Ohm's law and its proof, resistance and resistivity and their relation to drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity; temperature dependence of resistance and resistivity
• Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and EMF of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge
• Potentiometer-principle and its applications to measure potential difference, to compare emf of two cells; to measure internal resistance of a cell
• (a) Free electron theory of conduction; acceleration of free electrons, relaxation time τ ; electric current I = Q/t; concept of drift velocity and electron mobility
• (a) Ohm's law, current density J = I/A; experimental verification, graphs and slope, Ohmic and non-Ohmic conductors; obtain the relation I=vdenA. Derive σ = ne2τ/m and ρ = m/ne2τ
• (a) Effect of temperature on resistivity and resistance of conductors and semi conductors and graphs
• (a) Resistance R= V/I; resistivity ρ, given by R= ρ.l/A; conductivity and conductance; Ohm’s law as J = σE
• (b) Electrical energy consumed in time t is E=Pt= Vit; using Ohm’s law E = (V/ R)t = IRt
• (b) Potential difference V = P/ I; P = V I; Electric power consumed P = VI = V/ R = I R; commercial units; electricity consumption and billing
• (c) The source of energy of a seat of EMF (such as a cell) may be electrical, mechanical, thermal or radiant energy
• (c) The EMF of a source is defined as the work done per unit charge to force them to go to the higher point of potential (from -ve terminal to +ve terminal inside the cell) so, ε = dW /dq; but dq = Idt; dW = εdq = εIdt
• (c) Equating total work done to the work done across the external resistor R plus the work done across the internal resistance r; εIdt=IR dt + Irdt; ε =I (R + r); I=ε/(R + r)
• (c) Also IR + Ir = ε or V=ε- Ir where Ir is called the back EMF as it acts against the EMF ε; V is the terminal pd
• (c) Derivation of formulae for combination for identical cells in series, parallel and mixed grouping
• (c) Parallel combination of two cells of unequal EMF
• (c) Series combination of n cells of unequal EMF
• (d) Statement and explanation of Kirchhoff's laws with simple examples
• (d) The first is a conservation law for charge and the 2nd is law of conservation of energy
• (d) Note change in potential across a resistor ∆V=IR<0 when we go ‘down’ with the current (compare with flow of water down a river), and ∆V=IR>0 if we go up against the current across the resistor
• (d) When we go through a cell, the -ve terminal is at a lower level and the +ve terminal at a higher level, so going from -ve to +ve through the cell, we are going up and ∆V=+ε and going from +ve to -ve terminal through the cell
• (d) We are going down, so ∆V = -ε
• (d) Application to simple circuits
• (d) Wheatstone bridge; right in the beginning take Ig=0 as we consider a balanced bridge, derivation of R1/R2 = R3/R4 [Kirchhoff’s law not necessary]
• (d) Metre bridge is a modified form of Wheatstone bridge, its use to measure unknown resistance
• (d) Here R = lρ and R = lρ; R/R = l/ l
• (d) Principle of potentiometer: Fall in potential ∆V α ∆l; auxiliary EMF ε is balanced against the fall in potential V across length l. ε = V =Kl ; ε/ε = l/l; potentiometer as a voltmeter
• (d) Potential gradient and sensitivity of potentiometer
• (d) Use of potentiometer: To compare EMFs of two cells, to determine internal resistance of a cell

Physics: Unit 03

• Moving charges and magnetism: Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application. Ampere's circuital law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment)
• Moving charges and magnetism: Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel currentcarrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Moving charges and magnetism: Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its sensitivity. Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter and a voltmeter
• Magnetism and matter: A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines
• Magnetism and matter: (a) Only historical introduction through Oersted’s experiment. [Ampere’s swimming rule not included]. Biot-Savart law and its vector form; application; derive the expression for B-(i) at the centre of a circular loop carrying current
• Magnetism and matter: (a) Derive the expression for B-(ii) at any point on its axis. Current carrying loop as a magnetic dipole. Ampere’s circuital law: Statement and brief explanation
• Magnetism and matter: (a) Apply it to obtain B near a long wire carrying current and for a solenoid (straight as well as toroidal). Only formula of B due to a finitely long conductor
• Magnetism and matter: (b) Force on a moving charged particle in magnetic field FB = q (v x B); special cases
• Magnetism and matter: (b) Modify this equation substituting dt/ dt/ for v and I for q/dt to yield F = I dl ×B for the force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
• Magnetism and matter: (b) Derive the expression for force between two long and parallel wires carrying current, hence, define ampere (the base SI unit of current) and hence, coulomb; from Q = It. Lorentz force
• Magnetism and matter: (c) Derive the expression for torque on a current carrying loop placed in a uniform B, using F = I 1 x B and τ = r x F; τ = NIAB sinφ for N turns τ =m x B, where the dipole moment m = NI A, unit: A.m2.
• Magnetism and matter: (c) A current carrying loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of current and B and m using right hand rule only; no other rule necessary
• Magnetism and matter: (c) Mention orbital magnetic moment of an electron in Bohr model of H atom. Concept of radial magnetic field
• Magnetism and matter: (c) Moving coil galvanometer; construction, principle, working, theory I= kφ , current and voltage sensitivity. Shunt
• Magnetism and matter: (c) Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter of given range
• Magnetism and matter: (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol B is now defined by the equation F = q (v x B); B is not to be defined in terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc
• Magnetism and matter: (d) Note the distinction of B from E is that B forms closed loops as there are no magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines start from +ve charge and end on -ve charge
• Magnetism and matter: (d) Magnetic flux φ=B.A= BA for B uniform and B || A; i.e. area held perpendicular to For φ = BA (B || A), B=φ/A is the flux density [SI unit of flux is weber (Wb)]
• Magnetism and matter: (d) But note that this is not correct as a defining equation as B is vector and φ and φ/A are scalars, unit of B is tesla (T) equal to 10¯ gauss
• Magnetism and matter: (d) For non-uniform B field, φ = ∫dφ=∫B.dA

Physics: Unit 04

• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's laws, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, eddy currents. Self-induction and mutual induction. Transformer
• Alternating current: Peak value, mean value and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; their relation in sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; AC generator
• Alternating current: (a) Electromagnetic induction, magnetic flux, change in flux, rate of change of flux and induced EMF, Faraday’s laws. Lenz's law, conservation of energy; motional emf ε = Blv, and power P = (Blv)/ R; eddy currents (qualitative)
• Alternating current: (b) Self-Induction, coefficient of selfinductance, φ = LI and L dI dt = ε/ dI dt ; henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression for coefficient of self-inductance of a solenoid L = μNA/ I =μn A x I
• Alternating current: (b) Mutual induction and mutual inductance (M), flux linked φ = MI; Induced EMF ε = dφ/ dt = M dI/ dt
• Alternating current: (b) Definition of M as M = ε / dI/dt or M = φ/ I
• Alternating current: (b) SI unit henry
• Alternating current: (b) Expression for coefficient of mutual inductance of two coaxial solenoids
• Alternating current: (b) M= μNNA/ I = μnNA induced EMF opposes changes, back EMF is set up, eddy currents
• Alternating current: (b) Transformer (ideal coupling): Principle, working and uses; step up and step down, efficiency and applications including transmission of power, energy losses and their minimisation
• Alternating current: (c) Sinusoidal variation of V and I with time, for the output from an ac generator; time period, frequency and phase changes, obtain mean values of current and voltage
• Alternating current: (c) Obtain relation between RMS value of V and I with peak values in sinusoidal cases only
• Alternating current: (d) Variation of voltage and current in a.c. circuits consisting of only a resistor, only an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor representation), phase lag and phase lead
• Alternating current: (d) May apply Kirchhoff’s law and obtain simple differential equation (SHM type), V = Vo sin ωt, solution I = I0 sin ωt, I0sin (ωt + π/2) and I0 sin (ωt - π/2) for pure R, C and L circuits respectively.
• Alternating current (d) Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams showing voltage and current and phase lag or lead, also showing resistance R, inductive reactance XL; (XL=ωL) and capacitive reactance Xc, (Xc= 1/ωC)
• Alternating current (d) Graph of XL and Xc vs f
• Alternating current: (e) The LCR series circuit-use phasor diagram method to obtain expression for I and V, the pd across R, L and C; and the net phase lag/lead; use the results of 4(e), V lags I by π/2 in a capacitor
• Alternating current: (e) V leads I by π/2 in an inductor, V and I are in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all three; hence draw phase diagram
• Alternating current: (e) Combine VL and Vc (in opposite phase; phasors add like vectors) to give V=VR+VL+Vc (phasor addition) and the max. values are related by Vm=VRm + (VLm – Vcm) when VL > VC substituting pd=current x resistance or reactance
• Alternating current: (e) We get Z = R + (XL - XC) and tanφ = (VLm – Vcm)/ VRm = (XL-Xc)/ R giving I = Im sin (wt - φ) where Im = Vm/ Z etc
• Alternating current: (e) Special cases for RL and RC circuits (may use Kirchoff’s law and obtain the differential equation) graph of Z vs f and I vs f
• Alternating current: (f) Power P associated with LCR circuit = ½VI cosφ= Vrms Irms cosφ = Irms R; power absorbed and power dissipated; electrical resonance; bandwidth of signals and Q factor (no derivation), oscillations in an LC circuit (ω=1/LC)
• Alternating current: (e) Average power consumed averaged over a full cycle P=(1/2) VI cosφ, LC circuit; at resonance with XL=Xc, Z=Zmin= R, power delivered to circuit by the source Is maximum, resonant frequency f = 1/ 2π √ LC
• Alternating current: (g) Simple a.c. generators-principle, description, theory, working and use
• Alternating current: (g) Variation in current and voltage with time for a.c. and d.c
• Alternating current: (g) Basic differences between a.c. and d.c

Physics: Unit 05

• Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative ideas only)
• Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from radio waves to gamma rays: Elementary facts of electromagnetic waves and their uses
• Qualitative descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum; common features of all regions of em spectrum including transverse nature (E and B perpendicular to c)
• Special features of the common classification (gamma rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR, microwaves, radio and TV waves) in their production (source), detection and other properties; uses
• Approximate range of λ or f or at least proper order of increasing f or λ

Physics: Unit 06

• Ray optics and optical instruments: Ray optics-refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of a lens and a mirror
• Ray optics and optical instruments: Ray optics-refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (a) Refraction through a prism, minimum deviation and derivation of relation between n, A and δmin. Include explanation of i-δ graph, i = i = i (say) for δm; from symmetry r = r
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (a) Refracted ray inside the prism is parallel to the base of the equilateral prism. Thin prism. Dispersion; angular dispersion; dispersive power, rainbow-ray diagram (no derivation)
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (b) Refraction at a single spherical surface; detailed discussion of one case only-convex towards rarer medium, for spherical surface and real image. Derive the relation between n, n, u, v, and R
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (b) Refraction through thin lenses-derive lens maker's formula and lens formula; derivation of combined focal length of two thin lenses in contact
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (b) Combination of lenses and mirrors (silvering of lens excluded) and magnification for lens, derivation for biconvex lens only; extend the results to biconcave lens, Plano convex lens and lens immersed in a liquid
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (b) Power of a lens P=1/ f with SI unit dioptre. For lenses in contact 1/F= 1/f+1/f and P=P+P. Lens formula, formation of image with combination of thin lenses and mirrors
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (c) Ray diagram and derivation of magnifying power of a simple microscope with image at D (least distance of distinct vision) and infinity
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (c) Ray diagram and derivation of magnifying power of a compound microscope with image at D. Only expression for magnifying power of compound microscope for final image at infinity
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (c) Ray diagrams of refracting telescope with image at infinity as well as at D; simple explanation; derivation of magnifying power; Ray diagram of reflecting telescope with image at infinity
• Ray optics and optical instruments: (c) Advantages, disadvantages and uses
• Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (β), coherent sources and sustained interference of light
• Wave optics: Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
• Wave optics: (a) Huygen’s principle: Wavefronts-different types/ shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s theory
• Wave optics: (b) Interference of light, interference of monochromatic light by double slit. Phase of wave motion; superposition of identical waves at a point, path difference and phase difference; coherent and incoherent sources
• Wave optics: (b) Interference-constructive and destructive, conditions for sustained interference of light waves. Young's double slit experiment: Set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
• Wave optics: (b) Using ∆x=nλ for bright fringe and ∆x= (n+½)λ for dark fringe and sinθ = tanθ =yn /D as y and θ are small, obtain yn=(D/ d)nλ and fringe width β=(D/d)λ, graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance
• Wave optics: (c) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only). Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain expression for position of minima
• Wave optics: (c) Diffraction at a single slit: asinθn= nλ, where n = 1,2,3… and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn =(n+½)λ; distribution of intensity with angular distance; angular width of central bright fringe

Physics: Unit 07

• Wave particle duality; photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation
• Photo electric effect, quantization of radiation; Einstein's equation Emax = hυ – W; threshold frequency; work function; experimental facts of Hertz and Lenard and their conclusions
• Einstein used Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be explained only assuming quantum (particle) nature of radiation
• Determination of Planck’s constant (from the graph of stopping potential vs versus frequency f of the incident light)
• Momentum of photon p=E/c=hν/c=h/λ
• De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of electron diffraction (qualitative only)
• Wave nature of radiation is exhibited in interference, diffraction and polarisation; particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric effect
• Dual nature of matter: Particle nature common in that it possesses momentum p and kinetic energy KE
• The wave nature of matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie, λ=h/p= h/mv

Physics: Unit 08

• Atoms: Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr’s atomic model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded)
• Atoms: Based on Geiger-Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus, obtained by equating ∆K=½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system
• Atoms: U= 2e × Ze/ 4πεr r∼10-15m = 1 fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A. A brief account of historical background leading to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen spectrum
• Atoms: Formulae for wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant. Bohr’s model of H atom, postulates (Z=1); expressions for orbital velocity, kinetic energy, potential energy
• Atoms: Radius of orbit and total energy of electron. Energy level diagram, calculation of ∆E, frequency and wavelength of different lines of emission spectra; agreement with experimentally observed values (use nm and not Å for unit ofλ)
• Nuclei: Composition and size of nucleus, massenergy relation, mass defect; nuclear reactions, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
• Nuclei: (a) Atomic masses and nuclear density; Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones-definitions with examples of each, unified atomic mass unit, symbol u, 1u=1/12 of the mass of C atom = 1.66x10¯ kg)
• Nuclei: (a) Composition of nucleus; mass defect and binding energy, BE= (∆m) c. Graph of BE/ nucleon versus mass number A, special features-less BE/ nucleon for light as well as heavy elements
• Nuclei: (a) Middle order more stable (see fission and fusion) Einstein’s equation E=mc. Calculations related to this equation; mass defect/ binding energy, mutual annihilation, and pair production as examples
• Nuclei: (b) Nuclear reactions, examples of a few nuclear reactions with conservation of mass number and charge, concept of a neutrino
• Nuclei: (c) Nuclear energy theoretical (qualitative) prediction of exothermic (with release of energy) nuclear reaction, in fusing together two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and in splitting heavy nucleus to form middle order
• Nuclei: (c) (lower mass number) nuclei. Also calculate the disintegration energy Q for a heavy nucleus (A=240) with BE/A ∼7.6 MeV per nucleon split into two equal halves with A=120 each and BE/A ∼8.5 MeV/ nucleon; Q ∼200 MeV
• Nuclei: (c) Nuclear fission-any one equation of fission reaction. Chain reaction-controlled and uncontrolled; nuclear reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of a nuclear reactor including their functions-fuel elements, moderator, control rods
• Nuclei: (c) Main parts of a nuclear reactor including their functions-coolant, casing; criticality; utilization of energy output-all qualitative only. Fusion, simple example of 4 1 H→4 He and its nuclear reaction equation
• Nuclei: (c) Requires very high temperature ∼ 106 degrees; difficult to achieve; hydrogen bomb, thermonuclear energy production in the sun and stars

Physics: Unit 09

• Semiconductor electronics: Materials, devices and simple circuits. Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
• Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; Special types of junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell. (a) Energy bands in solids; energy band diagrams for distinction between conductors
• Semiconductor diode: (a) Insulators, and semiconductors-intrinsic and extrinsic; electrons and holes in semiconductors. Elementary ideas about electrical conduction in metals, energy levels (as for hydrogen atom)
• Semiconductor diode: (a) 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of copper; these split, eventually forming ‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid copper made up of a large number of isolated atoms brought together to form a lattice
• Semiconductor diode: (a) Definition of energy bands-groups of closely spaced energy levels separated by band gaps called forbidden bands. An idealized representation of the energy bands for a conductor, insulator and semiconductor
• Semiconductor diode: (a) Characteristics, differences; distinction between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands, with examples; qualitative discussion only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances (carbon, Ge, Si)
• Semiconductor diode: (a) Some electrical properties of semiconductors. Majority and minority charge carriers-electrons and holes, Intrinsic and extrinsic, doping, p-type, n-type; donor and acceptor impurities. (b) Junction diode and its symbol
• Semiconductor diode: (b) Depletion region and potential barrier; forward and reverse biasing, V-I characteristics and numerical, half wave and a full wave rectifier. Simple circuit diagrams and graphs, function of each component in the electric circuits
• Semiconductor diode: (b) Qualitative only. Elementary ideas on solar cell, photodiode and light emitting diode (LED) as semi conducting diodes. Importance of LED’s as they save energy without causing atmospheric pollution and global warming

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Solids: Their classification based on different binding forces such as: ionic, covalent molecular; amorphous and crystalline solids (difference), metals. Type of unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
• Solids: Number of atoms per unit cell (all types), calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties
• Band theory of metals
• Conductors, semiconductors, (n and p type) and insulators
• Crystalline and amorphous solids
• Definition of crystal lattice, unit cell; types of unit cell (scc, fcc, bcc); calculation of the number of atoms per unit cell; relationship between radius, edge length and nearest neighbour distance
• Calculation of density of unit cell, formula of the compound-numericals based on it; packing in 3-D, packing fraction in scc, fcc, bcc with derivation
• Characteristics of crystalline solids; ionic (NaCl), metallic (Cu), atomic (diamond and graphite)
• Point defects: Stoichiometric, nonstoichiometric and impurity defects (F-centres)
• Electrical properties: Conductors, semiconductors (n and p types) and insulators
• Magnetic properties: Diamagnetic, paramagnetic

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Study of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, liquid in liquid, solubility of gases in liquids, colligative properties-Raoult's law of relative lowering of vapour pressure elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure
• Use of colligative properties in determining molecular masses of solutes
• Normality, molality, molarity, mole fraction, as measures of concentration
• Definition of the above with examples
• Simple problems based on the above
• Solubility of gases in liquids-Henry’s law, simple numericals based on the above
• Raoult’s Law for volatile solutes and nonvolatile solutes, ideal solution, non-ideal solution
• Azeotropic mixtures-definition, types
• Colligative properties-definition and examples, and its use in determination of molecular mass: (a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure: Definition and mathematical expression of Raoult’s Law
• Colligative properties-definition and examples, and its use in determination of molecular mass: (a) Determination of relative molecular mass by measurement of lowering of vapour pressure
• Colligative properties-definition and examples, and its use in determination of molecular mass: (b) Depression in freezing point-molal depression constant (cryoscopic constant)-definition and mathematical expression (derivation included)
• Colligative properties-definition and examples, and its use in determination of molecular mass: (c) Elevation in boiling point method-molal elevation constant (ebullioscopic constant) definition and mathematical expression (derivation included)
• Colligative properties-definition and examples, and its use in determination of molecular mass: (d) Osmotic pressure-definition and explanation. Natural and chemical semipermeable membranes, reverse osmosis, isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions
• Colligative properties-definition and examples, and its use in determination of molecular mass: (d) Osmotic pressure-comparison between diffusion and osmosis, application of osmotic pressure in the determination of relative molecular mass
• Colligative properties-definition and examples, and its use in determination of molecular mass: (d) Osmotic pressure-Van’t Hoff-Boyle’s law, Van’t Hoff-Charles’ law, Van’t Hoff-Avogadro’s law

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Electrolytic and electrochemical cells
• Redox reactions in electrochemical cells
• Electromotive Force (EMF) of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
• Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
• Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration
• Kohlrausch's law of electrolysis and Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
• Electrochemical cells: Introduction, redox reactions (principle of oxidation and reduction in a cell)
• Galvanic cells: Introduction; representation, principle-oxidation reduction. Mechanism of production of electric current in a galvanic cell
• Measurement of potential
• Single electrode potentials
• Standard hydrogen electrode-definition, preparation, application and limitations
• Standard electrode potential (Eo)-measurement of standard electrode potential of Zn ++ / Zn, Cu ++ / Cu, half cell (using standard hydrogen electrode)
• Cell notation-representation
• Factors affecting electrode potential with explanation-main emphasis on the temperature, concentration and nature of the electrode
• Electrochemical series: Its explanation on the basis of standard reduction potential. Prediction of the feasibility of a reaction
• Nernst equation and correlation with the free energy of the reaction with suitable examples
• Prediction of spontaneity of a reaction based on the cell EMF
• Numericals on standard electrode potential of half-cells, cell emf, relationship between free energy and equilibrium constant, standard electrode potential and free energy
• Comparison of metallic conductance and electrolytic conductance
• Relationship between conductance and resistance
• Specific resistance and specific conductance
• Cell constant: Calculation of cell constant. Meaning of equivalent conductance. Meaning of molar conductance. General relationship between specific conductance, molar conductance and equivalent conductance. Units, numericals
• Molar conductance of a weak electrolyte at a given concentration and at infinite dilution
• Kohlrausch’s law-definition, applications and numericals
• Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. Statement, mathematical form. Simple problems. Faraday’s second law of electrolysis-statement, mathematical form. Simple problems
• Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s number and charge on an electron. F = NAe should be given (no details of Millikan’s experiment are required)

