NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Physics - Download Chapter Wise Solution PDF

Class 12 Physics NCERT Chapter-wise Solutions 2026- Download PDF Here

The NCERT solutions for all the chapters of Class 12 physics are provided here. The solution PDFs are also available for download and offline use. All solutions follow the methods and procedures explained in the textbook.

The NCERT Physics textbook for Class 12 consists of 14 chapters. The following section provides a brief overview of each chapter.

Physics Class 12 Unit-Wise Weightage (CBSE 2026)

Understanding the unit-wise weightage in Class 12 Physics helps students focus better on high-mark chapters. It gives a clear idea of which topics carry more importance in the final exam. The unit-wise weightage of class 12 physics for CBSE is given below:

Overview of Class 12 Physics NCERT Textbook Chapters 2026

The introduction to the NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook (2025-26 edition) gives a student a well-structured map of the entire syllabus that will assist them in understanding the scope and depth of the subject. It covers all units such as Electrostatics and Current Electricity to Optics and Modern Physics, with each one relating theory to real-life needs and solving major problems which are based on formulas. Knowing this chapter by chapter will enable a student to give the topics a higher weight of marks and hence organise his or her revision timetable and also prepare effectively both in CBSE board exams and competitive exams such as JEE/NEET.

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

This chapter is the foundation for electrostatics. This chapter will help you learn about the interaction of electric charges and their external influence. This chapter also describes Gauss's law and its applications.

Important topics are:

• Electric Charge and Conservation
• Coulomb’s Law
• Superposition Principle
• Electric Field
• Electric Field Lines
• Electric Dipole
• Electric Flux
• Gauss’s Theorem and Its Applications

Important Formulas:

• Coulomb's Law: $F=k_e \frac{\left|q_1 q_2\right|}{r^2}$
• Electric Field due to a Point Charge: $E=k_e \frac{q}{r^2}$
• Electric Field due to a Continuous Charge Distribution: $E=\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \int \frac{d q}{r^2}$
• Electric Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges: $U=k_e \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}$
• Electric Potential due to a Point Charge: $V=k_e \frac{q}{r}$
• Electric Field due to an Infinite Line Charge: $E=\frac{\lambda}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 r}$
• Electric Field due to an Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge: $E=\frac{\sigma}{2 \epsilon_0}$
• Electric Field Between Two Oppositely Charged Parallel Plates: $E=\frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}$

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

This is the second chapter of the unit on electrostatics. Students will learn about energy and potential in this chapter. This chapter also introduces capacitors and energy storage mechanisms.

Important topics are:

• Electric Potential and Potential Difference
• Electric Potential due to Point Charge, Dipole, and System of Charges
• Equipotential Surfaces
• Electrical Potential Energy of Charge System and Dipole
• Conductors and Insulators
• Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation
• Capacitors and Capacitance
• Combination of Capacitors (Series and Parallel)
• Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor (With/Without Dielectric)
• Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Important Formulas:

• Electric Potential due to a Point Charge: $V=k_e \frac{q}{r}$
• Electric Potential due to a System of Point Charges: $V=k_e \sum_i \frac{q_i}{r_i}$
• Potential Energy of a Charge in an External Field: $U=qV$
• The capacitance of a Capacitor: $C=\frac{Q}{V}$
• Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor (without dielectric): $C=\frac{\epsilon_0 A}{d}$
• Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor (with dielectric): $C=\frac{\kappa \epsilon_0 A}{d}$
• Energy Stored in a Capacitor: $U=\frac{1}{2} C V^2$
• Work Done in Moving a Charge in an Electric Field: $W=q\left(V_f-V_i\right)$

Chapter 3: Current Electricity

The concept of electric current is introduced in this chapter. Students will learn about resistance, conductivity, which are essential for understanding the chapter. The chapter also explains the laws related to these topics

Important topics are:

• Electric Current and Charge Flow in Conductors
• Drift Velocity and Mobility
• Ohm’s Law and V-I Characteristics
• Electrical Energy and Power
• Resistivity, Conductivity, and Temperature Dependence of Resistance
• EMF, Potential Difference, and Internal Resistance of a Cell
• Combination of Cells (Series and Parallel)
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Wheatstone Bridge

Important Formulas:

• Ohm's Law: $V=I R$
• Resistance: $R=\frac{\rho L}{A}$
• Resistances in Series: $R_{\text {eq }}=R_1+R_2+\cdots+R_n$
• Resistances in Parallel: $\frac{1}{R_{\mathrm{eq}}}=\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{R_n}$
• Current Density: $J=\frac{I}{A}$
• Kirchhoff's First Law (Junction Rule): $\sum I_{\mathrm{in}}=\sum I_{\text {out }}$
• Power Dissipated in a Resistor: $P=I^2 R=V^2 / R=I V$
• Conductivity: $\sigma=\frac{1}{\rho}$
• Temperature Dependence of Resistivity: $\rho(T)=\rho_0\left[1+\alpha\left(T-T