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Meaning of chemical kinetics-slow and fast reactions
• Rate of a reaction-average and instantaneous rate (graphical representation)
• Factors affecting rate of reaction: Surface area, nature of reactants, concentration, temperature, catalyst, and radiation
• Order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant
• Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for first order reactions)
• Concept of threshold and activation energy, Arrhenious equation
• Meaning of chemical kinetics, scope and importance of kinetics of the reaction, slow and fast reactions-explanation in terms of bonds
• Rate of reaction: Definition, representation of rate of reaction in terms of reactants and products, determination of rate of reactions graphically, instantaneous and average rate of reaction. Factors affecting rate of reaction
• Law of mass action: Statement and meaning of active mass. Explanation with an example-general reactions
• Effect of concentration of reactants on the rate of a reaction: Qualitative treatment, based on the law of mass action, statement of rate law
• Effect of concentration of reactants on the rate of a reaction: General rate equation-rate = k (concentration of the reactant) n where k is rate constant and n is the order of the reaction
• Effect of concentration of reactants on the rate of a reaction: General rate equation-relationship between the rate of the reaction with rate constant with respect to various reactants
• Order of a reaction: Meaning, relation between order and stoichiometric coefficients in balanced equations, order as an experimental quantity, rate equation, mathematical derivation of rate equation for first order reaction
• Order of a reaction: Characteristics of first order reaction-rate constant is independent of the initial concentration, units to be derived, definition of half-life period, derivation of expression of half-life period from first order rate equation
• Order of a reaction: Problems based on first order rate equation and half-life period
• Molecularity of the reaction: Meaning-physical picture, Relation between order, molecularity and the rate of a reaction, differences between order and molecularity of a reaction
• The concept of energy: Exothermic and endothermic reactions, concept of energy barrier, threshold and activation energy, formation of activated complex, effect of catalyst on activation energy and reaction rate
• Effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction: Arrhenius equation-K=Ae¯Ea/RT, meaning of the symbols of Arrhenius equation, related graph, evaluation of Ea and A from the graph, meaning of slope of the graph
• Effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction: Conversion from exponential to log form of the equation, relationship between the increase in temperature and the number of collisions. Numerical based on arrhenius equation

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Absorption and adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids and liquids
• Catalysis; homogenous and heterogenous, activity and selectivity
• Colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids; properties of colloids; Brownian movement, Tyndall effect, coagulation and electrophoresis
• Emulsion-types of emulsions
• Difference between absorption and adsorption: Definition of physisorption and chemisorption and their differences. Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solid
• Catalysis: Definition, types of catalysts-positive and negative, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst based on the state of the reactant and the catalyst, elementary treatment of intermediate compound formation theory with examples
• Catalysis: Adsorption theory, effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction-the change in the energy of activation in the activation energy curve. Characteristics of a catalyst; specificity, activity, surface area of a catalyst. Promoter and poison
• Colloidal state: Thomas graham classified the substances as crystalloid and colloid, classification of substances on the basis of the particle size i.e. true solution, sol and suspension, colloidal system is heterogeneous
• Colloidal state: Lyophilic and lyophobic colloid; classification of colloidal solutions as micro, macro and associated colloids
• Properties of colloidal solutions: Brownian movement, Tyndall effect, coagulation, electrophoresis (movement of dispersed phase), protection of colloids, HardySchulze rule. Emulsions, surfactants, micelles (only definition and examples)
• Properties of colloidal solutions: Application of colloids and emulsions in daily life

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Metals: Metallurgy, ores, principles and methods of extraction-concentration, oxidation, reduction, electrolytic refining. Occurrence and principles of extraction of copper, zinc, iron, and silver
• Definition of minerals, ores and metallurgy; principle ores of iron, copper, zinc, and silver
• Methods of concentration of ores: Hydraulic washing, magnetic separation, froth floatation method, leaching
• Extraction of metal from concentrated ore-calcination, roasting and thermal reduction
• Metallurgy of iron, copper, zinc, and silver
• Refining of metals-distillation, liquation, electrolysis

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Group-15 elements: Position in the periodic table, occurrence, electronic configuration, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties. Nitrogen: Preparation properties and its uses
• Group-15 elements: Nitrogen-compounds of nitrogen-nitric acid-preparation and properties. Phosphorus-compounds of phosphorus: Preparation and properties of phosphine. (i) General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states
• Group-15 elements: (i) Trends in physical properties; chemical properties with hydrogen, oxygen, and halogens. (ii) Nitrogen-aboratory preparation, decomposition (ammonium dichromate). Properties and uses
• Group-15 elements: (iii) Nitric acid-preparation and manufacture. Properties: Reaction with copper (dilute and concentrated HNO), carbon, and sulphur. Uses. (iv) Phosphin-preparation from phosphorus and properties: Reaction with halo acids
• Group-16 elements: Position in the periodic table, occurrence, electronic configuration, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties. Ozone-methods of preparation
• Group-16 elements: Compounds of sulphur: Preparation, properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide (industrial process of manufacture). (i) Electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence
• Group-16 elements: (i) Trends in physical properties; chemical properties with hydrogen, oxygen and halogens. (ii) Ozone: Manufacture by Siemen’s ozoniser, thermal decomposition of ozone
• Group-16 elements: (ii) Ozone: Its oxidising nature-reaction with lead sulphide, potassium iodide and mercury, its uses. (iii) Sulphur dioxide: Laboratory and industrial preparation from sulphites and sulphide ores
• Group-16 elements: (iii) Sulphur dioxide-reaction of sulphur dioxide with NaOH, Cl₂, KMnO₄
• Group-17 elements: Position in the periodic table, occurrence, electronic configuration, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation, properties and uses of chlorine. Interhalogen compounds
• Group-17 elements: (i) General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states. Trends in physical properties and chemical properties (hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, and metals)
• Group-17 elements: (ii) Chlorine-preparation from MnO₂ and HCl, from NaCl, MnO₂ and conc. HSO (only equations), reactions of chlorine with HS, NH, cold, dilute NaOH and hot, concentrated NaOH
• Group-17 elements: (iii) Interhalogen compounds-structure, hybridisation and shapes: XX′, XX′₃, XX′₅, XX′₇
• Group-18 elements: Position in the periodic table, occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in physical and chemical properties, inert nature, uses. (i) General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical
• Group-18 elements: (i) Chemical properties, state and low reactivity. (ii) Formation of xenon compounds with fluorine and oxygen (equations only), hybridisation, shape, and structure of compounds. (iii) Uses of noble gases

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Position in the periodic table, occurrence, electronic configuration and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the 3d-series of transition metals-metallic character, ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii
• Colour of ions, catalytic property, magnetic properties, properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
• Lanthanoids and actinoids
• d-block: 3d, 4d, and 5d series-study in terms of metallic character, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, oxidisation states, variable valency, formation of coloured compounds, formation of complexes, alloy formation
• f-Block: 4f and 5f series-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, oxidisation states, formation of coloured compounds, formation of complexes. Lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
• f-Block: 4f and 5f series-chemical reactivity-with oxygen, hydrogen, halogen, sulphur, nitrogen, carbon, and water. Actinoids-oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids
• Potassium permanganate: Structure, shape; its oxidising nature in acidic, basic and neutral medium, use in redox titration. Oxidising nature in acidic [FeSO, (COOH).2HO, KI], basic (KI) and neutral (HS) mediums to be done
• Potassium dichromate: Structure, shape; its use in titration. Oxidising nature in acidic, basic and neutral medium, use in redox titration

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Concept of complexes, definition of ligands, coordination number, oxidation number
• IUPAC Nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• Isomerism (structural and stereo)
• Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT
• Colour, magnetic properties and shapes. Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biologicalsystem)
• Definition of coordination compounds/ complex compounds, differences with a double salt, study of ligands-mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and polydentate, chelating ligands
• Definition of coordination number, its calculation for a complex coordination sphere, study of oxidation state of an element in a complex, its calculation, IUPAC rules of nomenclature of coordination compounds
• Isomerism-structural, stereo types and examples
• Valence bond theory of coordination compounds-examples of formation of inner orbital and outer orbital complexes (high and low spin, octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar), prediction of magnetic character
• Importance and uses

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Haloalkanes: General formula, nomenclature and classification. Nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, opticalrotation
• Haloarenes: Basic idea, nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Nature of C-X bond
• Haloarenes: Naming the halogen derivatives of alkanes by using common system and IUPAC system for mono, di and tri-halo derivatives. Preparation of haloalkanes from: Alkane and halogen. Alkene and hydrogen halide
• Haloarenes: Preparation of haloalkanes from-alcohols with PX₃, PCl₅ and SOCl₂. Halide exchange method (Finkelstein and Swarts). Silver salt of fatty acids (Hunsdiecker)
• Haloarenes: Physical properties-state, melting point, boiling point, and solubility. Chemical properties: Nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1, SN2 mechanism in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary halides)
• Haloarenes: Reaction with-sodium hydroxide, water, sodium iodide, ammonia, primary amine, secondary amine, potassium cyanide, silver cyanide, potassium nitrite, silver nitrite, silver salt of fatty acid and lithium-aluminium hydride
• Haloarenes: Elimination reaction (Saytzeff’s rule) / β elimination. Reaction with metals: Sodium and magnesium (Wurtz’s reaction, Grignard’s reagent preparation). Chloroform and iodoform: Preparation and properties
• Haloarenes: Preparation of haloarenes by Sandmeyer’s and Gattermann’s reaction, by electrophilic substitution. Physical properties: State, melting point, boiling point, and solubility
• Haloarenes: Chemical properties-electrophilic substitution (chlorination nitration and sulphonation). Nucleophilic substitution (replacement of chlorine with -OH,-NH). Reduction to benzene. Wurtz-Fittig reaction. Fittig reaction
• Haloarenes: Chemical properties-addition reaction with magnesium (formation of Grignard reagent)

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Alcohols: Classification, general formula, structure and nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
• Alcohols: Uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. (i) Classification into monohydric, dihydric and polyhydric alcohols, general formulae, structure and nomenclature of alcohols
• Alcohols: (i) Difference between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols in terms of structure, physical properties and chemical properties. (ii) Methods of preparation: Hydration of alkenes-direct hydration, indirect hydration, hydroboration oxidation
• Alcohols: (ii) Methods of preparation-from Grignard’s reagent. Hydrolysis of alkyl halides. Reduction of carbonyl compounds. From primary amines. Properties: Acidic nature of alcohols-reaction with sodium. Esterification. Reaction with hydrogen halides
• Alcohols: (ii) Properties-reaction with PCl₃, PCl₅, and SOCl₂. Reaction with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. Oxidation. Dehydration. Uses of alcohols. (iii) Conversion of one alcohol into another
• Alcohols: (iv) Distinction between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols by Lucas’ test
• Phenols: Classification and nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols
• Phenols: Preparation of phenol from diazonium salt, chlorobenzene (Dow’s process) and from benzene sulphonic acid. Manufacture from Cumene. Physical properties-state and solubility
• Phenols: Chemical properties-acidic character of phenol. Reaction with sodium hydroxide. Reaction with sodium. Reaction with zinc. Reaction with acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride. Reaction with phosphorus penta chloride
• Phenols: Chemical properties-Bromination, nitration and sulphonation (Electrophilic substitution reactions). Kolbe’s reaction (formation of salicylic acid). Reimer-Tiemann reaction. Test for phenol-FeCl3 test, azo dye test
• Aliphatic ethers: General formula, structure and nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. Ethers: Structure of ethereal group. Preparation from alcohol (Williamson’s synthesis). Physical properties-state, miscibility
• Aliphatic ethers: Chemical properties-reaction with chlorine. Oxidation (peroxide formation). Reaction with HI. Reaction with PCl₅

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, structure of methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes and uses
• Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation-from alcohol. From alkenes (ozonolysis). From alkynes (hydration). From acid chlorides (Rosenmund’s reduction, reaction with dialkyl cadmium). From calcium salt of carboxylic acids
• Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation-from nitriles (Stephen reaction, Grignard’s reagent). From esters. Physical properties-state and boiling point.
• Aldehydes and ketones: Chemical properties-nucleophilic addition reactions with mechanism (ammonia and its derivatives, HCN, NaHSO₃, and Grignard’s reagent). Oxidation reactions, iodoform reaction
• Aldehydes and ketones: Chemical properties-reduction: Reduction to alcohol and alkanes (Clemmensen’s reduction, Wolff-Kishner reduction, red phosphorus and HI)
• Aldehydes and ketones: Chemical properties-base catalysed reactions: Aldol condensation, cross aldol condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction
• Aldehydes and ketones: Tests-difference between formaldehyde and acetaldehyde; aldehydes and ketones. Uses of aldehydes and ketones
• Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde): Lab preparation from toluene by oxidation with chromyl chloride. Physical properties-state and stability. Chemical properties: Oxidation and reduction
• Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde): Chemical properties-nucleophilic addition reaction (hydrogen cyanide and sodium bisulphite). Reactions with ammonia and its derivatives (hydroxyl amine, hydrazine, and phenyl hydrazine)
• Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde): Chemical properties-reaction with phosphorus pentachloride. Cannizzaro reaction. Benzoin condensation. Perkin’s reaction. Electrophilic substitution-halogenation, nitration, and sulphonation
• Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde): Test-distinction between aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. Uses of benzaldehyde
• Carboxylic acids: Classification, general formula and structure of carboxylic group. Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and uses. Classification of mono and di carboxylic acids with examples
• Carboxylic acids: Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acid-from alcohols, aldehydes, from nitriles, from Grignard’s reagent. Physical properties-state, boiling point, and solubility
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical properties-acidic character: (aliphatic, aromatic carboxylic acids with the effect of substituents on the acidic character-to be dealt with in detail), reaction with active metals, alkalies, carbonates and bicarbonates
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical properties-formation of acid derivatives. Decarboxylation (chemical and Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction). HVZ reactions. Substitution of benzene ring (meta directive effect of carboxylic acid group) nitration and sulphonation
• Carboxylic acids: Tests for acids-formic acid, acetic acid and benzoic acid. Uses of formic acid, acetic acid, and benzoic acid

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Aliphatic amines: General formula and, classification of amines. Structure of the amino group, nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
• Aliphatic amines: Amines-nomenclature, classification with examples, structure, general formula. Methods of preparation-from alcohol, from alkyl halide, from cyanide, from amide (Hofmann’s degradation), from nitro compounds
• Aliphatic amines: Methods of preparation-Gabriel phthalimide synthesis. Physical properties-comparison between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines in terms of-state, solubility, boiling point (hydrogen bonding), comparison with alcohols
• Aliphatic amines: Chemical properties-basic character of amines-comparison between primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl amines/ ammonia/ aniline. Effect of substituents on the basic strength of aniline. Alkylation and acylation with mechanism
• Aliphatic amines: Chemical properties-reaction with nitrous acid. Carbylamine reaction. Distinction between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines (Hinsberg’s test)
• Aniline: Preparation reduction of nitrobenzene. Physical properties-state, solubility, and boiling point
• Aniline: Chemical properties-reaction with HCl and H₂SO₄, acetylation, alkylation, benzoylation, carbylamine reaction, diazotisation, electrophilic substitution (bromination, nitration, and sulphonation). Tests for aniline. Uses of aniline
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. Preparation from aniline; properties-sandmeyer’s reaction, Gattermann reaction, replacement of diazo group by -H, -OH, -NO₂
• Diazonium salts: Properties-coupling reaction with phenol and aniline

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Carbohydrates: Definition, classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose); importance of carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates: Definition, classification-mono (aldose, ketose), oligo (di, tri, tetra saccharides) and polysaccharides with examples: Reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars-examples and uses
• Carbohydrates: Heating with HI, reaction with hydroxylamine, bromine water and nitric acid. Test for glucose and fructose (bromine water test with equation). Disaccharides-structure of sucrose (glycosidic linkage)
• Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides-starch, cellulose, glycogen
• Proteins: Structural units of proteins. Basic idea of-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, denaturation of proteins. Enzymes, hormones-elementary idea only
• Proteins: Proteins-amino acids-general structure, classification and zwitter ion formation. Isoelectric point. Classification of proteins on the basis of molecular shape; denaturation of proteins
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids: Basic unit-purine and pyrimidine, DNA-structure (double helical), RNA (No chemical structure required). Differences between DNA and RNA

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Chemicals in medicines: Analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines
• Chemicals in medicines: In medicine-antipyretics, analgesics, tranquillisers, antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-microbials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids. Definition, common examples, uses
• Chemicals in medicines: In medicine-differences between antiseptics and disinfectants. Structure not required
• Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. Preservatives: Role, example (sodium benzoate). Artificial sweetening agents: role, examples (aspartame, saccharine, sucralose and alitame)

Biology: Unit 01

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Development of male and female gametophytes; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Pre-fertilisation structures and events. Structure of microsporangium, T.S. of anther microsporogenesis, structure and development of pollen grain, viability of pollen grain, economic importance of pollen grain
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Pistil-structure of megasporangium (L.S. of anatropous ovule), megasporogenesis, structure and development of female gametophyte. Pollen-pistil interaction in terms of incompatibility/ compatibility
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Events leading to fertilisation, definition of triple fusion and double fertilization. Significance of double fertilization. Apomixis, polyembryony, parthenocarpy to be explained briefly
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post-fertilisation events-embryo formation (dicot); types of endosperm (cellular, nuclear, and helobial); definition of perisperm
• Human reproduction: Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea)
• Human reproduction: Parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementaryidea). Internal structure of testis and ovary to be taught with the help of diagrams; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis and spermiation) oogenesis
• Human reproduction: Hormonal control of gametogenesis, structure of sperm and mature ovum, menstrual cycle-different phases and hormone action, menarche and menopause, physico-chemical events during fertilisation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Embryonic development up to blastocyst formation
• Human reproduction: Important features of human embryonic development (formation of heart, limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head, eyelashes, separation of eye lids, external genital organs and first movement of foetus with reference to time period)
• Human reproduction: Placenta and its functions. Parturition; lactation-hormonal control and importance
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness). Definition of reproductive health, programs of reproductive health (family planning, RCH)
• Reproductive health: Contraceptive methods and their methods of action (natural-periodic abstinence, withdrawal or coitus interruptus, lactational amenorrhea; Artificial-barriers, IUDs, oral pills, implants and surgical methods
• Reproductive health: Definition of medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) and reasons for it; causes of infertility. Amniocentesis and its role in detecting genetic defects
• Reproductive health: Assisted reproductive technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT, ICSI, GIFT, AI, IUI-definition and application only
• Reproductive health: Causes, symptoms, and methods of prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B, AIDS)

Biology: Unit 02

• Principles of inheritance and variation: Heredity and variation-mendelian inheritance; deviations from mendelism-incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Chromosomal theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, fruit fly, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; mutation; mendelian disorders in humans
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Chromosomal disorders in humans. Explanation of the terms heredity and variation; mendel's Principles of inheritance; reasons for Mendel's success; back cross and test cross
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Definitions to be taught with simple examples using Punnett square. Incomplete dominance with examples from plants (snapdragon-antirrhinum) and codominance in human blood group
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Multiple alleles-example blood groups, polygenic inheritance with one example of inheritance of skin colour in humans. Biological importance of mendelism.
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Pleiotropy with reference to the example of starch synthesis in pea seeds. Chromosomal theory of inheritance
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Autosomes and sex chromosomes (sex determination in humans, fruit fly, birds, honey bees and grasshopper), definition and significance of linkage and crossing over
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Mutation-spontaneous, induced, gene (point-transition, transversion and frame-shift); chromosomal aberration: Euploidy and aneuploidy; Human genetic disorders: Phenylketonuria, thalassaemia, colour blindness
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Human genetic disorders-sickle cell anaemia; chromosomal disorders: Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-lac operon
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Human genome project; DNA fingerprinting. Properties of genes such as ability to replicate, chemical stability, mutability and inheritability. Search for DNA as genetic material-Hershey and Chase’s experiment
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Double helical model of DNA (contributions of Meischer, Watson, and Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and Chargaff); differences between DNA and RNA; types of RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA, snRNA, hnRNA); central dogma-concept only
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Reverse transcription (basic idea only), Meselson and Stahl’s experiment, replication of DNA (role of enzymes, namely DNA polymerase and ligase), transcription, essential features of genetic code. Definition of codon
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Protein synthesis-translation in prokaryotes. Gene expression in prokaryotes; lac operon in E. coli. Human genome project: Goal; methodologies [expressed sequence tags (EST), sequence annotation]
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Human genome project-salient features and applications. DNA finger printing-technique, application and ethical issues to be discussed briefly

Biology: Unit 03

• Human health and diseases: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (common cold, dengue, chikungunya, pneumonia, malaria, ring worm) and their control; basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence-drug abuse
• Human health and diseases: Communicable and non-communicable diseases; modes of transmission, causative agents, symptoms and prevention; viral diseases (common cold, chikungunya and dengue), bacterial diseases (pneumonia, diphtheria and plague)
• Human health and diseases: Protozoal diseases (malaria, graphic outline of life cycle of plasmodium); fungal (ringworm); cancer-types of tumour (benign, malignant), causes, diagnosis and treatment
• Human health and diseases: Characteristics of cancer cells (loss of contact inhibition and metastasis). Immunity (definition and types-innate and acquired, active and passive, humoral and cell-mediated), Interferons-definition, source and function
• Human health and diseases: Structure of a typical antibody molecule, types of antibodies-IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE (function and occurrence, e,g. in serum, saliva, colostrum); vaccination and immunisation
• Human health and diseases: Allergies and allergens-definition and general symptoms of allergies; autoimmunity, primary and secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, brief idea of AIDS-causative agent (HIV), modes of transmission, diagnosis (ELISA), symptoms
• Human health and diseases: Replication of retrovirus in the infected human cell (including diagram) and prevention. Drugs: Effects and sources of opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates. Reasons for addiction; prevention and control of drug abuse
• Microbes in human welfare: In industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilisers. Use of microbes in: (i) Industrial products: Beverages (with and without distillation)
• Microbes in human welfare: Use of microbes in-(i) industrial products-sources (microbes) and uses of organic acids, alcohols and enzymes (lipase, pectinase, protease, streptokinase) in industry, source (microbes) and applications of cyclosporin-A, statins
• Microbes in human welfare: Use of microbes in-(ii) production of biogas (methanogens, biogas plant, composition of biogas and process of production)
• Microbes in human welfare: Use of microbes in-(iii) microbes as biocontrol agents (bacillus thuringiensis trichoderma, nucleopolyhedrovirus (baculovirus)
• Microbes in human welfare: Use of microbes in-(iv) microbes as biofertilisers (rhizobium, azospirillum, azotobacter, mycorrhiza, cyanobacteria), IPM-harmful effects of chemical pesticides

Biology: Unit 04

• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology). Definition and principles of biotechnology; isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA (from plant cell, by cell lysis)
• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Isolation of gene of interest (by electrophoresis), steps of formation of recombinant DNA, discovery, nomenclature, features and role of restriction enzymes (EcoRI) and role of ligase
• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Cloning vectors (features of a good cloning vector, examples of cloning vectors like pBR322, Agrobacterium, retroviruses, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), yeast artificial chromosome (YAC))
• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Methods of transfer of rDNA into a competent host, example by direct-method (temperature shock), microinjection, gene gun, methods of selection of recombinants (antibiotic resistance, blue-white selection)
• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Cloning of recombinants, that is, gene amplification (by in vivo or in vitro method-using PCR technique), bioreactor (basic features and uses of stirred tank and sparged tank bioreactors), downstream processing
• Biotechnology and its applications: Applications of biotechnology in health and agriculture-human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues
• Biotechnology and its applications: Applications of biotechnology in health and agriculture-biopiracy and biopatents. In agriculture: for production of crops tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat)
• Biotechnology and its applications: In agriculture-pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops, RNAi with reference to meloidogyne incognita), crops with enhanced nutritional value (golden rice). In medicine: Insulin, gene therapy-with reference to treatment of SCID
• Biotechnology and its applications: In medicine-molecular diagnosis by PCR, ELISA and use of DNA/ RNA probe. Transgenic animals for bioactive products like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, alpha-lactalbumin
• Biotechnology and its applications: Vaccine safety testing, chemical safety testing; study of diseases. Role of GEAC, definition and two examples of biopiracy, biopatent; ethical issues

Biology: Unit 05

• Organisms and populations: Organisms and environment-habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Organisms and populations: Definition of ecology; definition of habitat and niche. Definition of population; population attributes: Sex ratio, types of age distribution pyramids for human population. Definition of population density, natality, mortality
• Organisms and populations: Emigration, immigration, carrying capacity. Ways to measure population density. Calculation of natality and mortality. Population growth: Factors affecting population growth and population growth equation
• Organisms and populations: Growth models-exponential growth and logistic growth along with equations, graph and examples of the same, life history variations-definition of reproductive fitness and examples. Population interactions-definition of mutualism
• Organisms and populations: Population interactions-competition (interspecific, interference, competitive release and Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion), predation (adaptations in organisms to avoid predation)
• Organisms and populations: Population interactions-parasitism (ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites), commensalism, amensalism
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves
• Biodiversity and its conservation: National parks, sanctuaries and ramsarsites. Definition of biodiversity, few examples of each type of biodiversity-species, ecosystem and genetic
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Global biodiversity and proportionate number of species of major taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates; patterns of biodiversity (latitudinal gradients, species-area relationship-graph and equation)
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Rivet popper hypothesis, importance of species diversity to the ecosystem (narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian, ethical terms). Examples of some recently extinct organisms
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Causes of loss of biodiversity (habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien species invasion, coextinction). Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods-protected areas: Biosphere reserves, national parks
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Biodiversity conservation-in-situ methods-protected areas: Wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves; ex-situ methods-captive breeding, zoo, botanical gardens, cryopreservation
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Biodiversity conservation-ex-situ methods: Wild life safari, seed banks. Definitions and examples of each of the above. Hotspots, ramsar sites and red data book
• Biodiversity and its conservation: The place, year and main agenda of historic conventions on biological diversity (the earth summit and the world summit)

Biotechnology: Unit 01

• Nucleic acids and their estimation: An understanding of nucleic acids, their biochemical structure. DNA as the genetic material (Hershey and Chase experiment). DNA (B-DNA)-physical and chemical structure; definition
• Nucleic acids and their estimation: Double helical model of DNA (Watson and Crick’s); nucleotide and nucleoside; Chargaff’s Law, method of replication of DNA
• Nucleic acids and their estimation: Various replicative enzymes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, example topoisomerases, helicase, SSBs polymerases, primases, ligases
• Nucleic acids and their estimation: Concept of semi conservative (with respect to Messelson and Stahl experiment and semidiscontinuous replication, (leading and lagging strands), okazaki fragments
• Nucleic acids and their estimation: RNA-definition, various types of RNAs such as mRNA, tRNA (Clover leaf model with diagram; rRNA their structure and functions. Technique of nucleic acid estimation-colorimetry
• Protein synthesis: Synthesis of different RNAs, and the complete mechanism of polypeptide chain formation. Concept of central dogma. From genes to proteins: (a) Concept of transcriptional unit, promoter, structural and terminator region
• Protein synthesis: From genes to proteins-(a) concept of split gene-intron and exon; hnRNA, (b) transcription-explanation of the complete process including enzymes involved in the process
• Protein synthesis: From genes to proteins-(b) transcription-post transcriptional changes and their significance in eukaryotes-polyadenylation, capping and RNA splicing, (c) concept of reverse transcription
• Protein synthesis: From genes to proteins-(d) genetic code-properties of genetic code, start and stop codons, anticodons, (e) the translation of RNA to protein-complete mechanism of chain initiation, elongation and termination
• Protein synthesis: From genes to proteins-(e) the translation of RNA to protein-the role of tRNA, mRNA and rRNA in protein synthesis
• Gene regulation in prokaryotes: Operon concept-lac operon

Biotechnology: Unit 02

• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Concept of cloning and vectors. Tools of recombinant DNA technology, types of restriction endonucleases and other enzymes used in gene cloning
• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Techniques involved in extraction and purification of DNA from bacterial and plant cells. Selection of host cells: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Vectors-characteristics and types such as plasmids -pBR322, pUC (in pBR322-presence of two antibiotic resistant genes and in pUC presence of lac Z gene to be taught), cosmids
• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Vectors-phages (M13 and λ), YACs, BACs (reference to stability and their carrying capacity), animal and plant viruses (CaMV, retrovirus, SV40)
• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Transfer of recombinants into host cells-(a) vectorless methods-basic concept of transformation, transfection, electroporation, liposome mediated gene transfer, microinjection, biolistic
• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Transfer of recombinants into host cells-(b) vector-mediated method-agrobacterium tumefaciens induced gene transfer
• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Transfer of recombinants into host cells-methods of identification of recombinants direct selection (green fluorescent selection) and Insertional inactivation (blue-white selection)
• Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering: Transfer of recombinants into host cells-a basic understanding of DNA libraries-construction of genomic and cDNA libraries. Construction of a recombinant DNA molecule
• Innovations in biotechnology: Produced by using modern biotechnological tools-(a) Plants: Production of flavr savr tomatoes and golden rice. (b) Healthcare: Production of recombinant hepatitis-B vaccine, Humulin and interferon
• Innovations in biotechnology: Produced by using modern biotechnological tools-(c) Animal: Dolly the cloned sheep, sources and characteristics of stem cells and their applications
• Innovations in biotechnology: Produced by using modern biotechnological tools-(d) Environmental biotechnology: Bioremediation using oil-eating bacteria as an example
• Innovations in biotechnology: Produced by using modern biotechnological tools-(e) Industrial biotechnology: Applications of industrial enzymes-rennet, subtilisin, amylase, papain
• Gene analysis techniques: Various techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology. DNA probes-definition and use. Low resolution mapping techniques: Gel electrophoresis, southern blotting, western and northern blotting (a brief idea and their uses)
• Gene analysis techniques: High resolution techniques-DNA sequencing: Sequencing by chain termination. Site directed mutagenesis. DNA amplification by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-applications of PCR
• Gene analysis techniques: Steps and application of DNA profiling or DNA finger printing

Biotechnology: Unit 03

• A brief idea of tools and techniques involved in cell culture technology and their applications in microbial, plant tissue and animal cell cultures respectively
• General tools and techniques used in cell culture technology: (a) Instruments-CO₂ incubator, bioreactor (diagram, its components and their function)-stirred tank and sparged type (brief idea only), use of T flasks to propagate animal cells
• General tools and techniques used in cell culture technology: (b) Sterilization techniques for culture room, apparatus, transfer area, media, vitamins, and living material. (c) Cryopreservation (need and steps)
• General tools and techniques used in cell culture technology: (d) Cell counting (direct counting by haemocytometer), cell viability by Evan’s blue stain and cell sorting (FACS only)
• General tools and techniques used in cell culture technology: (e) Types of media (synthetic/ defined, semisynthetic/ differential, complex/ natural) preparation of media: Microbial media-LB agar; plant media-MS and white’s media
• General tools and techniques used in cell culture technology: Animal media-RPMI-brief idea only. (includes inorganic and organic macronutrients and micronutrients, antibiotics, growth regulators for plants: auxins and cytokinins)
• General tools and techniques used in cell culture technology: Importance of pH and solidifying agents
• Microbial culture and its application: Fermentation process and growth kinetics-batch culture, fed batch culture, continuous culture (with the help of graphs only): Definition of turbidostat and chemostat: Products and application-SCP (definition and use)
• Plant tissue culture and its application: Isolation of single cell by mechanical and enzymatic methods, synchronisation of cell culture by chemical methods like starvation, inhibition and mitotic arrest
• Plant tissue culture and its application: Cellular totipotency-definition of cellular differentiation, de-differentiation, redifferentiation
• Plant tissue culture and its application: Application of plant cell culture technology (methodology not required, only brief idea needed): (a) Haploid production-androgenesis and gynogenesis and their significance
• Plant tissue culture and its application: Application of plant cell culture technology (methodology not required, only brief idea needed): (b) Triploid production-understanding and need for triploid production and its application (seedless crops)
• Plant tissue culture and its application: Application of plant cell culture technology (methodology not required, only brief idea needed): (c) In-vitro pollination- concept and its application. (d) Somatic hybridisation-protoplast fusion (Pomato)
• Plant tissue culture and its application: Application of plant cell culture technology (methodology not required, only brief idea needed): (e) Micropropagation and its significance. (f) Biodegradable plastics (concept of PHB)
• Animal cell culture and its application: Primary cell culture with enzymatic disaggregation and its drawbacks; types of cell-lines: finite, continuous, adherent and suspension; scale up-mono layer by Roller bottle, application of animal cell culturetissue
• Animal cell culture and its application: Hybridoma technology, tissue engineering (definition only)

Biotechnology: Unit 04

• Introduction to bioinformatics; global bioinformatics databases and data retrieval tools; genomics, different types of sequences, types of sequence analysis. Introduction to bioinformatics: Definition and need
• Introduction to bioinformatics: An introduction to global bioinformatics databases (nucleotide and protein databases). Information sources such as EMBL, NCBI, DDBJ, SWISSPROT, GenBank, GENSCAN. Data retrieval tools-ENTREZ, taxonomy browser
• Genomics: Definition, introduction, tools used in genomics and its applications. Definition of genomics. Types of genomicsstructural and functional. Types of sequence analysis by using BLAST and FASTA
• Genomics: Human genome project-its objectives, the countries involved, its achievements and significance
• Proteomics: Definition, introduction and databases. Types of proteomics-structural and functional

Elective English: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Elective English: Unit 02

• Novel: To kill a mocking bird: Harper Lee, The hungry tide: Amitav Ghosh,
• Play: A doll’s house: Henrik Ibsen, Death of a salesman: Arthur Miller
• Nineteenth and twentieth century verse (an anthology of sixteen poets, edited by Chris Woodhead) (OUP): D.H. Lawrence: Snake, Bavarian gentians, The ship of death. Edward Thomas: October, As the team’s Head Brass, Beauty
• Nineteenth and twentieth century verse (an anthology of sixteen poets, edited by Chris Woodhead) (OUP): Seamus Heaney: Follower, At a potato digging, Punishment. Ted Hughes: The thought fox, Pike, Crow Tyrannosaurus, Ravens
• Nineteenth and twentieth century verse (an anthology of sixteen poets, edited by Chris Woodhead) (OUP): Philip Larkin: Church going, Dockery and son, The whitsun weddings
• Nineteenth and twentieth century verse (an anthology of sixteen poets, edited by Chris Woodhead) (OUP): W.H. Auden: Refugee blues, The shield of Achilles, The unknown citizen, Musee des Beaux arts

Bengali: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Bengali: Unit 02

Gujarati: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Gujarati: Unit 02

Hindi: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Hindi: Unit 02

Kannada: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Kannada: Unit 02

Mizo: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Mizo: Unit 02

Malayalam: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Malayalam: Unit 02

Nepali: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Nepali: Unit 02

Odia: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Odia: Unit 02

Punjabi: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Punjabi: Unit 02

Tamil: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Tamil: Unit 02

Telugu: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Telugu: Unit 02

Urdu: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Urdu: Unit 02

Political science: Unit 01

• Forms of government: Totalitarian and authoritarian states, liberal democratic state, unitary and federal states, parliamentary and presidential forms of government. Meaning and features of totalitarian state
• Forms of government: Authoritarian state and liberal democratic state. Meaning and features of unitary and federal states with reference to U.K. as a unitary state, U.S.A. as a federal state and India as a federal state with subsidiary unitary features
• Forms of government: Comparison between unitary and federal state. Meaning and features of parliamentary and presidential forms of government (U.K and U.S.A.), comparison between parliamentary and presidential forms of government
• Constitution: Meaning; kinds of constitutions: Written and unwritten, rigid and flexible, enacted and evolved: Merits and demerits. Amending procedures; conventions. Meaning; kinds-written and unwritten, rigid and flexible
• Constitution: Enacted and evolved: Merits, demerits of each. Amending procedures of the constitutions of U.K, U.S.A and India. Conventions-meaning and examples with reference to U.K., U.S.A. and India. The importance of conventions in U.K
• Franchise: Universal adult franchise; methods of election, universal adult franchise-meaning, reasons for widespread acceptance. Methods of election: Direct and indirect-meaning with examples

Political science: Unit 02

• The legislature: Functions of legislature; unicameral and bicameral legislatures. The legislature in India and U.S.A.-a comparative study. Meaning and functions of legislature. Meaning of unicameral and bi-cameral legislature
• The legislature: The legislatures in India and U.S.A.-composition (strength, method of election, and tenure) and functions: Legislative, constituent, executive (ways in which the legislature controls the executive), judicial, electoral, and financial
• The legislature: Composition and powers of the house of representatives and the senate, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (including special powers). Unique powers of the senate, why is the senate considered the world’s most powerful second chamber?
• The legislature: Comparison of the Rajya Sabha and the U.S. Senate; Lok Sabha with the U.S. house of representatives
• The executive: Functions; the civil services. Difference between the political executive and the permanent executive. Political executive in India and U.S.A-a comparative study. Meaning, and functions of the executive. Meaning and role of civil services
• The executive: Difference between the political and permanent executive in India. Political executive in India and U.S.A.-a comparative study. Powers and functions of executive heads of India (president and prime minister), and U.S.A. (president)
• The executive: Constitutional limitations on the powers of the president of the U.S.A
• The judiciary: Meaning and functions of judiciary. Conditions of independence of judiciary. Judiciary in India and U.S.A.-a comparative study. Judicial review
• The judiciary: Meaning and functions of judiciary; conditions of independence of judiciary with reference to India and U.S.A. The judiciary in India and U.S.A-composition and powers of Indian supreme court and American supreme court
• The judiciary: Judicial review-meaning, principles (maxims). Meaning of judicial activism and judicial restraint

Political science: Unit 03

• Indian constitution: (i) Preamble-preamble and its importance. Meaning of the key words contained in the preamble. (ii) Salient features of the Indian constitution-Written and comprehensive; a constitution drawn from several sources
• Indian constitution: (ii) Salient features of the Indian constitution-federal structure with unitary spirit; partly rigid and partly flexible; fundamental rights and duties; directive principles of state policy; parliamentary form of government
• Indian constitution: (ii) Salient features of the Indian constitution-Single citizenship; bi-cameral legislature; universal adult franchise; single integrated and independent judiciary; judicial review; emergency powers
• Indian constitution: (ii) Salient features of the Indian constitution-special provisions for schedule castes and schedule tribes
• Fundamental rights and directive principles: Fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy. Fundamental rights: Meaning; detailed study of all fundamental rights in India
• Fundamental rights and directive principles: Directive principles of state policy-meaning, classification and implementation. Difference between fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy
• Local self-government: 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment acts. Key features of the 73rd and 74th amendments. Rural zila parishad: Composition and functions. Urban municipal corporation: Composition and functions
• Democracy in India-a perspective of the challenges faced: Challenges faced by the Indian democracy: Caste, communalism, and regionalism. Caste: Meaning, role of caste in Indian politics
• Democracy in India-a perspective of the challenges faced: Communalism-meaning and effects on the functioning of Indian democracy
• Democracy in India-a perspective of the challenges faced: Regionalism-meaning and causes; kinds of regional aspirations (language issues, sons-ofthe-soil policies, river water disputes, demand for new states, secessionist demands)

Geography: Unit 01

• Physical environment: (i) Locational setting-India: Size and area. Present importance of the location of India with reference to the Indian ocean rim countries and the northern and western frontiers. Comparison with China and Australia
• Physical environment: (i) Locational setting-India: Extent, position with reference to latitude and longitude, length of coastline and frontiers with neighbouring countries. The locational advantages of India in the Indian ocean and as a subcontinent
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-geological formation, relief and drainage; major physiographic divisions and their characteristics. (a) Outline of the geological evolution and structure: Basic definitions-geology, era, periods, physiographic
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(a) geological structure, stratigraphy. Names of the main standard and Indian geological eras with reference to Indian geology. Geological evolution of: The peninsular plateau
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(a) geological evolution of: The Himalayas and the great plains. Difference between the peninsular plateau and the Himalayas
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) the three-fold physiographic divisions: The Himalayan mountain complex, the Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains and the peninsular plateau
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) Himalayan mountain complex (orthoclinal structure): The three parallel ranges, the northwest and northeast offshoots, comparison between Western and Eastern Himalayas
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) Himalayan mountain complex (orthoclinal structure): Regional divisions of the Himalayas (Kashmir/ Punjab Himalayas, Himachal/ Uttaranchal/ Kumaon Himalayas, Nepal Himalayas, Assam Himalayas)
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains: The relief features-bhabar, tarai, bhangar, khaddar, bhur, barind, barkhans, doabs. Regional divisions of the plains-Rajasthan plain (the great Indian desert), Punjab plain
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains: Regional divisions of the plains-Ganga plain, Brahamaputra/ Assam plain)
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) The peninsular plateau: The Malwa plateau, Chotanagpur plateau and Deccan plateau: The relief features-badland, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Aravalis
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) Coastal plains: Comparison between Western and Eastern coastal plains and their divisions. The relief features: Lagoons, estuaries, deltas
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) Islands: Difference between Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands. (a) Drainage (that is rivers) and drainage systems: Names and sources of the main rivers and their major tributaries
• Physical environment: (ii) Structure of India-(b) Islands: (a) Comparison of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-India-factors affecting India’s climate: Temperature-factors affecting temperature. Atmospheric pressure conditions during the year; origin and mechanism of the monsoon, Jet streams, southern oscillations
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-India-factors affecting India’s climate: Wind and rainfall distribution during the year; characteristics of the four main seasons-hot and dry, hot and wet, cool and dry
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-India-factors affecting India’s climate: Cool and wet with reference to temperature distribution in north and south India, pressure, wind conditions-distribution of resultant rainfall; variability of rainfall
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-India-factors affecting India’s climate: Incidence of droughts and floods. Temperature and rainfall graphs of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Jaisalmer, Leh, and Hyderabad
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-role of various factors affecting Indian climate: Latitudinal extent, distance from the sea, northern mountain ranges, physiography, monsoon winds, upper air circulation, western disturbances and tropical cyclones
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-role of various factors affecting Indian climate: Southern oscillation, El Nino; understanding of the concept and mechanism of monsoon; Indian monsoonal regime-onset, rain bearing system, break in the monsoon
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-role of various factors affecting Indian climate: Retreat of the monsoon. Seasons of India-with reference to temperature, pressure distribution, wind systems and local winds-loo, kalbaisaki/ Norwesters, Mango showers
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-seasons of India: Explanation of the variability of rainfall in different areas over different seasons. Droughts and floods: Meaning, causes, affected areas and mitigation programmes
• Physical environment: (iii) Climate-droughts and floods: Temperature and rainfall graphs of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Leh, Jaisalmer, and Hyderabad
• Physical environment: (iv) Natural vegetation-major vegetation types of India, their geographical distribution with reference to rainfall and temperature conditions-description of the important tree types and their adaptation to the climate
• Physical environment: (iv) Natural vegetation-forest-area covered, importance, use, misuse and potential both for exploitation and conservation. Present forest policy. Distinction between vegetation and forest, virgin vegetation
• Physical environment: (iv) Natural vegetation-factors affecting vegetation. Classification of vegetation types-tropical evergreen, monsoon forests, tropical dry forests, arid forests, deltaic forests
• Physical environment: (iv) Natural vegetation-mountain forests and their geographical distribution and adaptation. Importance of forest to man; Impact of human activity on vegetation. Forest area and forest cover in India
• Physical environment: (iv) Natural vegetation-forest conservation-need, social forestry (agro forestry, community forestry, commercial farm forestry, non-commercial farm forestry, urban forestry)
• Physical environment: (iv) Natural vegetation-forest conservation movement: Van Mahotsav, Chipko movement. National forest policy (1988): Objectives of the forest policy; integrated forest protection scheme
• Population and human settlements: (i) Population of India compared to six countries-China, Australia, USA, Canada, Russia and Brazil
• Population and human settlements: (i) Population of India as compared to the other six countries with reference to percentage of world population and India’s position in the world
• Population and human settlements: (ii) National and state level patterns of population distribution. Definition of census. Index of concentration (highest and lowest index of concentration as per the latest census)
• Population and human settlements: (ii) Density of population-arithmetic and physiological. Spatial distribution of population in India and explanation of the factors influencing it-landforms, climate
• Population and human settlements: (ii) Spatial distribution of population in India and explanation of the factors influencing it-accessibility and level of development that result in this pattern
• Population and human settlements: (ii) Comparison of the density at the state level and factors influencing it
• Population and human settlements: (iii) Pattern of population growth in the last three decades; implications for development. Meaning of terminologies such as population, birth rate, death rate, population growth rate
• Population and human settlements: (iii) Meaning of terminologies such as natural growth rate and absolute growth of population, migratory growth, positive and negative growth
• Population and human settlements: (iii) Population growth of India at national level-trends of 1921, 1951, and 1981 to the latest census. Absolute growth rate of population. Demographic characteristics of India at the National level-birth rate
• Population and human settlements: (iii) Demographic characteristics of India at the national level-death rate and natural growth rate from 1991 to the latest census
• Population and human settlements: (iii) Drawing general conclusions about the-impact of rapid growth rate on economic development, on environment; need for planned development (to maintain the ecological balance)
• Population and human settlements: (iv) Migration trends over the last 25 years. Explanation of the important terms-migration, commutation, out migration, in migration, step-wise migration and migrant, push and pull factors
• Population and human settlements: (iv) Types (national and international migration, inter migration and intra migration, urban migration and rural migration) and trends of migration
• Population and human settlements: (iv) Streams of migration: Rural-rural, rural urban, urban-urban and urban-rural. Causes for migration-natural, economic, political and social. Comparing the consequences of each type of migration on cities & rural areas
• Population and human settlements: (v) Demographic attributes at national level-trends and patterns of: 1. Rural urban population 2. Age and sex composition 3. Literacy levels 4. Working and nonworking population; implications for development
• Population and human settlements: (v) Study of the causes and trends of rural urban composition, age and sex ratio, literacy level
• Population and human settlements: (v) Working and non-working population at the national level (highest and lowest figures for each of the above) in the latest census. Implications for development
• Resources of India and their utilization: (i) Need for environmental management vis-à-vis development-understanding that from the development point of view, environment may mistakenly be seen as a ‘resource’ to be exploited
• Resources of India and their utilization: (i) Need for environmental management vis-à-vis development-whereas, environment needs to be viewed as a ‘capital’ that needs to be managed carefully
• Resources of India and their utilization: (ii) Land resources-land use pattern in India-quality of cultivable land, size of land holdings. Defining the term land resource; its importance and problems. Land use pattern-net sown area
• Resources of India and their utilization: (ii) Land resources-area sown more than once, forests, land not available for cultivation, permanent pastures and other grazing lands, land under miscellaneous tree crops, culturable (cultivable) waste
• Resources of India and their utilization: (ii) Land resources-fallow land, quality and size of cultivable land holdings. Methods to reduce fragmentation of land holdings
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iii) Water resources and types of irrigation-water resources: Their demand and utilization. Types of water resources: Surface and ground water. Meaning, importance and need for irrigation in India
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iii) Water resources and types of irrigation-sources of irrigation: Traditional methods: Wells, tanks, tube wells-advantages and disadvantages
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iii) Water resources and types of irrigation-sources of irrigation: Traditional methods-study of two states where each of the above types of irrigation is mainly prevalent
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iii) Water resources and types of irrigation-sources of irrigation: Modern methods-tube wells, multi-purpose projects, sprinkler irrigation, perennial canals-advantages and disadvantages
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iii) Water resources and types of irrigation-sources of irrigation: Modern methods-names of two canals each in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iii) Water resources and types of irrigation-use and misuse of water for irrigation; study of alternative methods of irrigation. Overwatering-reasons and regions affected by it; dangers of overwatering
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iii) Water resources and types of irrigation-conservation of water resources including their management; rain water harvesting
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-types, development, and problems. (a) Wet and dry farming, crop rotation and crop combination, intensity of cropping, problems of Indian agriculture; use of technology in agriculture
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(a) modern inputs, change over from subsistence to commercial agriculture, need for green revolution. Diversifying Indian agriculture-importance of animal husbandry
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(a) wet and dry agriculture: Crop rotation and crop combination. Intensity of cropping-concept and crops associated; problems of Indian agriculture
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(a) wet and dry agriculture: Use of new technology-green revolution: Need, impact and problems, second green revolution-strategies for second green revolution
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(a) diversification of Indian agriculture-animal husbandry: Meaning and its importance in Indian agriculture
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(b) study of crops: (i) Conditions of growth (soil, temperature, rainfall requirements, crop seasons, secondary crops cultivated with them)
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(b) study of crops: (ii) World production and India’s position. (iii) Major producing states in India and their rank as producers of the following crops
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(b) study of crops: Food grains-rice (Japan), wheat (China). Commercial and Industrial crops-tea (Sri Lanka), jute (Bangladesh)
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(b) study of crops: Conditions of growth-for each crop, the type of soil, temperature range, rainfall range, the crop seasons are to be done
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(b) study of crops: Main areas of growth of the above crops, in the countries specified, and reasons for growth are to be studied
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(b) study of crops: Name of the leading producer (country) in the world for each of the above crops (food grains, commercial and industrial crops) and India’s position in the world
• Resources of India and their utilization: (iv) Agriculture-(c) importance of market gardening and orchard farming-reasons and trends in development in recent years
• Resources of India and their utilization: (v) Fishing in India, Japan, and Bangladesh-methods, types of fish caught, fishing grounds; factors affecting the importance and development, fishing ports and markets, need and methods of fish conservation
• Resources of India and their utilization: (v) Fishing in India, Japan, and Bangladesh-understanding of marine and inland fisheries; deep sea and inshore fishing; pelagic and demersal fishing should be done
• Resources of India and their utilization: (v) Fishing in India, Japan, and Bangladesh-problems affecting fishing in India, Japan and Bangladesh should be also taken up. Two ports and two types of fishes of each coastal State in India should be studied
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(a) minerals and power resources: Distinguishing between metallic and non-metallic minerals; ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(a) minerals and power resources: Production and distribution (three leading states and three leading centers in each state) of iron ore, mica, coal, manganese, and petroleum
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(a) minerals and power resources: Their uses. Iron ore, mica, coal: Their types. The main power resources-nuclear thermal, hydel
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(a) minerals and power resources: Three main states for generation of nuclear thermal and hydel power in India
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(b) conventional energy sources-fossil fuels and firewood, potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source, methods of harnessing and environmental consequences of their use
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(b) conventional energy sources-conventional energy sources: Firewood-for heating and cooking along with agricultural and animal waste
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(b) conventional energy sources-coal, Petroleum, diesel, LPG-their potential and limitations in India
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(b) conventional energy sources-environmental concerns with regard to their use (global warming, thermal pollution in waters, fly ash, atmospheric pollution, etc)
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(c) non-conventional energy sources-types of non-conventional sources (biomass, solar, wind, ocean, hydel, geothermal, nuclear), potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(c) non-conventional energy sources-their environmental consequences; need to promote non-conventional energy sources. Advantages and limitations of each nonconventional energy source
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(c) non-conventional energy sources-uses of these energy sources and distribution. Understanding the need to promote non-conventional energy sources
• Resources of India and their utilization: (vi) Sources of energy-(c) non-conventional energy sources-(the study should include uses and the distribution of the above energy resources)
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (a) Railways, roadways, water transport (inland and coastal), air transport, pipelines-these modes of transport are to be studied with regard to
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (a) Location and state wise distribution of air, road and rail routes; location of waterways and pipelines; natural and economic factors that govern their distribution
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (a) Density and growth. Patterns in India. The present position, areas well and poorly served by each mode. Problems-comparative advantage of each mode of transport
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (a) National goals to be achieved in the development of modes of transport (the golden quadrilateral-its north-south and east-west corridor). Ports, their location and advantage
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (a) Major exports and imports of different ports. Nature and direction of trade from the ports. International trading patterns and products in the last five years
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (a) Distinguishing between harbour and port; natural and artificial harbours. Location of major ports in India and their advantage
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (a) Main items of export and import from different ports and the patterns in the last five years
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (b) Communication-importance of communication in rural development and its policy. Importance of infrastructure as key to the development of an industrial economy
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (b) Modern means of communication-satellites and remote sensing-geographic information systems (GIS), cellular phones, radio, doordarshan, internet
• Infrastructural resources (development of transport and communication): (b) Difference between mass communication and tele communication. Prasar bharti. Infrastructure as key to the development of an industrial economy
• Industries: (a) Study of the location and distribution of important industrial centers; a general comparison of disparities. (b) Major and minor industrial regions-factors governing their growth
• Industries: (b) Reasons for the spread of industrial areas; understand how the distribution of heavy and consumer industries varies in the different regions. Understanding why certain industries are more in a particular region
• Industries: (b) Major industrial regions: Mumbai-Pune, Hooghly, Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Chota Nagpur, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut. Minor Industrial regions: Ambala-Amritsar, Saharanpur-Muzaffarnagar, Northern Malabar
• Industries: (b) Factors governing the growth of the above to be studied
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(i) agro based industries-cotton textile and ready-made garments. Cotton textiles: Maharashtra (Mumbai and Pune), Gujarat (Ahmedabad and Surat)
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(i) agro based industries-cotton textiles: West Bengal (Kolkata and Howrah), Tamil Nadu (Madurai and Chennai). Ready-made garments: Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-iron and steel, aluminium, cement, and transport equipment. Petrochemicals, including refineries and fertilizers
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-the following industrial centers of each industry are to be studied: Iron and steel-TISCO (Jamshedpur)
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-iron and steel-Vishweshvarya iron and steel plant (Bhadravati), Bhilai iron and Steel Plant (Bhilai), Rourkela iron and steel plant (Rourkela)
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-iron and steel-Hindustan steel limited plant (Durgapur), Bokaro iron and steel plant (Bokaro), Salem iron and steel plant (Salem)
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-iron and steel-Vishakhapatnam iron and steel plant (Vishakhapatnam), POSCO (Paradip)
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-integrated and mini steel plants: Meaning, advantages and disadvantages
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-difference between key and footloose industry; industrial clusters and indices to identify industrial clusters; industrial inertia
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(ii) mineral based industries-maps and sketches of Industrial regions and centers (location of agro based and mineral based industries)
• Industries: (c) Location, production, and growth of the following industries-(II) mineral based industries- should be the basis for explaining the pattern of industrial development
• Industries: (d) Tourism industry-major natural and cultural tourist areas in India. Their special features and level of development-impact on environment and local economy. Tourist flows. Definition of tourism, growth of tourism, advantages of tourism
• Industries: (d) Tourism industry-important places-both natural and cultural. Positive and negative impact of tourism, problems of tourism and measures for developing ecotourism
• Regional economic development: Case studies will be preceded by a brief understanding of the meaning of development, multilevel planning and planning regions
• Regional economic development: These case studies will be undertaken with reference to the advantages and disadvantages that have accrued to the people and area-aspects covered will be their geographical location, resource base, developmental history
• Regional economic development: Present trends of population, occupations, agriculture and industrial activities, issues of development. (i) Area development in Chhattisgarh region-mining, silk industry and farming
• Regional economic development: (ii) Electronics industry in Bangalore-reasons for its development, extent, national and international linkages and problems. (iii) Growth of Haldia port, its industries and hinterland
• Map work: Map list-locational setting of India: 8º4’N-37º6’N, 68º7’E-97º25’E (latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India); 23.5ºN (central latitude) and 82.5º E (central longitude)
• Map work: Map list-locational setting of India: Indira Col and Cape Comorin (northern and southern point of mainland India. Mountains: 3 parallel ranges of Himalayas, trans Himalayan range-Karakoram, Pir Panjal, Ladakh, Zaskar, Aravallis, Vindhyas
• Map work: Map list-mountains: Satpura, Western and Eastern ghats, Nilgiris, Cardamom hills, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia hills, Patkoi hills, Naga hills, Mizo hills. Peaks: Mount Everest, Godwin Austin, Kanchenjunga, Gurushikhar, Dodabetta, Anaimudi, Mahendragiri
• Map work: Map list-plains: Indus-Ganga-Brahmapurtra region, Konkan, Kanara, Malabar, Coromandel, Northern Circars. Plateaus: Malwa, Chota Nagpur, Deccan, Meghalaya. Peninsula: Kathiawar, Kachchh. Lakes: Chilika, Pulicat. Waterbodies: Arabian sea
• Map work: Map list-waterbodies: Bay of Bengal, Palk strait, gulf of Kachchh, gulf of Khambat. Passes: Karakoram, Shipki La, Nathu La, Bomdi La, Palghat, Bhorghat, Thalghat. Rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghara
• Map work: Map list-rivers: Gandak, Kosi, Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son, Damodar, Luni, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Brahmaputra. Climate of India: Movement of southwest and north east monsoon winds from season to season
• Map work: Map list-climate of India: Area of low and high pressure varying from season to season, direction of westerly and easterly jet streams, average annual rainfall distribution in India, main drought prone and flood prone areas
• Map work: Map list-natural vegetation: Main area of-tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, tropical dry, deltaic and arid forests. Population: The states of India (according to the latest census) for the following-the Lowest density of population
• Map work: Map list-population: The states of India (according to the latest census) for the following-highest density of population, highest level of urbanization, lowest level of urbanisation, highest index of concentration of population
• Map work: Map list-population: The highest sex ratio, the lowest sex ratio, the highest literacy, the lowest literacy. Resources of India: Main region of intense cropping in India; main state/ regions of India for: Wells, tanks, tube wells
• Map work: Map list-population: perennial canals. Minerals: Iron ore (Keonjhar, Bellary, Raigarh, Singhbhum), coal (Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj), petroleum (Digboi, Mumbai High, Ankleshwar, Bassein), manganese (Sundergarh, Nagpur), mica (Nellore, Bhilwara)
• Map work: Map list-power resources: Nuclear power (Kaiga, Kalpakkam, Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Narora, Kakrapara), thermal power (Bongaigaon, Santaldih, Panipat, Ahmedabad, Chandrapur, Nevyelli, Trombay, Vijaywada)
• Map work: Map list-power resources: Hydroelectric power stations (Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar, Nagarjunasagar, Tungabhadra, Rihand). Industries: Cotton textiles-Mumbai, Ahmedabad Surat and Madura. Iron and steel: TISCO (jamshedpur)
• Map work: Map list-industries: Iron and steel-Bhilai iron and steel plant (Bhilai), Vishakhapatnam iron and steel plant (Vishakhapatnam). Oil refineries: IOCL (Digboi, Barauni and Haldia)
• Map work: Map list-transport: Trace the route of-National highway-1, national highway-2, national highway-6, national highway-7, golden quadrilateral-4 sides, north south corridor, east west corridor; state with the highest density of roads
• Map work: Map list-ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Haldia, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata. Hinterland: Kolkata, Haldia. Case studies: Tracing of the Chattisgarh region
• Map work: Map list-case studies: City of Bengaluru and its connectivity (road and railways) with the adjacent megacities and ports and hinterland of Haldia.

Economics: Unit 01

• Demand: Meaning, factors affecting demand; demand function; law of demand; derivation of demand curve; movement and shift of the demand curve; exceptions to the law of demand. Law of diminishing marginal utility
• Demand: Law of equimarginal utility, consumer’s equilibrium through utility approach (cardinal) and indifference curve analysis (ordinal). The concept of demand: Meaning. A demand function to be specified incorporating the determinants of demand
• Demand: The concept of demand-diagrams should be used in explaining the law of demand, reasons for downward slope of demand curve, its derivation using demand schedule. Derivation of market demand curve from individual demand curve
• Demand: (a) Cardinal utility analysis-meaning of utility, total utility, marginal utility, relationship of TU and MU, law of diminishing marginal utility (schedule and diagram, only assumptions to be taught, criticisms not required)
• Demand: (a) Cardinal utility analysis-consumer’s equilibrium-one commodity (schedule and diagram), law of equimarginal utility (statement, schedule) and conditions of consumer’s equilibrium using marginal utility
• Demand: (b) Ordinal utility analysis: Indifference curve-its meaning and properties (including MRS and DMRS), indifference map, consumer’s budget line, consumer’s equilibrium-condition (to be explained with the help of a diagram)
• Elasticity of demand: Meaning, types of elasticity of demand, measurement of elasticity of demand; factors affecting elasticity of demand. Various methods of measurement of the elasticity of demand: Point method-percentage method
• Elasticity of demand: Expenditure method and geometric method. (Numericals required on percentage method only). The cross and income elasticity of demand. Degrees of elasticity of demand. Use diagrams wherever necessary
• Supply: Meaning; difference between stock and supply; determinants of supply; law of supply; movement and shift of the supply curve; elasticity of supply
• Supply: Difference between stock (intended supply) and supply (actual supply) with the help of relevant examples. A supply function should be specified and explained. Law of supply, supply schedule and supply curve
• Supply: Derivation of market supply curve from individual supply curve. Movement and shift of the supply curve, exceptions to the law of supply
• Supply: Elasticity of supply-meaning and measurement of elasticity of supply by percentage method and geometric method
• Market mechanism: Equilibrium and disequilibrium; equilibrium price and effect of changes in demand and supply on the equilibrium price. Simple applications of tools of demand and supply. A basic understanding of the concept of equilibrium
• Market mechanism: The effects of changes in demand and supply-both along the curves and shift of the curves to be explained. Basic understanding of price control, rationing. Price ceiling and floor price with the help of demand, and supply curves
• Concept of production and production function (short run and long run production function), returns to a factor, total, average and marginal physical products; law of variable proportions and its three stages
• A production function (concept only)
• Law of variable proportions: Statement, assumptions, schedule (for the purpose of understanding and not for testing), diagram and explanation to the three stages
• Cost and revenue: Basic concepts of cost; fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, marginal cost and average cost-their relationships; opportunity cost; short run and long run cost curves. Revenue-meaning; average revenue
• Cost and revenue: Revenue-marginal revenue and total revenue and their relationships under perfect competition and imperfect competition. Basic concepts-private cost, economic cost, social cost, money cost, real cost, explicit cost, implicit cost
• Cost and revenue: Cost concepts-fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, marginal cost, average cost with schedule and diagram; relationship between average cost, marginal cost
• Cost and revenue: Cost concepts-total cost (only concepts of long run and short run cost curves, derivations not required). Opportunity cost-meaning only. Difference between accounting cost and opportunity cost. Revenue-average revenue
• Cost and revenue: Revenue-marginal revenue, total revenue-concepts and relationships under perfect competition and imperfect competition. Main market forms-perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly, monopsony
• Cost and revenue: Main market forms-characteristics of the various market forms. Features of perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly and monopsony (meaning only)

Economics: Unit 02

• Basic concepts and determination of income and employment: The concept of demand (exante) and effective (expost) demand, aggregate demand and its components, propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal), equilibrium output

Economics: Unit 03

• Money: Meaning, functions of money, supply of money. Meaning, kinds of money, functions of money (primary, secondary, and contingent); supply of money (only meaning of M, M, M, and M)
• Banks: Functions of commercial bank; high powered money, credit creation by commercial banks; central bank: Functions. Basic understanding of the functions of commercial banks, credit creation process with limitation
• Banks: The regulatory role of the central bank, its functions and the way it controls the flow of credit needs to be explained. A brief mention may be made of quantitative CRR, SLR
• Banks: Bank rate policy (repo rate and reverse repo rate) and open market operations) and qualitative methods

Economics: Unit 04

• Balance of payment-meaning, components; foreign exchange-meaning, determination of exchange rate (flexible). Causes of disequilibrium and how the disequilibrium can be corrected;
• Balance of payment-foreign exchange rate-meaning, meaning of fixed and flexible exchange rate, determination of exchange rate in a free market. Concepts of depreciation, appreciation, devaluation and revaluation (meaning only)

Economics: Unit 05

• Fiscal policy: Meaning and instruments of fiscal policy. Meaning and instruments of fiscal policy-public revenue: Meaning, taxes (meaning and types), difference between direct and indirect taxes; Public expenditure-meaning and importance
• Fiscal policy: Public debt-meaning and redemption; deficit financing: meaning
• Government budget: Meaning, types, and components. Meaning and types of government budget-union, state; components-revenue and capital. Concept of deficit budget: Revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit-their meaning and implications

Economics: Unit 06

• Circular flow of income: A simple model explaining the circular flow of income with two, three and four sector models with leakages and injections
• Concepts and definition of NY, GNP, GDP, NNP: A brief understanding of the mentioned national income aggregates is needed. The concepts of GNP and NNP should be explained both at factor cost and market prices, real GDP, and nominal GDP

Commerce: Unit 01

• Concept, and importance of business environment
• Meaning, features, and importance of business environment; dimensions of business environment-micro internal and external factors and macro (economic, social, technological, political and legal)-meaning and components
• S.W.O.T. analysis-a basic understanding of S.W.O.T. (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) analysis

Commerce: Unit 02

• Capital: Sources of finance for sole trader; partnership; joint stock company; financial planning. Importance of finance for business. Sources of finance for different types of business firms. Meaning, features and importance of financial planning
• Capital: Fixed capital-meaning, factors affecting fixed capital. Working capital-meaning, types; factors affecting working capital. Comparison between fixed and working capital
• Sources of finance for a joint stock company: (a) Different types of shares-equity, preference. Bonus shares, rights issue, ESOP, sweat equity shares, retained earnings. Long-term sources of funds. Equity shares-features, advantages and disadvantages
• Sources of finance for a joint stock company: (a) Preference shares-features, types advantages and disadvantages; distinction between equity shares and preference shares. Bonus and rights issue, ESOP and sweat equity shares-meaning
• Sources of finance for a joint stock company: (a) Retained earnings-meaning. (b) Loan capital-debentures. Debentures-meaning; kinds of debentures; advantages and disadvantages of debentures. Distinction between shares and debentures
• Sources of finance for a joint stock company: (c) Loans from commercial banks and financial Institutions. Loans from commercial banks and financial Institutions-meaning, advantages and disadvantages
• Sources of finance for a joint stock company: (d) Short-term sources of funds: Different types of short term financial assistance by commercial banks; public deposits, trade credit, customer advances, factoring
• Sources of finance for a joint stock company: (d) Short-term sources of funds: Inter corporate deposits and installment credit. Meaning of various sources of funds
• Banking-latest trends: Online services-transfer of funds through real time gross settlement (RTGS), national electronic funds transfer (NEFT), issue of demand drafts online meaning and features. Online payments
• Banking-latest trends: E-banking-meaning, and features, advantages and disadvantages. Mobile banking-SMS alerts, transfer of funds, making payments-advantages and disadvantages. Debit cards vs. credit cards
• Banking-latest trends: ATM (automated teller machine)-meaning; debit card and credit card: features and differences

Commerce: Unit 03

• Management: Meaning, objectives, and characteristics of management. Meaning of management: As an activity; as a group; as a discipline; as a process. Objectives and characteristics of management
• Nature of management-science, art, and profession
• Importance of management
• Principles of management: Nature of principles; need for principles. Nature of principles of management; need for principles of management; Taylor’s 5 scientific principles of management; Fayol’s 14 principles of management
• Functions of management: Planning; organizing; staffing; directing; controlling, and coordinating. (a) Planning: Meaning, steps, importance and limitation; types of plans; objectives, policy, procedures, method, role, budget, program-meaning
• Functions of management: (b) Organizing-meaning, importance, steps; structure of organization: Line, line and staff, functional and divisional; formal and informal organization (meaning of each); meaning and importance of delegation of authority
• Functions of management: (b) Organizing-decentralization v/s centralization. (c) Staffing-meaning, steps, and importance; recruitment-meaning and sources; selection-meaning and procedure
• Functions of management: (c) Staffing-training and development-meaning, difference between selection and recruitment. d) Directing-meaning and importance; supervision-meaning, functions and span of control; motivation-meaning and Maslow’s theory
• Functions of management: (d) Directing-leadership-meaning and qualities of a good leader; communication-meaning, objectives, and process; barriers to communication and overcoming barriers to communication
• Functions of management: (e) Controlling-meaning, steps, and importance; management by exception. (f) Coordination-meaning of coordination; coordination as an essence of management

Commerce: Unit 04

• Marketing: Concept and functions. Meaning and types of markets; meaning and features of marketing. Comparison between marketing and selling. Objectives and importance of marketing; functions of marketing-meaning, features of each function of marketing
• Marketing mix-meaning and elements: Product mix-goods and services-meaning, features and types of goods; meaning, features of services; difference between product and services. Branding: Meaning and merits. Labeling: Meaning and merits
• Marketing mix-meaning and elements: Product mix-packaging-meaning and features of good packaging. Price mix-meaning, factors determining price. Place mix-meaning, channel of distribution choice of channels of distribution and physical distribution
• Marketing mix-meaning and elements: Promotion mix-meaning and elements. Elements-advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, and publicity-meaning, features, objectives, and differences
• Consumer protection: Rights of consumers, methods of consumer protection. Need for consumer protection; rights of consumers; methods of consumer protection-self help, legislative measures and consumer associations/ NGOs, consumer protection act, 1986

Business studies: Unit 01

• Introduction to human resource management: Meaning and definition of human resource management; importance of human resource
• Job and manpower planning: Meaning, relevance and difference between the following: Job analysis, job specification, job description, job enrichment and job enlargement, manpower estimation
• Staff recruitment: Meaning, definition and characteristics of staff recruitment; sources of recruitment: Internal sources (promotion, transfer, exemployees, recommendation by employees)
• Staff recruitment: External sources (advertisements, campus recruitment, casual callers, gate hiring, employment exchanges, placement agencies, labour contractors)
• Staff recruitment: Differences between internal and external sources of recruitment, their merits and demerits, e-recruitment-concept, benefits and limitations; sources of e-recruitment: Internet and intranet
• Staff selection: Meaning and definition of staff selection; selection procedures-preliminary screening, application blank, selection test, group discussion, final interview, medical test, reference check, final approval, placement
• Staff selection: Selection procedures-brief explanation and importance of each step of the selection procedure); distinction between recruitment and selection
• Staff training: Meaning and definition of training; distinction between training, education and development; types of training (induction, job, remedial, safety, promotional, refresher; brief explanation of each)
• Staff training: Methods of training-on the job and off the job (vestibule, apprenticeship, internship, classroom); distinction between on the job and off the job training. Hindrances to training: Brief explanation
• Staff training: Benefits of training to employer and employees
• Staff morale: Meaning, definition and characteristics of staff morale; Morale productivity matrix (brief explanation of the four situations)
• Staff morale: Factors influencing morale (morale depressants and stimulants: an understanding of how the same factor may lower or boost morale); methods of raising morale; indicators of low and high morale; advantages of high morale
• Staff morale: Disadvantages of low morale
• Staff motivation: Meaning, definition and characteristics of staff motivation; difference between motivation and morale; importance of staff motivation; factors influencing motivation: Monetary and non-monetary incentives
• Staff motivation: Differences between monetary and non-monetary incentives; Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of human needs-explanation of the theory with the help of the pyramid, assumptions and criticism of the theory
• Staff motivation: Herzberg’s two-factor theory (motivation and hygiene factors)
• Staff remuneration: Meaning and definition of Staff remuneration, methods of wage payment-time rate and piece rate system (an explanation of the two systems along with their merits, demerits and suitability, differences between the two)
• Staff remuneration: Pay slip and payroll-meaning, differences, components, specimens of both. Various staff benefits: Employee provident fund, national pension system, group insurance (medical and life), encashment of leave
• Staff remuneration: Gratuity, (basic understanding only). Types of leaves (casual, medical/ sick, earned/ privilege, maternity/ paternity, sabbatical/ study, leave without pay: Basic understanding only)
• Staff leadership: Meaning and definition of staff leadership; distinction between leadership and management; leadership styles: Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire (brief explanation, advantages, disadvantages, and comparison between each style)
• Staff leadership: Leadership continuum (the concept of situational leadership to be explained briefly); Blake and Mouton managerial grid (brief explanation)
• Staff appraisal: Meaning and definition of performance appraisal and potential appraisal; distinction between the two; objectives and importance of performance appraisal, methods of performance appraisal-merit grading, appraisal by results
• Staff appraisal: Appraisal by superior staff: Self appraisal; 360° appraisal (brief explanation of each method and their respective advantages, and disadvantages)
• Staff promotion and transfer: Staff promotion-meaning, definition, benefits and limitations of promotion; open and closed policy of promotion (meaning and differences); a brief understanding of the concept of dry promotion and upgrading
• Staff promotion and transfer: Requirements of a sound promotion policy; basis of promotion: Seniority, merit, seniority cum-merit (brief explanation of each and the advantages, disadvantages, comparison between seniority basis and merit basis)
• Staff promotion and transfer: Staff transfer-meaning, definition and need for transfer. Types of transfers: Replacement, versatility, remedial, production (meaning and relevance of each type)
• Staff separation: Meaning of staff separation; means of staff attrition: Retirement (compulsory and voluntary), lay off, retrenchment, resignation, suspension, dismissal: Grounds for dismissal (meaning and distinction only)
• Staff separation: Exit interview-meaning and importance
• Emerging trends in human resources: Flexible hours, permanent part time, work from home, retainership, virtual teams, self-managing teams (SMTs)-only meaning of the above terms

Business studies: Unit 02

• Business communication: Meaning and definition of communication; importance of communication in business, elements of the communication process, methods of communication: Oral, written, gestural
• Business communication: Visual (meaning, advantages and disadvantages of all these methods), difference between oral and written communication, types of communication: On the basis of area of operation (internal and external)
• Business communication: On the basis of relationship (formal and informal), on the basis of direction (horizontal, vertical and diagonal, upwards and downwards), meaning, advantages and disadvantages of each; distinction between-internal and external
• Business communication: formal and informal; horizontal and vertical communication; barriers to communication (semantic, physical and mechanical, organizational, socio-psychological: Meaning only, detailed explanation not required)
• Business communication: Overcoming the barriers to communication
• Business correspondence: Need and functions of business correspondence
• Business correspondence: Business letters-elements and contents of various business letters; types of letters: Solicited and unsolicited letters of application for a job, along with drafting of biodata; interview letter, offer of appointment
• Business correspondence: Letter of enquiry, quotation letter, order letter, complaint letter, reply to complaint letter
• Business correspondence: Reports-meaning and definition of reports; types of reports: Statutory, non-statutory, private, public, informational, interpretative, routine/ periodic, special; brief explanation of each type of report
• Business correspondence: Reports-differences between statutory and no statutory, private and public, informational and interpretative, routine/ periodic and special report. Format of report (report writing not required)
• Current trends in business communication: E-mail and video conferencing. Meaning and uses of e-mail and video conferencing

Business studies: Unit 03

• Globalization: Meaning, nature, opportunities, and threats of globalization for business; brief understanding of how globalization has been instrumental in transforming the manner in which business is conducted
• E-business: Meaning, nature, and importance of e-business
• Outsourcing: Concept of outsourcing; parties involved-the outsourcer, the outsourced and the service provider-the respective advantages and disadvantages to each of the above
• Types of outsourcing: Business process outsourcing (BPO), knowledge process outsourcing (KPO), and business legal process outsourcing (LPO)
• Online means of conducting business: Business to consumer (B2C), consumer to consumer (C2C), business to business (B2B), intra business (intra B) and, business to government (B2G), government to business (G2B)

Home science: Unit 01

• Techniques and methods of cooking: Medium of cooking, (dry and wet methods of cooking), choice of method of cooking and quality of food. New developments in cooking: Microwave, technologies that do not harm the environment such as air fryers
• Techniques and methods of cooking: Techniques and methods of cooking-principles of cooking; reasons for cooking food. Medium of cooking (dry and wet methods of cooking); classification of cooking methods
• Techniques and methods of cooking: New developments in cooking-microwave and air fryers
• Preliminary treatment of foods before cooking: Common pre-cooking procedures example-(a) cleaning/ washing; (b) peeling; (c) cutting; (d) pounding; (e) grinding; (f) beating/ whipping; (g) soaking; (h) mixing; (I) kneading; (j) grating
• Effects of cooking on food components: Carbohydrates-starch, sugar, pectin, cellulose; proteins; oils and fats; minerals and vitamins. Internal and external changes in food components
• Methods of increasing nutritive value of foods: Sprouting/ germination, fermentation, parboiling, combination of foods, supplementation, substitution, puffing and liming. Do’s and don’ts in cooking to minimize loss of nutrients

Home science: Unit 02

• Causes for spoilage of food: Factors contributing to food spoilage-enzymatic action, moisture, microbial contamination, insects, rodents and improper handling of food and its spoilage due to poor storage facilities
• Causes for spoilage of food: Factors contributing to food spoilage-importance of food preservation and principles of food preservation
• Storage of foods: Perishable, semi-perishable and non-perishable foods. A general idea of storing common foods at home
• Simple methods of food preservation: Simple household methods of food preservation-(a) bactericidal Methods; (b) bacteriostatic methods; (c) dehydration; (d) refrigeration
• Simple methods of food preservation: Simple household methods of food preservation-(e) chemical preservation (that is salting, use of sugar, use of lime, vinegar, and chemical preservatives); (f) use of oil and spices; (g) sterilization by cooking

Home science: Unit 03

• Objectives of meal planning: Nutritional adequacy, food groups
• Factors affecting food selection: Age, occupation, gender, physiological conditions, personal likes and dislikes, tradition, seasonal availability, economic considerations, religious beliefs, family size and composition
• Factors affecting food selection: An understanding of how food consumption varies from one family to another; how food selected by families is affected by various factors like age, occupation, gender, physiological conditions, personal likes and dislikes
• Factors affecting food selection: Tradition, seasonal availability, economic considerations, religious beliefs, family size and composition
• Meal planning for various age groups: Nutritional needs of pre-school children, school-age children and adolescents. An understanding of the nutritional needs of pre-school children, school-age children and adolescents
• Meal planning for various age groups: Making meal plans for these age groups based on their nutritional requirements and RDA
• Meal planning for various age groups: Eating disorders-an understanding of the following: (a) Anorexia nervosa (b) bulimia(c) binge eating disorder or obesity; ways to control the above eating disorders
• Meal planning for various age groups: Developing good food habits-importance of breakfast, following regular meal patterns, avoiding junk food and skipping of meals; food fads-meaning and examples
• Meal planning for various age groups: Special diets-what is a special diet? factors to be kept in mind while preparing special diets for: Fever, diarrhea, diabetes and obesity. A day’s menu plan for each of the above

Home science: Unit 04

• Safety in the home: Child proofing the home, special safety measures for the elderly. Safety and sanitation in the kitchen: hygiene and disposal of household waste (organic and inorganic)
• Safety in the home: Common safety measures at home at the time of natural calamities like earthquake, storm, floods
• Food adulteration: Definition of food adulteration as stated in PFA, when is food considered adulterated; what is quality?
• Food adulteration: Common adulterants present in food stores-stones, dust, dirt, argemone oil, metanil yellow, kesari dal, toxic colours, chicory powder and starch and their effects. Prevention of food adulteration act (PFA)

Home science: Unit 05

• Standard marks available for providing consumer protection
• Creating awareness about standard marks for consumer protection-FPO, agmark, ISI, woolmark, ecomark; vegetarian and nonvegetarian food; need for understanding care labels on garments and fabrics; study of nutritive value, weight, use of additives
• Preservatives, manufacturing and expiry date/ best before dates on labels of packaged goods
• Role of advertisements and their impact
• Problems faced by consumers; importance of consumer education; rights and responsibilities of the consumer; advantages of consumer education
• Creating awareness about standard marks for consumer protection-FPO, agmark, ISI, woolmark, ecomark: Importance and features of each; standard marks for, vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods; need to understand care labels on garments and fabrics
• Study of nutritive value, weight, use of additives, preservatives, manufacturing and expiry date/ best before dates on labels of packaged goods

Home science: Unit 06

• Physical development during adolescence: Physical development during puberty and adolescence-role of the endocrine system-changes in bodily proportions and their effects, early and late maturers; hygiene needs during adolescence
• Physical development during adolescence: Influence of sports and exercise on physical fitness
• Cognitive development and language: Stages of cognitive development; changes in adolescents due to cognitive development. Language and communication skills among adolescents-development of language
• Social and emotional development: Sociocultural influences on the adolescents-teenagers are influenced by social relationships in the family, neighbourhood, community, country, and the world
• Social and emotional development: The family and socialization-patterns of parenting, parental control techniques; role of siblings and grandparents. Development of peer relationships and friendship patterns
• Social and emotional development: Role of school and teachers in the social and emotional development of the teenager. Problems of adolescents: Peer pressure, substance abuse (meaning, symptoms, and treatment)
• Perspectives on adult development: Meaning of adulthood. Transition to adulthood and accepting related responsibilities; issues of increasing life expectancy; sensitizing students to the needs and care of the elderly
• Perspectives on adult development: Modifications in life styles and diet with age

Home science: Unit 07

• Selection of clothes-factors affecting selection
• Methods of laundering-wet and dry cleaning
• Storage of clothes-wool, silk, and cotton
• Factors affecting selection of clothes; laundering-laundry equipment
• Methods of laundering-wet cleaning of cotton, linen, wool and silk; different methods employed; steps in wet laundering; difference in techniques
• Dry cleaning-purpose of dry cleaning; dry cleaning agents; precautions to be observed during dry cleaning; advantages and disadvantages of dry cleaning

Fashion designing: Unit 01

• Introduction to textiles: (a) Definitions of textiles, fiber, yarn and fabric and their qualities-an introduction to textiles by identifying textiles currently available in the market
• Introduction to textiles: (a) Definitions of textiles, fiber, yarn and fabric and their qualities-understanding of textiles by defining basic terms such as: Fiber, yarn, fabric, finish, textile
• Introduction to textiles: (a) Definitions of textiles, fiber, yarn and fabric and their qualities-uses of textiles in the following aspects of life should be discussed briefly: Apparel, household, industrial and medical
• Introduction to textiles: (b) Importance of the textile industry-importance of the textile industry to the economy of India-a brief discussion on its contribution to the GDP, employment and export
• Textile fibers: (a) Types of fibers-staple and filament fibers-definition and examples
• Textile fibers: (b) Classification of textile fibers based on origin-natural and manufactured fibers: (I) Natural fibers (plant and animal origin). Cellulosic fibers: Cotton, linen; protein fibers-wool, silk; identification
• Textile fibers: (b) Classification of textile fibers based on origin-natural and manufactured fibers: (II) Manufactured fibers-rayon, polyester, nylon. Identification
• Textile fibers: (c) Fiber properties-a broad understanding of terms describing fibers and their properties in order to understand their nature and how they contribute to fabric properties
• Types of fibers: (c) Fiber properties-(I) essential or primary properties-length to width ratio, density, tenacity, flexibility, cohesiveness
• Types of fibers: (c) Fiber properties-(II) secondary properties-abrasion resistance, absorbency, elongation, resiliency, elastic recovery, electrical conductivity, elasticity, luster, heat conductivity
• Yarn: (a) Yarn formation-opening, cleaning, carding, combing, drawing, roving, spinning. (I) Yarn processing: Spun and filament yarns: Definition and examples
• Yarn: (a) Yarn formation-(II) production of spun and filament yarns: Spun yarn-ring spinning: Opening, cleaning, carding, combing, drawing, roving, spinning (a brief understanding of each process)
• Yarn: (a) Yarn formation-(II) production of spun and filament yarns: Filament yarn-chemical spinning: Types-wet spinning, melt spinning, dry spinning (a brief understanding of each process)
• Yarn: (b) Types of yarns-types of yarns and their qualities-single, ply, and fancy. (c) Blends: Meaning, advantages, and examples of blends
• Fabric construction techniques: (a) Weaving-characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and uses. Understanding basic terminology: Warp, weft and grain. Process of weaving: A basic understanding of the loom and its operations
• Fabric construction techniques: (a) Weaving-the three basic weaves: Plain weave-its variations (basket and rib). Twill Weave-its variations (uneven and even) satin and sateen weave. A brief idea of construction, characteristics, advantages
• Fabric construction techniques: (a) Weaving-the three basic weaves: Disadvantages and uses of the above weaves
• Fabric construction techniques: (b) Other fabric constructions-knitting, knotting (macramé)-to be explained briefly. Basic understanding of the making, use and characteristics of the above. Difference between woven and knit fabrics
• Fabric construction techniques: (c) Non-wovens-leather, fur. Uses and characteristics of the above to be explained briefly
• Textiles in India: (a) Indigenous dyes-onion, pomegranate, marigold, coffee, henna (mehendi), turmeric and beetroot. Using natural materials like onion peels, pomegranate peels, marigold flowers, coffee, henna (mehendi)
• Textiles in India: (a) Indigenous dyes-turmeric, and beetroot for dyeing of fabrics. Advantages of using natural dyes over synthetic dyes
• Textiles in India: (b) Indian textiles-paithani, patola, pochampali, baluchar butidar, maheshwari, mekhala chadhar, and kanjeevaram
• Textiles in India: (b) Indian textiles-short notes on the following traditional saris with respect to origin, raw materials used, technique/s used, colours and designs: Paithani, patola, pochampalli, Baluchari Maheshwari, Mekhala Chadhar, and kanjeevaram
• Textiles in India: (c) Drapes-different sari drape styles in India: (i) Nine-yard Maharashtrian style, (ii) Gujarati style, (iii) Coorg style. Description of the above drape styles along with sketching

Fashion designing: Unit 02

• History of fashion in Europe: 1901-1950-(a) 1901-1920: Edwardian period/ La Belle Époque/ world war I: A brief historical background; the effect of war on fashions. Influences on fashion-the French couture, changing role of women
• History of fashion in Europe: 1901-1950-(a) 1901-1920: Edwardian period/ La Belle Époque/ world war I: Advent of the automobile and influence of the American high society. 1901-1908: Emphasis on S-shape silhouette-pigeon chest
• History of fashion in Europe: 1901-1950-(a) 1901-1920: Edwardian period/ La Belle Époque/ world war I: 1909-1914: Straight line empire revival and the hobble skirt with tight bottoms. 1914-1918: World War I silhouette was wider and skirts grew shorter
• History of fashion in Europe: 1901-1950-(a) 1901-1920: Edwardian period/ La Belle Époque/ world war I: 1918-1919: Post war styles, barrel shaped silhouettes
• History of fashion in Europe: 1901-1950-(b) 1941-1950: Frugal period/ world war II, 1947-new look. Rationing of materials for wartime utility clothing to Dior’s New Look that added flare to the skirt
• History of fashion in Europe: 1961-till date-(a) 1961-1970: Swinging sixties/ Hippies: Growth and prosperity of top manufacturers; revolutionary fashions; introduction to miniskirts; discontinuation of stockings and introduction of pantyhose
• History of fashion in Europe: 1961-till date-(a) 1961-1970: Swinging sixties/ Hippies: Pinafore dresses and knit fabrics; retro fever
• History of fashion in Europe: 1961-till date-(b) 1971-1980: Disco decade/ punk period: Craze of disco fitness in 80’s; street wear as shell suits; punk fashion accepted by all; skirt lengths varied from micro mini to maxi, flared trousers
• History of fashion in Europe: 1961-till date-(b) 1971-1980: Disco decade/ punk period: Platform shoes; kaftans. Mix and match coordinated knitwear in fashion
• History of fashion in Europe: 1961-till date-(c) 2001-till date: New developments in use of materials in the 21st century; influence of art and celebrities on fashion
• Traditional costumes of women in India: The following traditional costumes of women are to be studied. Ghagra-choli and odhni of Rajasthan; kurti, daaman and chunder of Haryana; sari of Tamil Nadu
• Traditional costumes of women in India: Pheran, skull cap, salwar and stole of Kashmir; Salwar-Kameez and dupatta of Punjab; Sari and blouse of Andhra Pradesh; Sharara and Gharara of Uttar Pradesh
• Traditional costumes of women in India: Identification and sketching of the above along with short notes on the given traditional wears in terms of materials, colours, pattern styles/ design and use
• Traditional costumes of men in India: The following traditional costumes of men are to be studied: Jodhpuri suit of Rajasthan; achkan/ sherwani/ kurta: With mandarin collar or without collar of North India; salwar/ churidar of aligarh/ kutch
• Traditional costumes of men in India: Cholu, dor and topi of the Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh; Surkha, waist-coat and cap of the koli fishermen of Maharashtra. Cholu, dor and topi of the Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh
• Traditional costumes of men in India: Surkha, waist-coat and cap of the koli fishermen of Maharashtra

Electricity and electronics: Unit 01

• Idea of a simple distribution system
• Mention of the local power system should be made
• Overhead and underground cables: Advantages and uses. D.C and A.C distribution systems: D.C 2 wire system, 3 wire system; A.C distribution transformer (3 phase 3 wire system, 3 phase 4 wire system)

Electricity and electronics: Unit 02

• Use of split-ring commutators; constructional features
• Shunt series and compound field connections and their characteristics
• Starting of D.C. motors. Ideas on back E.M.F.
• Single loop D.C. generator (circuit diagram); parts of a practical generator, lap and wave windings of armature conductors; armature reactions, commutation and period of commutation (Tc )
• Use of interpoles, E.M.F. equation Eg= ϕPN/60 x Z/A (derivation not required); types of generators; excitation of poles: Self-excited and separately excited; generator construction: Shunt, series and compound types; no-load and load characteristics
• voltage, current, and power equations, critical resistance; causes of failure to build up voltage for generators, applications and simple numericals
• Motors: Working principle of a D.C motor; voltage equation; significance of back E.M.F.; D.C motor characteristics
• Types of D.C motor constructions shunt, series and compound; necessity of motor starter and protective devices; power equation applications, uses and numericals

Electricity and electronics: Unit 03

• Ideas on A.C. motors (single phase only)
• The rotating field. Methods of shunting: capacitance start, split phase start
• Single-phase induction motor types
• A.C. motors (single phase only); idea of rotating magnetic field: split phase start, capacitor start single phase induction motor types
• Uses of AC motors

Electricity and electronics: Unit 04

• Construction of various types in domestic and industrial use
• (Solid and stranded cables-how insulated and protected flexes)
• Selection of cable sizes, voltage drop and simple calculation on current-carrying capacity
• (Linking of size of cables and flexes with maximum current flow particularly in relation to the circuits below)
• Regulation B 23 (voltage drop)
• Brief description of the wiring systems
• Simple circuitry
• Separation of lighting and power circuits
• Layout of lighting circuits
• Switch in phase line
• Dual switching of lamps
• Layout of power circuits-ring and spur/ tree systems
• (Types-limitations)
• Introduction to rules and regulations, both local and that of I.E.E. (sequence of equipment)
• Effects of overloading
• Protection of circuits and individuals by (a) fuses and trips, (b) earthing of metal, (c) mechanical protection of cables
• Regulations for bathrooms
• Commonsense appreciation of dangerous practices (simple testing)
• Different types of insulations used in cables; vulcanized Indian rubber (VIR), tough rubber sheathed (TRS), poly vinyl chloride (PVC)

Electricity and electronics: Unit 05

• Power outlets, lamp holders, ceiling roses, and junction boxes
• Power outlets-plug and sockets; lamp holders types: Bracket holder, batten holder, pendant holder, angle holder
• Ceiling roses; junction boxes

Electricity and electronics: Unit 06

• Concept of electron flow
• Common components employed in electronic circuits; resistors, capacitors and inductors; their structure, types and uses
• Concept of electron flow; passive components employed in electronic circuits
• Types of resistors: Wire wound, carbon composition type, variable type (potentiometers, rheostat); colour code
• Types of Inductors: Air core, iron-core, ferrite core inductors
• Types of capacitors: Fixed and variable types
• Fixed type: Electrolytic capacitor, nonelectrolytic (paper capacitors, mica capacitor, ceramic capacitors); variable type-ganged capacitors, their structure, types, voltage equations and uses

Electricity and electronics: Unit 07

• Thermionic diode; semiconductor diode
• Structure of vacuum diode and semiconductor diode
• Thermionic diode: Construction, operation characteristics of vacuum diodes; A.C and D.C plate resistances, space charge, space charge limiting region
• Semiconductor diodes: Bonds in semiconductors, crystal structure of Germanium and Silicon; effect of temperature on semiconductor; concept of hole current; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; doping, n-type, p type semiconductors, energy band diagrams
• Semiconductor diodes: Majority and minority charge carries; properties of p-n junction diode, forward bias and reverse bias diagrams and graphs; volt-ampere characteristics of p-n junction
• Definitions of the following: Break down voltage, knee voltage, maximum forward current, peak inverse voltage (PIV), maximum power rating

Electricity and electronics: Unit 08

• Mains transformer

Electricity and electronics: Unit 09

• The diode; half wave, full wave and bridge rectifiers, voltage doubler
• Filters; RC filters, chokes, bleeder resistance, and its functions
• Mains transformer; semiconductor diodes as half wave rectifier, full wave rectifier, bridge rectifier
• Forward resistance, forward current, reverse current, derivation for: D.C (average current Idc)
• Root mean square (RMS) current (IRMS), efficiency of rectification (η); advantages, disadvantages and uses, ripple factors; simple numericals
• Voltage doublers: Types of filters-RC filter, choke input (I/ P) filter, π-section filter
• Input (I/ P) and output (O/ P) graphs
• Zener diode for voltage stabilisation, importance of series resistor in the stabilization circuit, simple numericals
• Chokes, bleeder resistors, and their functions

Electricity and electronics: Unit 10

• Structure of the vacuum triode valve
• The control grid
• Triode valve characteristics
• Triode parameters; anode resistance, mutual conductance and amplification factors; relationship between the above parameters
• Triode as a voltage amplifier
• Bias voltage, cathode resistor and cathode bypass capacitor
• Structure of the vacuum triode, control grid, triode value characteristics, grid cut off voltage
• Plate characteristics, mutual characteristics; vacuum tube constants (triode parameters), relationship between them, simple numericals
• Triode as voltage amplifier: Bias voltage, cathode resistor and cathode bypass capacitor; current in vacuum, causes of tube failure
• Significance of vacuum in tubes

Electricity and electronics: Unit 11

• The junction transistor: PNP and NPN types
• Introduction to various methods of construction; their characteristics including handling procedures and precautions

Electricity and electronics: Unit 12

• Introduction to the common base, common emitter, and common collector amplifiers
• Comparison of the voltage, current and power gains and input and output resistances (elementary approach only)
• Phase relationship
• Bias stabilization
• Modes of connections: Common-base (CB), common-emitter (CE), common-collector (CC) amplifiers: Current amplification factors (α, β, and Ƴ) and their relationship
• Simple numericals on the above
• I/ P and O/ P characteristics, comparison of the voltage, current and power gain, I/ P and O/ P resistance (elementary approach only)
• Phase relationship, bias stabilization, single stage RC coupled amplifier circuit, bias circuit, emitter bypass capacitor, transistor current equation ∆ IE= ∆IB +∆IC
• Phase reversal in CE mode

Electricity and electronics: Unit 13

• A typical amplifier voltage and power amplification
• Matching of the power output stage to a speaker
• Voltage amplifier (RC coupled) circuit; power amplifier circuit, impedance matching of the power (O/ P) stage to the speaker; advantages, disadvantages, frequency responses (qualitative), applications
• Differences between transistors and tubes

Electricity and electronics: Unit 14

• Range of hearing, recording, and reproducing
• Characteristics of microphones; types of microphones: Carbon, crystal, moving-coil and ribbon types
• The earphone; the moving-coil loudspeakers; permanent magnet
• Electrostatic speaker
• Construction, working, advantages and disadvantages of the above

Computer science: Unit 01

• Propositional logic, well formed formulae, truth values and interpretation of well formed formulae (wff), truth tables, satisfiable, unsatisfiable and valid formulae
• Equivalence laws and their use in simplifying wffs
• Propositional variables; the common logical connectives (~ (not) (negation), ∧ (and)(conjunction), ∨ (or)(disjunction), ⇒ (implication), ⇔ (biconditional); definition of a well-formed formula (wff)
• Representation of simple word problems as wff (this can be used for motivation); the values true and false; interpretation of a wff; truth tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable and valid formulae
• Equivalence laws: Commutativity of ∧, ∨; associativity of ∧, ∨; distributivity; De Morgan’s laws; law of implication (p ⇒ q ≡ ~p ∨ q); law of biconditional ((p ⇔ q) ≡ (p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p)); identity (p ≡ p); law of negation (~ (~p) ≡ p)
• Equivalence laws: Law of excluded middle (p ∨~p ≡ true); law of contradiction (p∧~p ≡ false); tautology and contingency simplification rules for ∧, ∨. Converse, inverse and contra positive
• Binary valued quantities; basic postulates of Boolean algebra; operations AND, OR and NOT; truth tables
• Basic theorems of Boolean algebra (example duality, idempotence, commutativity, associativity, distributivity, operations with 0 and 1, complements, absorption, involution); De Morgan’s theorem and its applications
• Reducing Boolean expressions to sum of products and product of sums forms; Karnaugh maps (up to four variables)
• Verify the laws of Boolean algebra using truth tables
• Inputs, outputs for circuits like half and full adders, majority circuit etc., SOP and POS representation; maxterms and minterms, canonical and cardinal representation, reduction using Karnaugh maps and Boolean algebra

Computer science: Unit 02

• Elementary logic gates (NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR) and their use in circuits
• Applications of Boolean algebra and logic gates to half adders, full adders, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, NAND, NOR as universal gates
• Show the correspondence between Boolean methods and the corresponding switching circuits or gates
• Show that NAND and NOR gates are universal by converting some circuits to purely NAND or NOR gates

Computer science: Unit 03

• The students are required to do lab assignments in the computer lab concurrently with the lectures
• Programming assignments should be done such that each major topic is covered in at least one assignment
• Assignment problems should be designed so that they are sufficiently challenging
• Students must do algorithm design, address correctness issues, implement and execute the algorithm in java and debug where necessary

Computer science: Unit 04

• Review of class XI sections B and C

Computer science: Unit 05

• Objects as data (attributes) + behavior (methods); object as an instance of a class. Constructors
• Analysis of some real-world programming examples in terms of objects and classes
• Basic input/ output using scanner from JDK; input/ output exceptions
• Tokens in an input stream, concept of whitespace, extracting tokens from an input stream (string tokenizer class)

Computer science: Unit 06

• Primitive values and types: Byte, int, short, long, float, double, boolean, char
• Corresponding wrapper classes for each primitive type
• Class as type of the object
• Class as mechanism for user defined types
• Changing types through user defined casting and automatic type coercion for some primitive types

Computer science: Unit 07

• Variables as names for values; named constants (final), expressions (arithmetic and logical) and their evaluation (operators, associativity, precedence)
• Assignment operation; difference between left hand side and right hand side of assignment

Computer science: Unit 08

• Statements; conditional (if, if else, if else if, switch case, ternary operator), looping (for, while, do while, continue, break); grouping statements in blocks, scope and visibility of variables

Computer science: Unit 09

• Methods (as abstractions for complex user defined operations on objects), formal arguments and actual arguments in methods
• Static method and variables
• The this operator
• Examples of algorithmic problem solving using methods (number problems, finding roots of algebraic equations etc)

Computer science: Unit 10

• Structured data types-arrays (single and multidimensional), address calculations, strings
• Example algorithms that use structured data types (example searching, finding maximum/ minimum, sorting techniques, solving systems of linear equations, substring, concatenation, length, access to char in string, etc)
• Storing many data elements of the same type requires structured data types-like arrays
• Access in arrays is constant time and does not depend on the number of elements
• Address calculation (row major and column major), sorting techniques (bubble, selection, insertion)
• Structured data types can be defined by classes-string
• Introduce the java library string class and the basic operations on strings (accessing individual characters, various substring operations, concatenation, replacement, index of operations)

Computer science: Unit 11

• Concept of recursion, simple recursive methods (example factorial, GCD, binary search, conversion of representations of numbers between different bases)
• Many problems can be solved very elegantly by observing that the solution can be composed of solutions to ‘smaller’ versions of the same problem with the base version having a known simple solution
• Recursion can be initially motivated by using recursive equations to define certain methods
• These definitions are fairly obvious and are easy to understand
• The definitions can be directly converted to a program
• Emphasize that any recursion must have a base case
• Otherwise, the computation can go into an infinite loop
• The tower of Hanoi is a very good example of how recursion gives a very simple and elegant solution where as non-recursive solutions are quite complex

Computer science: Unit 12

• Inheritance; super and derived classes; member access in derived classes; redefinition of variables and methods in subclasses; abstract classes; class object; protected visibility
• Subclass polymorphism and dynamic binding
• Emphasize inheritance as a mechanism to reuse a class by extending it
• Inheritance should not normally be used just to reuse some methods defined in a class but only when there is a genuine specialization (or subclass) relationship between objects of the super class and that of the derived class
• Interfaces in java (conceptual): Emphasize the difference between the java language construct interface and the word interface often used to describe the set of method prototypes of a class

Computer science: Unit 13

• Basic data structures (stack, queue); implementation directly through classes
• Conversion of infix to prefix and postfix notations
• Basic algorithms and programs using the above data structures
• Binary trees, tree traversals (conceptual): The following should be covered-binary trees: Apart from the definition the following concepts should be covered: Root, internal nodes, external nodes (leaves), height (tree, node), depth (tree, node), level
• Binary trees, tree traversals (conceptual): Size, degree, siblings, sub tree, completeness, balancing, traversals (pre, post and in-order)

Geometrical and mechanical drawing: Unit 01

• The preparation of working drawings and assemblies from dimensioned sketches based on the following: (a) Fastening (nuts, bolts, studs, keys, cotters, pins, locking devices); (b) rigid and flexible joints;
• The preparation of working drawings and assemblies from dimensioned sketches based on the following: (c) Screw threads; their projection and the proportions of standard types; (d) transmission of motion and power, bearings, supports, shafts and coupling
• The preparation of working drawings and assemblies from dimensioned sketches based on the following: (e) Pressure transmission in pipes using water, oil, steam and gas; (f) constructional details of prime moves and simple machine tools
• The preparation of working drawings and assemblies from dimensioned sketches based on the following: (g) The use of reference points and planes in dimensioning, machining and surface texture symbols
• The preparation of working drawings and assemblies from dimensioned sketches based on the following: (h) Toleranced dimensions involving the use of IS:919 or B.S. 4500 Limits and Fits for Engineering.

Geometrical and building drawing: Unit 01

• Building drawing based on the form and construction of simple buildings and parts of building
• Orthographic projection in either first or third angle projection, including sectional views of buildings and parts of buildings and building details, e.g. foundations, walls (including openings), jambs, sillsand simple stair
• Free-hand sketching on both orthographic and pictorial form of simple building details and tools used in the various building crafts and school workshops such as hammer, mallet, tri-square, plane chisel, trowel, screwdriver and the like

Indian music (Hindustani): Unit 01

• Explanation and definition of the following: 1. Sounds, volume, pitch, and timbre-relation between frequency and length of wire vis-a-vis wire tension. 2. Type of ragas: Purva, uttar, sandi-prakash, shudha, chhayalag, sankirana
• Explanation and definition of the following: 3. Forms of composition-dhrupad, dhamar and their division in to sathai, antra, alap, tan, meend, andolan, gamak, kan. 4. Sangeet: (i) Two systems of Indian classical music
• Explanation and definition of the following: 4. Sangeet-(ii) division of twenty two shruties among seven notes. (iii) Relationship between vadi swar and time of raga. 5. Laya: Drut, vilambit, and madhya laya
• Complete theory of the following ragas with: 1. Special reference to their notes, aroh, avroh, pakar vadi, samvadi, time etc. (i) Raag Asawari (ii) Raag Khamaj (iii) Raag Kaafi, (iv) Raag Bhairvi
• Complete theory of the following ragas with: 2. Notation of the following talas in dugun and chaugun laya: (I) Chartal (II) tivra tal (III) zhaptal (IV) kahrva
• Complete theory of the following ragas with: 3. Notation of note combinations, "Khyal" with alap and tan (any Indian system of notation can be adopted)
• Complete theory of the following ragas with: 4. Identification of Ragas by written note combination. 5. Comparison and contrast between Ragas. 6. Contribution of the following musicians: (i) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (II) Allaudin Khan
• Complete theory of the following ragas with: 7. Essay of general or topical interest on music and allied subject

Indian music (Hindustani): Unit 02

• Explanation and definition of the following: 1. Sound, volume, pitch, and timbre. Relation between frequency and length of wire vis-a-vis wire tension. 2. Types of Ragas: Poorva, uttar, sandhiPrakash, shuddha, chhayalag, sankirna
• Explanation and definition of the following: 3. Meend, andolan, gamak, kan. 4. Sangeet: (I) Two main systems. (II) Division of twenty-two shruties among seven notes. (III) Placement of swaras on specific shruties
• Explanation and definition of the following: 4. Sangeet-(IV) relationship between vadi and time of Ragas. 5. Laya: Drut, madhya, vilambit, athgun laya
• Complete theory of the following ragas with special reference to their notes, aroh, avroh, pakar, vadi, samvadi time etc and special emphasis on their ansh, challan and nayas swaras: (I) Rag Asawari (II) rag khamaj (III) rag bhairavi (IV) rag kafi
• Notation of the following tals in dugun and chaugun laya: (I) Chartal (II) tivra (III) zhaptal (IV) kaharva
• Notation of note combination: Gat with alap, tora, Jhala (any system of notation can be adopted)
• Identification of ragas by written notes combination
• Comparison and contrast between ragas
• Contribution of the following musicians: (I) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (II) Allauddin Khan
• Essay of general or topical interest on music and allied subjects
• Explanation/ definition of the following: Chal achal that, zamzama, murki, khatka, krintan, kampan
• Brief history and origin of musical instruments

Indian music (Hindustani): Unit 03

• Contribution of the following musicians: (I) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (II) Allauddin Khan
• Essay of general or topical interest on music and allied subjects
• Five pranas of tal and explanation thereof: (I) Grah (sam, visham, atit, anaghat) (II) jati (chatasra, tisra, misra, khand, sankirna) (III) yati (IV) prastar
• Explanation of the following: (I) Sath (II) tihai (damdar/ bedam) (III) ga (IV) kayada (V) palta (VI) rela
• Complete tal notation of the following tals: (I) Jhaptal (II) dadra (III) tilwara (IV) dhamar (VI) jhoomra
• Tal rotation of kayada, palta, etc., with clear indication of sam, tali, khali, vibhag, etc

Physical education: Unit 01

• Development of the individual through games and sports: Understanding how games and sports contribute in various ways towards the development of an individual
• Role of physical education in promoting national integration: How physical education helps in promoting national integration
• Physical education and personality development: The role of physical education in development of personal qualities like an individual attitude, discipline, helpfulness, team spirit, patience, unity, friendship, etc

Physical education: Unit 02

• Meaning and importance of sports training: Definition of sports training and its importance
• Methods of training: Methods of training-repetition, continuous and fartlek, and interval-definition, purpose, advantages, and procedure of each
• Warming up, conditioning and cooling/ limbering exercises: Meaning of the terms ‘warming up’, ‘conditioning’ and ‘cooling/ limbering’. Basic exercises related to warming up, conditioning and cooling/ limbering
• Warming up, conditioning and cooling/ limbering exercises: Advantages of warming up, conditioning and cooling/ limbering
• Isometric and Isotonic exercises: Meaning, advantages, and examples of each
• Circuit training: Meaning and advantages of circuit training; procedure of conducting circuit training

Physical education: Unit 03

• Career options in physical education: Professional sportsmen, sports manager, teacher/ lecturer, sports coach, gym instructor, sports officials, sports events coordinators, sports journalist and commentator, sports software engineer
• Career options in physical education: Marketing and manufacturing of sports equipment
• Important institutions of physical education in India. Functions and objectives of Netaji Subhash national institute of sports (NSNIS), sports authority of India (SAI), international Olympic committee (IOC), Indian Olympic association (IOA)
• Important institutions of physical education in India: Luxmibai national university of physical education (LNUPE). Development of training facilities, coaching systems, influence of media and sponsors
• Important institutions of physical education in India: Campaigns like health runs in creating awareness towards social evil causes and promoting physical fitness

Physical education: Unit 04

• Tournaments and types of tournaments: The definition of ‘tournament’. The types of tournaments: Fixtures, knock-out, league matches (seeding and byes). Merits and demerits of tournaments. Objectives and importance of intramural and extramural competitions
• Tournaments and types of tournaments: Names of the national and international federations/ bodies controlling the various tournaments/ competitions

Physical education: Unit 05

• Meaning and definition of ‘health’ and ‘health education’: Meaning and definition of ‘health’ (mental health and physical health) and ‘health education’
• Principles and importance of health education. Health problems and role of health education in solving them: Principles and objectives of health education
• Principles and importance of health education. Health problems and role of health education in solving them: Importance of health education for adults and the younger generation through formal and non-formal channels of education
• Principles and importance of health education. Health problems and role of health education in solving them: Various prevalent health problems-communicable diseases: Meaning, examples, and common mode of spread. Epidemics-meaning and examples
• Principles and importance of health education. Health problems and role of health education in solving them: Water, noise, and air pollution-causes and prevention; occupational health hazards-meaning and examples
• Disability and rehabilitation: Causes of disability. General principles for prevention of disability; meaning and scope of rehabilitation; services available for rehabilitation
• Disability and rehabilitation: Role of the community and government organizations in rehabilitation programmes
• Posture: Meaning of posture-correct posture-meaning, importance of correct posture (standing, sitting, walking). Common postural deformities: Kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, flat foot, knock-knees, bowlegged, hunch back, round shoulders-meaning
• Posture: Causes and corrective measures for each
• Substance abuse: Effects of use of alcohol and smoking on the individual, and society. Drugs: Meaning of ‘drugs’ and ‘drug abuse’; stimulants and narcotics-analgesics
• Substance abuse: Awareness of the fact that use of certain drugs has been banned by world anti-doping agency (WADA) and national anti-doping agency (NADA), and reasons for the same

Physical education: Unit 06

• Sports related injuries: Types of sports related injuries-soft tissue injuries (contusion, abrasion, strain, and sprain) bone injuries (fracture) and joint injuries (dislocation): Causes and prevention of each
• Role of a sportsperson in prevention of sports related accidents: Types of injuries due to: Sudden movement; environment (hot, cold, wet, and dry); lack of preparation (warm up, cool down); inadequate clothing, body protection; not following instructions
• Role of a sportsperson in prevention of sports related accidents: Surface and facilities, equipment being unsafe. Role of individual in prevention of sports related accidents
• First aid: Meaning and importance of ‘first aid’. First aid for various sports related injuries. First Aid for cuts, grazes, strains, sprains, cramps, blisters, bruises, injuries of bone (fracture and dislocation); application of splints and Thomas splint
• First aid: First aid in drowning; cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE)

Physical education: Unit 07

• Knowledge of the game
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of the game. Diagrams of the field and pitch, and various fielding positions
• Knowledge of the dimensions of the field, thickness of the lines, dimensions of pitch and complete specifications and markings on it. Equipment of the game with their length, width weight, thickness, and material
• Score board, scorer and sightscreen
• Flood light
• Duties of the officials, before, during and after the match
• Umpires and third umpire, requirements of the game, equipment needed, numbers of players, duty of coach, captain etc
• Laws governing the game
• Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments, forfeitures, follow on, tie, power play, match fixing, duck worth rule, sledging, ball tampering
• Basic skills and techniques
• Batting different types of shots, footwork, body position and actual bat movement
• Bowling run up, delivery stride, follow through, types of bowling variations, good line and length, grip action
• Fielding positions, catching and throwing skills, wicket keeping techniques, skills of getting the batsmen out
• Different types of signals, extra runs, extra players, runner, substitute, provisions and restrictions, players equipment, danger area, various terms of cricket

Physical education: Unit 08

• Knowledge of the game
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of the game
• Match time, extra time, tie breaker, sudden death, ball in play and out of play, importance of lines on the field
• Various methods of starting and restarting the game
• Substitution procedure, penalty cards, and their importance
• Duties of the officials, requirements of the game, equipment needed, numbers of players, duty of coach, captain, assistant referees, technical officials, grounds men, ball boys, match organizers, technical area
• Laws governing the game
• Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments, punishment on players, coaches
• Basic skills and techniques passing-types of pass, ground lofted, chip, volley, angle of pass
• Control (use of various surfaces-head chest, foot thigh)
• Dribbling running with the ball, rhythm and pace, feints, body swerves, screening, beating an opponent
• Heading the ball with intention of (attacking, defending, jumping, to head down, high, pass, score) shooting skills with either foot, inside or outside, short and long range shots, swerving shots, volleys, penalty kicks, power and accuracy
• Tackling skills-interception, jockeying for the ball, trapping by various body parts, position, tackle front, side, slide, recovery
• Goalkeeping skills-stopping, watching, guiding the team, saving goal, dealing, catching, heading, kicking, punching, throwing, diving, anticipation, speed and reflexes
• Principles of play-attack, depth, defense, penetration, sweeper systems, 4-4-2, 4-3-3, 4-2-4. Kick-off, corner kick, throw-in, goal kick, free kick, penalty kick. Importance of penalty arc, center circle and lines on the field

Physical education: Unit 09

• Knowledge of the game
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of the game
• Match time, extra time, tie breaker, sudden death, ball in play and out of play, penalty stroke, short corner, long corner, free hits, hit or push back, 16 yard hit, importance of lines on the field
• Start and restart of the match
• Knowledge of the dimensions and diagrams of the field and goalpost, thickness of the lines, dimensions and complete specifications, and markings on it
• Equipment of the game with their length, width, weight, thickness, material and dimensions
• Protective equipment of the goalkeeper and players
• Duties of the officials, requirements of the game, equipment needed, numbers of players, reserve bench, running substitution duty of coach, captain, assistant referees, ball boys, doctor, grounds men
• Laws governing the game. Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments, punishment on players, coaches
• Basic skills and techniques passing-types of pass, ground lofted, chip, volley, angle of pass, push, scoop, flick, aerial ball
• Receiving the ball-control, dribbling running with the ball, rhythm and pace, feints, body swerves, screening, beating an opponent from the right to the left, right and behind
• Shooting skills with Stick, inside or outside, short and long range shots, swerving shots, volleys, penalty, power and accuracy
• Tackling skills-interception, jockeying for position
• Goalkeeping skills-stopping, watching, guiding the team, saving goal, kicking, diving, anticipation, speed
• Reflexes
• Principles of play-attack, depth, defence, penetration, team formations 1-2-3-5/1-1-3-4- 2/1-1-3-3

Physical education: Unit 10

• Knowledge of the game
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of the game
• Knowledge of the dimensions of the court, thickness of the lines, diagrams and dimensions of the court, full specifications of the ring, pole, boards and ball
• Duties of the officials, table officials, referees, scorers, requirements of the game, equipment needed, numbers of players, reserve bench, duty of coach, captain
• technical equipment team and player foul markers
• Laws governing the game
• Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments
• Basic skills and techniques, tactics and team skills knowledge of basic skills, free throws stance (passing, dribble, shoot)
• Shooting (jump shot, layup, hook shot), passing (pass, signal, receive feint footwork, chest-pass, bounce pass, overhead pass, javelin pass
• Footwork (pivot, 1 count and 2 count stop) one to one defence, fake and drive, pass and cut defence, types of defence, zone defence, and fast break

Physical education: Unit 11

• Knowledge of the game
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of the game
• Knowledge of the dimensions and diagram of the court, thickness of the lines, dimensions within the court, full specifications of the net, pole and other equipment required for the game
• Duties of the officials, table officials, referees, requirements of the game, equipment needed, numbers of players, reserve bench, duty of coach, captain, etc
• Laws governing the game. Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments, default by teams
• Basic skills and techniques, tactics and team skills Knowledge of basic skills, volley-two hand pass over the head forearm pass
• The serve underarm, over arm float, over arm jump, over arm top spin, round house jump
• The smash-high set cross court, down the line, speed smash, tip the ball over the block
• The block-line of defence, defence against smash, attack at set ball
• Teamwork importance in both defence and attack
• Understanding rotation, blocking, and screening

Physical education: Unit 12

• Knowledge of the game
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of the game
• Match time, extra time, tie, shuttle in play and out of play, importance of lines on the court, singles and doubles
• Knowledge of the dimensions and diagram of the court, thickness of the lines
• Equipment required for the game with their length, width weight, thickness, material and dimensions
• Duties of the officials, requirements of the game, equipment needed, number of players, duty of coach, match organisers
• Laws governing the game
• Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments, punishment on players, coaches, match points, etc
• Basic skills and techniques-forehand or backhand, correct grip, smash, drop, drive, net play, return upshots and low/ high/ flick serves
• Basic positioning for men and women rallies

Physical education: Unit 13

• Knowledge of the game
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of the game
• Match time, deuce, advantage, tie foot fault
• Ball in play and out of play
• Dimensions and importance of lines on the court, singles and doubles
• Knowledge of the dimensions and diagram of the court net, racket, thickness of the lines
• Equipment required for the game with their length, width, weight, thickness, material and dimensions
• Types of courts
• Duties and number of officials, requirements of the game, number of players, duty of coach, match organisers
• Laws governing the game
• Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments, punishment on players, coaches, match points, etc
• Basic skills and techniques-forehand or backhand, chopper grip, correct grip, smash, drop, drive, net play, return upshots and low/ high/ flick serves. Basic positioning for men and women rallies
• The racket grip-shake hand
• Strokes-backhand push, forehand drive, forward push
• Service-two bounce serve, high toss, forehand spin, backhand spin, long serve
• Spin-forehand topspin, backhand topspin chopping blocking lobbing, follow through, placement of ball for each service

Physical education: Unit 14

• Knowledge of competitive swimming events and activities
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulations of various swimming events, strategies and tactics in chosen events
• Planning performing and evaluating particular event
• Knowledge of the dimension, depth and distance of the pool
• Importance of starters and judges for start and finish of individual, and medley races
• Various officials in charge of conducting the events
• Types of races, types of strokes, diving competitions, false start, individual and medley events
• Stances for different strokes
• Duties of the officials, table officials, referees, requirements of the game, equipment needed, numbers of players, reserve bench, duty of coach, physiotherapist, wind gauge operator, lifeguard, photo finish
• Laws governing the game
• Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct tournaments
• Basic skills and techniques requiring control, balance, weight transfer, flow and clear body positions, complex sequence of movements and ability to perform showing high standards of precision control power speed and stamina
• fitness and tactics to outwit the opponents
• Warming up and cooling down safely, safety requirements for swimmers

Physical education: Unit 15

• Knowledge of track and field events and activities
• Detailed understanding of the rules and regulation of various events, strategies and tactics in chosen events
• Planning performing and evaluating particular event
• Knowledge of the dimension of the track
• Width of the track
• Measurement of 400 and 200 meters, relay and solo races
• Equipment of athletes in various events dimensions and requirements
• Importance of starters and judges for start and finish
• Importance of staggers
• Duties of the officials, table officials, referees, requirements of the game, equipment needed, numbers of players, reserve bench, duty of coach, physiotherapist, wind gauge operator, photo finish
• Laws governing the game. Suspensions, penalisations, arrangements needed to conduct meets. Rules and distances and requirements of various events
• Basic skills and techniques requiring control, balance, weight transfer, flow and clear body positions, complex sequence of movements and ability to perform showing high standards of precision control power speed and stamina
• fitness and tactics to outwit the opponents
• Warming up and cooling down exercises

Environmental science: Unit 01

• Modern schools of ecological thought
• Deep ecology (Gary Snyder, earth first) vs. shallow ecology
• Stewardship of land (example Wendell Berry)
• Feminism
• Sustainable development: Modern schools of ecological thought; definition and basic understanding of deep ecology as opposed to shallow ecology; stewardship, ecofeminism and sustainable development (basic concepts)
• Sustainable development: A brief look at the above in terms of definition, origin, basic principles and environmental orientations. Special reference to principles of deep ecology (Gary Snyder) and laws of ecology (Barry Commoner)
• Sustainable development: Gary Snyder, Barry Commoner,-a short biographical sketch particularly with reference to their work on the environment. Earth first-a brief understanding of the organization’s ethos and work
• Sustainable development: World wide fund for nature-organization, B-mission, strategy for conservation

Environmental science: Unit 02

• Population dynamics: Factors causing population change (birth, death, immigration and emigration); relation between the factors; age structure and its significance; population pyramids; survivorship curves; three general shapes r and K strategies
• Population dynamics: Factors causing population change (birth, death, immigration and emigration); relation between the factors; age structure and its significance; population pyramids-interpretation and implications
• Population dynamics: Rate of change of population-the three general shapes of survivorship curves, r and K strategies and differences between the two
• Human populations (Malthusian model and demographic transition): Definition of carrying capacity; Malthusian view: Concept of ‘over-population’ and shortage of resources; questioning Malthus
• Human populations (Malthusian model and demographic transition): Population growth vs. disparate consumption of resources within and amongst nations. Definition and understanding of demographic transition; factors influencing demographic transition
• Population regulation: Growth without regulation (exponential); simple population regulation (logistic growth curve)
• Population regulation: Factors regulating population size (space, food and water, territories, predators, weather and climate, parasite and diseases, disasters and self-regulation)
• Population regulation: Basic understanding of the exponential growth curve (J-shaped) and logistic growth curve (S-shaped)
• Population regulation: Factors regulating population size (space, food, and water, territories, predators, weather and climate, parasite and diseases, disasters, and self-regulation)
• Human population control: Family planning; education; economic growth; status of women. Strategies for human population control with emphasis on women’s empowerment. (Details of methods of family planning not required)
• Threats to the ecosystem: Habitat destruction; genetic erosion; loss of diversity; expanding agriculture; impound water; waste from human societies; increasing human consumption
• Threats to the ecosystem: Only a brief understanding of the causes and consequences of threats to provisioning and regulatory functions of the ecosystem with suitable examples
• Conservation: Importance; the critical state of Indian forests; conflicts surrounding forested areas-populations and tribals and their rights, tourism, poaching, roads, development projects, dams; scientific forestry and its limitations
• Conservation: Social forestry; the role of the forest department; NGOs; wild life-sanctuaries, conservation and management in India. Definition of: Conservation, in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Importance of conservation
• Conservation: In-situ conservation-wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves (definition, objectives, features, advantages and disadvantages)
• Conservation: Ex-situ conservation-zoos, aquaria, plant collection (objectives, features, advantages and disadvantages)
• Conservation: Conflicts in managing and conserving forests-India’s forest cover issues concerning people living in and around forests with particular reference to tribal rights; threats to forests: Poaching, developmental projects like roads and dams
• Conservation: Threats to forests-over exploitation of forest resources (direct and indirect)
• Conservation: The role of the forest department and NGOs in managing forests. Some management measures: Scientific forestry, social forestry (various types of social forestry), ecotourism
• Conservation: Definition, scope, advantages and disadvantages of each of the above

Environmental science: Unit 03

• Pollution monitoring: Primary and secondary pollutants. Importance of monitoring air pollution including ambient air quality monitoring (gaseous and particulate). Concept of carbon credits and carbon trading in regulating emissions
• Pollution monitoring: Causes for excessive vehicular pollution and various steps taken to regulate pollution-emission standards for new vehicles, implementation of CNG programme, inspection and maintenance programme for in-use vehicles
• Pollution monitoring: Phasing out of old commercial vehicles and promotion of public transport
• International and national air quality standards: National ambient air quality monitoring (NAAQM); the main functions of the central pollution board and the state pollution control board, objectives of air quality standards, new name of NAAQM
• International and national air quality standards: National air monitoring programme (NAMP) objectives of the NAMP. Definition of air quality standards and importance
• International and national air quality standards: National air quality standards for gases/ particulate matter covered under WHO guidelines
• Water testing: Indicators of water quality-indicators (electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, faecal waste, temperature, hardness, nitrates and sulphates) the significance of each and their interpretations
• Water testing: Indicators of water quality-BOD and COD, theoretical concept only
• Soil testing: Indicators of soil type and quality-soil indicators: The characteristics of a good soil indicator, the three basic types of soil indicators-biological, physical and chemical, two examples of each
• Soil testing: The information provided by each of these types of indicators. indicators of soil type and quality-definitions and effects of soil respiration, soil pH, soil aggregate and infiltration rate

Environmental science: Unit 04

• Urban-rural divide: Urbanization-push and pull factors; consequences on rural and urban sectors; future trends and projections. Causes of migration-push and pull factors, consequences on rural and urban areas, and ways to reduce migration
• Urban-rural divide: Future trends and projections
• A case study of Gandhian approach in terms of its aims and processes: Local self-governance- basic principles behind village policy, antoday, sarvoday, panchayati raj; local self-sufficiency, local markets and environmental sustainability
• A case study of Gandhian approach in terms of its aims and processes: Village as the basis of development; promotion of cottage industries and intermediate technologies; focus on employment. The above to be contrasted with today’s paradigm of growth
• Urban environmental planning and management: Problems of sanitation; water management; transport; energy; air quality; housing; constraints (economic, political) in tackling the problems
• Urban environmental planning and management: Inapplicability of solutions that have worked in the first world and the need for indigenous approach to urban environment
• Urban environmental planning and management: A basic understanding of the following urban environmental problems-problems of sanitation, water management, transport, energy; air quality and housing
• Urban environmental planning and management: Awareness of some indigenous solutions-rainwater harvesting, garbage segregation, composting, energy from solid and liquid wastes, sewage management dry toilets
• Urban environmental planning and management: Decentralized water management system (DEWATS), features of new urbanism, goals of smart growth
• Urban environmental planning and management: The following examples of urban planning and management from the third world to be studied-Cuba (urban agriculture using organic methods)
• Urban environmental planning and management: The following examples of urban planning and management from the third world to be studied-Curitiba-Brazil (traffic planning and urban renewal using innovative measures)

Environmental science: Unit 05

• Traditional agriculture in India: irrigation systems; crop varieties; techniques for maintaining soil fertility; Indian agriculture at independence-food scarcity, food import, need for increasing production, the need for land reform
• Traditional agriculture in India: Green revolution-HYVs, fertilizers, pesticides, large irrigation projects (dams); critical appraisal of the green revolution from the viewpoints of agrobiodiversity; soil health; ecological impact of pesticides
• Traditional agriculture in India: Energy (petroleum and petrochemicals); ability to reach the poorer sections of the rural communities; sustainability-need for sustainable agriculture, characteristics for sustainable agriculture
• Traditional agriculture in India: Techniques of water soil and pest management. Definition of the following terms: Traditional agriculture, natural farming, organic agriculture
• Traditional agriculture in India: Definition of the following terms-modern agriculture (use of hybrid seeds, high yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides), gene revolution (genetically modified seeds) and sustainable agriculture
• Traditional agriculture in India: Irrigation systems-macro vs. micro irrigation systems-canal irrigation/ dam as compared to sprinkler/ drip/ trickle drip/ dug wells. Basic features, advantages and disadvantages of each kind
• Traditional agriculture in India: Traditional rainwater harvesting-tankas, khadins, ahar, pynes, zings, johads and eris (suitability of each type in the particular region)
• Traditional agriculture in India: Features of pre-colonial agriculture in India: Growing for sustenance rather than market; multi-cropping, management of soil health, diversity in seed
• Traditional agriculture in India: Green revolution-origin (food scarcity-food import, need for increasing production). Basic principles of green revolution development of high yielding varieties (HYV); introduction of fertilizers and pesticides
• Traditional agriculture in India: Mono cropping. Environmental, social, and economic impacts-advantages and disadvantages (from the viewpoints of agrobiodiversity; soil health; ecological impact of pesticides; energy use; input costs)
• Traditional agriculture in India: (benefits to small and medium farmers, community level and household level food security). Land reform-need, advantages, failures, and successes
• Traditional agriculture in India: Elements of sustainable agriculture-mixed farming, mixed cropping, inter-cropping, crop rotation
• Traditional agriculture in India: Use of sustainable practices of water soil and pest management for improving soil fertility (organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, green manure, with two examples) and pest control (biopesticides)
• Traditional agriculture in India: Integrated pest management (IPM); eating local foods. Management of agricultural produce: Storage; food preservation-different methods like use of low temperatures, high temperatures, drying, canning
• Traditional agriculture in India: Preservation by salt and sugar. Transportation of Food. Food processing-definition, food preservation, packaging, grading. Food adulteration and Food additives definitions; types of adulteration
• Traditional agriculture in India: Harmful effects of adulteration. Quality marks-ISI (Indian standard institute); AGMARK (agricultural marketing); FPO (fruit product order)-a brief explanation only. Food: The twin problems of production and access
• Traditional agriculture in India: Food-food situation in the world; integrated and sustainable approach to food security for the third world. Food security. Meaning of food security, need for food security
• Traditional agriculture in India: Food-the problems in attaining food security-those of production, storage, and access
• Traditional agriculture in India: Food-integrated and sustainable approach to food security for the third world including working for environmental sustainability and social and economic sustainability through land reform, credit support to farmers
• Traditional agriculture in India: Food-market support to farmers, inadequacies in the present marketing system, ways to improve marketing system, improving access to food, ownership of seeds
• Traditional agriculture in India: An understanding that national level food security may not translate into household and community level food security or long term environmental sustainability unless the above factors are addressed
• Traditional agriculture in India: Main features of the food security law 2013

Environmental science: Unit 06

• Definition: Resources; scarcity and growth; natural resource accounting. Classification of natural resources-on the basis of origin (abiotic and biotic), on the basis of renewability (renewable and nonrenewable)
• Classification of natural resources-on the basis of development (potential and actual), on the basis of distribution (ubiquitous and localized); scarcity and growth, natural resource accounting. Classification of resources as renewable and non-renewable
• GNP vs. other forms of measuring income: GDP, GNP-definitions, advantages and disadvantages of using them as tools for measuring growth
• Economic status and welfare (net economic welfare, nature capital, ecological capital, etc): A broad overview of the purpose of environmental economics. Definition and classification: Defensive expenditure (its classification); natural/ ecological capital
• Externalities: Cost benefit analysis (social, ecological). Externalities-definition, kinds (positive and negative), impacts. Cost benefit analysis-definition, the process in brief, advantages and disadvantages

Environmental science: Unit 07

• Trans-national characteristics of environmental issues using case study of amazonia. Case study of amazonia-causes for exploitation of forests, reasons for acceleration of deforestation, effects of government policies
• Case study of amazonia-ecological value of rainforests and possible solutions to the problem
• International trade: A theoretical perspective; free trade vs. protectionism; import barriers; domestic industry vs. free trade; transnational companies-a historical perspective (colonialism and its lasting impact today)
• International trade: Trade between the first and the third world-characteristics, terms of trade; India's international trade-characteristics, major imports and exports, foreign exchange crises, the export imperative and its impact on the environment
• International trade: The case study of aquaculture in India; diversion of scarce resource from production of subsistence needs to commercial products; toxic waste trade-extent and impact
• International trade: Globalization-trade regimes (WTO, GATT, IPR) and their impact on third world. Definition, advantages and disadvantages of globalization, free trade, protectionism. Transnational companies (TNCs)-definition
• International trade: TNCs and environment-conflict of interest
• International trade: History of third world countries’ trade with the developed countries (with special reference to India)
• International trade: With regards to composition and terms of trade (export of primary goods and import of finished goods at higher cost tapping of primary goods leading to environment degradation-open cast mining, agriculture, aquaculture, etc)
• International trade: Case study of aquaculture in India to understand the impact of free trade. Economic allocation of scarce resources and its impact on environment. Toxic waste trade-definition, origin, factors sustaining
• International trade: Impact on third world countries (example-health and environmental impacts) and steps to mitigate it (Bamako and Basel Conventions). GATT-the organization and its metamorphosis into WTO
• International trade: Principles and functions of WTO-creating a level playing field for international trade through MFN (most favoured nation), NT (national treatment) and reduction of import barriers
• International trade: Tariff and non tariff barriers and trading to comparative advantages. Full forms of and areas addressed in the WTO, GATT. Definition of IPR and its categories: Copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial design rights
• International trade: Definition of IPR and its categories-geographical indicators and trade secrets
• International aid: Agencies; advantages; limitations; need for re-orienting aid; aid vs. self-reliance. International aid-advantages and disadvantages; types of aid: Tied and untied aid - advantages and limitations of each

Mass media and communication: Unit 01

• Communication and social change: Social change-meaning; media as a catalyst for social change (with examples of various social movements)

Mass media and communication: Unit 02

• Qualities of a good journalist: An understanding of the following-nose for news, inquisitiveness, language skills, trustworthy and empathy
• Ethical issues in journalism: A brief understanding of each of the following with examples-sensationalism, fake news, paid news, plagiarism, advertorials, partisan reporting and sting operations

Mass media and communication: Unit 03

• Writing for radio: Characteristics of a radio script-conversational language, active voice, simple sentences, avoidance of technical jargons and capability of creating imageries
• Recording radio programmes: Brief understanding of the radio studio and transmission equipment-types of microphones; amplifier, sound mixer, speakers; audio recording
• Radio jockeying: Role of a radio jockey; skills required: command on language (spoken and written), connectedness with the audience; knowledge about the recording equipment

Mass media and communication: Unit 04

• History of cinema: A brief understanding of the early experiments done by the following- Lumiere brothers, John Grierson, Robert Flaherty and dada Saheb Phalke
• Cinema and social change: Parallel cinema movement in India-issues depicted and low budget production process (with reference to examples such as Shyam Benegal’s Manthan)

Mass media and communication: Unit 05

• Definition of social media
• Role of social media in democracy: Role of social media in creating collective identities with reference to sharing of information; cyber activism (with suitable examples)
• Cyber crime: A understanding of online bullying; stalking; trolling; online frauds
• Netiquettes: Meaning and importance of netiquettes; an understanding of netiquettes such as: identification of oneself; respect for others’ privacy, use of appropriate language and imagery; do not spam

Mass media and communication: Unit 06

• Dimensions: Technological, textual, social, and political

Hospitality management: Unit 01

• A brief understanding of conceptual skills (planning and organizing), interpersonal skills (communication and rapport building), operational/ technical skills (knowledge) and leadership skills in relation to hospitality
• Using appropriate hospitality phrases and language skills

Hospitality management: Unit 02

• Increase in tourism over the last few years, current issues/ emerging trends in hospitality: Tourism statistics from domestic and international travel to show where, and how tourism has increased over the last few years
• Increase in tourism over the last few years, current issues/ emerging trends in hospitality: Trends, technology (example hospitality technology for energy conservation, cloud based services, instant check-in and checkout), guest experiences
• Increase in tourism over the last few years, current issues/ emerging trends in hospitality: Sustainability, security, use of social media

Hospitality management: Unit 03

• Meaning and importance of customer care in the hospitality industry: General definitions and examples of customer satisfaction (meeting customer expectations)
• Meaning and importance of customer care in the hospitality industry: Customer delight (the ‘wow’ factor-surpassing customer expectations and providing a pleasant experience which is unexpected)

Hospitality management: Unit 04

• Criteria for classification of hotels: Different criteria for classification with explanations and examples-classifications from regulatory bodies by the ministry of tourism
• Criteria for classification of hotels: Government of India and one international body united nations world tourism organization (UNWTO)

Hospitality management: Unit 05

• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Food production-basic inputs on stocks, soups and sauces (theory only and demo through videos)-these form the basics of different cuisines, allergens
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Nutritional values-their importance. Menu planning and food cost; importance of safety and hygiene
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Food and beverage service-types of meals, various meal periods (breakfast, lunch, high tea, supper, dinner)
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Timing and type of food served (with respect to the Indian scenario) menus and covers (hors d’oeuvre varies, parathas, Indian curries, soups like minestrone
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Roast meat like chicken, fruits and nuts (dessert); different types of service, welcoming and seating guests (concept of meet, greet, seat)
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Discussion of standard operating procedures (SOPS): Greeting upon arrival, restaurant service sequence, table setups, handling guest complaints, mise en place
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Front office-guest cycle, introduction to the property management systems and their uses (relationship between different departments)
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Accommodation operations-attributes of AO personnel, planning and control desk, classification of guest rooms
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Public area cleaning and maintenance (example common to in-house and non-resident guests), decor (including four different types of flower arrangements)
• Food production, food and beverage service, front office, accommodation operations: Appropriate wall and floor coverings for guest rooms, and public areas

Legal studies: Unit 01

• Intellectual property rights, global scenario and the importance of intellectual property, legislation-connotations of the copyright act, 1957, entitlements under copyright act 1957; the trademarks act, 1999
• Significance of trademarks, the patent act, 1970; protection of ‘inventions’, the geographical indications of goods (registration and protection) act, 1999; international aspect of the protection of geographical indications
• Intellectual property rights-definition, the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS), the world intellectual property organization (WIPO)
• Connotations of copyright-idea-expression dichotomy; the copyright act, 1957, definition and explanation of various works covered under copyright (literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works; sound recordings, broadcasts etc)
• Criteria for protection, authorship and ownership, registration, nature of the rights, moral rights, related rights: Performers rights etc., duration of copyright, infringement of copyright, exploitation and use of copyright, remedies
• What is a trademark?-beyond ‘words’ and ‘symbols’; position of trademarks under Indian trademarks act, 1999-prerequisites of being a trademark, types of trademarks, acquiring a trademark
• Absolute and relative grounds for refusal for registration of a trade mark, exploitation and use of trade marks, importance of protecting trademarks, trademark infringement, and passing off
• Regime of patent rights-social interests vs. private incentives, monopoly debate; patent law in India (patent act, 1970)-definition and patentable subject matter (novelty, inventive step, industrial application), non-patentable inventions
• Grant of patents and rights conferred thereby; duration of patent rights, using the invention/ process
• Geographical indication of goods-understanding from the perspective of international intellectual property rights regime; the geographical indications of goods (registration and protection) act, 1999; definition, conditions for registration
• Procedure and duration, effect of registration, advantages of registration, who can apply and who is an authorized user? infringement of geographical indication and its redressal

Legal studies: Unit 02

• Dispute resolution mechanisms: The courts of law, tribunals (such as CAT, SAT). Overview of court system in India; judicial, quasi-judicial and revenue courts. Purpose of establishing central administrative tribunal, state administrative tribunals
• Dispute resolution mechanisms: Role of ‘regulators’ in aiding the tribunals
• Alternate dispute resolution: Arbitration, conciliation, mediation, negotiations, lok adalats. Section 89 CPC as source of ADR system (conciliation and mediation), arbitration and conciliation act, 1996-connotations of arbitration and conciliation
• Alternate dispute resolution: Benefits of ADR system, which disputes can be covered; main differences between arbitration and conciliation; arbitration with and without reference of court; significance of arbitral award
• Alternate dispute resolution: Difference among arbitration, conciliation, and mediation; sanctity of settlement arrived through mediation and conciliation; encouraging ‘out of court’ settlement in India-challenges and the way ahead
• Alternate dispute resolution: Locating ‘legal basis’ of lok adalats; purposes of holding lok adalat; basis of disposal of cases in lok adalats; concept of ‘mobile’ lok adalat and national lok adalat

Legal studies: Unit 03

• Crime-cognizable and non-cognizable; first information report (FIR); law of arrest; concept of evidence; basic structure of trial
• Difference between cognizable offence and non-cognizable offence; complaint in general parlance-information to police, written and signed, if orally given: Reduced to writing by police and read-over to the informant, stating specific facts
• Registration of FIR if offence is cognizable and if offence is non cognizable
• Police bound to register FIR
• Legal meaning of arrest; arrest-how made; entitlements of an arrested person-intimation of grounds of Arrest, information about arrest to nominated persons and bail, etc
• Person arrested not to be detained beyond 24 hours and ‘remand’ under section 167 Cr PC
• Meaning of criminal trial; purpose of criminal trial; basic features of a criminal trial with special reference to the rights of accused

Legal studies: Unit 04

• Property, ownership, possession, benami property, modes of devolution of property (like sale, mortgage, gift, lease
• Meaning of property-benami property, introduction to property law; types of property: Movable and immovable, definition of ‘immovable property under S.3 TPA and S.3 (26) general clauses act 1908
• Transfer (persons competent to transfer, mode of transfer of property); essentials for a valid transfer, doctrine of election, doctrine of lis pendens; meaning of sale, rights and liabilities of buyer and seller; meaning of mortgage with illustration
• Rights and liabilities of mortgager and mortgagee (lender), meaning of exchange and gift with illustrations, meaning of lease, rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee

Legal studies: Unit 05

• Legal services authority spirit of article 39A of the constitution of India; legal aid for the deserving sections of society
• Importance of article 39A of the constitution of India; implementing the spirit of free legal aid through legal services authority act, 1987-key features; eligibility for getting free Legal aid; legal services authorities at various levels
• Role of educational institutions and para legal volunteers; legal aid camps; spreading legal literacy and providing legal aid-challenges and the way-forward, NALSA regulations 2010

Legal studies: Unit 06

• Important legal maxims: Meaning with illustrations of the following-actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, ad valorem, amicus curiae, audi alterem partum, assentio mentium, bona fide, bona vacantia, vaveat emptor, corpus delicto, damnum sine injuria
• Important legal maxims: Meaning with illustrations of the following-de die in diem, de minimis lex non curat, doli incapax, ejusdem generis, ex post facto, ignorantia facti excusat, ignorantia juris non excusat, injuria sine damnum, locus standi
• Important legal maxims: Meaning with illustrations of the following-nemo debet esse judex in propria sua causa, nemo debt non quad habit, noscitur a sociis, obiter dicta, pari materia, per incuriam, qui facit per alium, facit per se, quid pro quo
• Important legal maxims: Meaning with illustrations of the following-ratio decidendi, res ipsa loquitur, res judicata accipitur pro veritate, salus populi est suprema lex, stare decisis, ubi jus ibi remedium

Legal studies: Unit 07

• Lokpal and lokayukta act 2013 negotiable instrument act, 1881; direct tax, indirect tax and the concept of GST; human rights act, 1993 (with amendment act, 2006), NHRC, India, information technology act, 2000, motor vehicle act, 1988
• Scope and limitation of lokpal and lokayukta act 2013
• Concept of negotiable instrument; negotiable instrument act, 1881-key features; cases of ‘cheque-bouncing’
• Concept of direct tax and indirect tax-ability to ‘shift’ liability; concept of GST-CGST, SGST, and IGST
• Significance of road safety measures; motor vehicle act, 1988-driving without driving licence, owner’s liability if driven by other without license, age limits for getting driving licence under different categories of vehicles
• Using mobile phone while driving: Manner dangerous to public, leaving a Vehicle at rest in any public place: Causing hindrance to traffic or otherwise, two-wheeler driving: More than one pillion rider, without helmet
• Documents to be shown to policeman: Driving licence, registration certificate, insurance certificate and if it is a transport vehicle: Permit and the fitness certificate

Assamese: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Assamese: Unit 02

Dzongkha: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Dzongkha: Unit 02

Khasi: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Khasi: Unit 02

Manipuri: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Manipuri: Unit 02

Marathi: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Marathi: Unit 02

Lepcha: Unit 01

• Composition
• Comprehension: Unseen passage
• Grammar: Functional grammar-correction of sentences and using words/ idioms in sentences, viz. correct structure with proper agreement of the subject and verb according to the number, gender, case, tense, and voice

Lepcha: Unit 02

Engineering science: Unit 01

• Simple problems
• Hooke's law, stress and strain
• Young's modulus
• Tension and compression
• Elastic limit
• Ultimate strength
• Factors of safety

Engineering science: Unit 02

• Conditions affecting friction
• Lubrication
• Conditions should include types of materials, their surface finish and wetness or dryness

Engineering science: Unit 03

• Coefficients of friction

Engineering science: Unit 04

• Work done by constant and by varying force; graphical representation of and calculations thereon
• Energy, potential, and kinetic
• Conservation of energy and conversion into work, work done in rotation
• Torque

Engineering science: Unit 05

• Simple single-string pulley systems
• Simple and differential wheel and axle
• Weston pulley block
• Screw jack
• Worm (single start thread and wheel)
• Gear and belt drives
• Velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, and efficiency

Engineering science: Unit 06

• Simple treatment of steam and internal combustion engines
• Indicators diagrams
• Indicated mean effective pressure
• Indicated and brake horsepower
• Methods of measurement of power
• Rope brake and prony brake
• Hydraulic power (as given by the product of constant pressure and rate of volume change)
• Mechanical efficiency
• Relationship between rev/ min and working strokes per minute in double-acting steam engines and in two and four-stroke internal combustion engines
• The oscillating cylinder steam engine is not required

Engineering science: Unit 07

• Conservation of momentum, including rate of change of momentum and relationship with mass and acceleration. Knowledge of coefficient of restitution is not required

Engineering science: Unit 08

• Magnetic properties of iron and steel
• The magnetic circuit; qualitative treatment only, with examples from transformers and machines
• The compass needle
• Magnetic effect of current in straight wire, single turn coil and solenoid, treated qualitatively
• Electromagnets and their simple applications
• Relation of direction of current in conductor and lines of magnetic force applied
• Examples of the application of electromagnets to include electric trembler bell and relay

Engineering science: Unit 09

• Conductors and insulators
• Electromotive force, potential difference, current, quantity and resistance; the volt, Ampere, coulomb Ampere-hour and Ohm
• Ohm's law
• Measurement of resistance, including Wheatstone bridge, resistivity
• Resistors in series and in parallel

Engineering science: Unit 10

• Energy and power
• Conversion of electrical to mechanical energy and vice versa
• The joule, watt, and kilowatt-hour
• Simple applications of heating effect
• Effect of temperature on resistance
• Temperature coefficient
• Examples to include various domestic heating appliances and filament lamps

Engineering science: Unit 11

• Electrolytes
• Electrolysis
• Electrochemical equivalent
• Production of current by chemical action
• Simple voltaic cell
• Primary and secondary cells
• Polarization: Prevention and removal
• Cells in series and in parallel
• Chemical equations are not required

Engineering science: Unit 12

• The D.C. motor including series and shunt windings
• Galvanometers, voltmeters, and ammeters
• Shunts and multipliers
• A qualitative treatment of multiple D.C. motors is included

Engineering science: Unit 13

• The laws of induction
• Back E.M.F. of motor
• Starting resistance for D.C. motor
• Simple A.C. and D.C. generators
• Relation of direction of lines of force, motion of conductor, and current in coil
• Eddy currents
• Transformers
• The induction coil; the coil ignition system
• A qualitative treatment of multipole D.C. generators is included

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 01

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 02

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 03

• The scheme of the 72 Melakartas
• The names of the 12 Chakras
• Katapayadi Formula and its application

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 04

• Todi, Saveri, Chakravakam, Bhairavi, Anandha Bhairavi, Karaharapriya, Shri Ranjani, Ritigoula, Mukhari, Harikambhoji, Natakuranji, Kedaragoula, Sahana, Kambhoji, Yadukulakambhoji, Sankarabharana, Hamsadhwani, Begada, Atana, Nata, Purvakalyani
• Shanmukhapriya, Kalyani, Saranga

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 05

• Paddati in developing Rage Alpana and Kapana Svaras

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 06

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 07

• Chapu tala and its varieties
• Desadi and Madyadi talas, Kriya, Anga.Laya, Gati, Matra (a detailed knowledge of two/ five pranas) shadhangas

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 08

• An advanced knowledge of the following musical forms: 1. Gita 2. Tana Verma 3. Padavarna 4. Kriti 5. Ragamalika 6. Padam 7. Javali 8. Tillana

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 09

• Jayadeva, Purandaradas, Ramamatya, Somanatha, Narayana Tirtha, Bhadrachala Ramadas, Venkatamakhi, Kshetrajna, Paidala Guruthy Sastri, Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar, Syama Sastri, Arunachalam Kavirayar, Gopalakrishna Gharat, Svati Tirunal
• Subbaraya Shastri, Veena Kuppayyar, Mysore Sadasiva Rao, Patnam Subramanya Iyar, Pallavi Seshayyar

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 10

• A general knowledge of the structure of the vina, violin tampuro, gottuvadyam and flute
• Tuning of the human voice and the compass of the concert instruments of South India

Indian music (carnatic): Unit 11

• Pitch
• Intensity and timbre
• Sympathetic vibration
• Resonance
• Echoes, musical intervals
• Modal shift of tonic (Grahabhedam)

Western music: Unit 01

• Four-parts chords formed on all degrees of major and minor scales
• First the second inversions, the dominant seventh chord and its inversions, modulation to related keys and the simple use of unessential notes
• The form of harmonization of a melody in four vocal parts or in simple pianoforte style, the working of a figured on unfigured bass, or the construction of a phrase on a given harmonic basis
• The addition of a melody, above or below a given melody, the writing of a melody to given words, or the completion of a melody of which the beginning is given
• Analysis of the rhythmic structure of a melody, phrasing, etc
• Analysis of harmonic progressions including modulations, in a straight forward passage

Western music: Unit 02

• Beethoven, Symphony no. 2 in major op 36 and one of the following: (a) Bach, Prelude and Fugue no.16 in G minor, book I. (b) Schubert "Erl Kenig" (The Erl King). (c) Caesar Frank: The last movement from the violin and piano sonata

Art: Unit 01

• A group of objects which will be artificial and natural and may include such things as cut flowers, fruits, vegetables, a growing plant, as well as domestic or other artificial objects; the group may be drawn or painted

Art: Unit 02

• Study of the structure of natural forms such as a spray or branch, which may include flowers; foliage or fruit; fossils, bones, etc.
• Drawing or painting outdoors

Art: Unit 03

• The model (who may be a boy, girl, man or woman) is to be placed in an attitude which will be described
• Study of the head but may include the arms and hands

Art: Unit 04

Art: Unit 05

• Design and execution of the following: The page of a book, book cover, or end papers; a notice or pictorial poster; a card such as a Christmas card or invitation card or emblem; a patterned paper for a specific purpose

Art: Unit 06

• Craftwork: (a) Earthenware or stoneware pottery such as a jug, bowl, dish, vase or hollowed pottery form which the candidate has either moulded, hand built or thrown on the wheel and decorated if he or she so wishes
• Craftwork: (b) Abstract or figurative sculpture including reliefs. These can be carved, constructed, assembled, cast or modelled in any suitable material
• Craftwork: (c) Cloth or rug designed and woven by the candidate on the loom for any specified purpose
• Craftwork: (d) Cotton, wool, silk, bark cloth or other material dyed in a pattern as in block-printing, screen-printing, batik, tie-and dye, etc. The piece should be at least a square metre in area
• Craftwork: (e) Embroidery, mosaic, collage or decorative panels, unframed, but simply and suitably mounted, showing evidence of ability to relate design to media
• Craftwork: (f) Puppet or marionette (including the type usedin shadow plays) representing a specified character or person. It is desirable that the puppets should be made in relation to a play, and notes on their particular dramatic use should be included
• Craftwork: (g) Prints in colour or black and white, from an original wood or lino block or a monotype
• Craftwork: (h) Example of a local craft made by the candidate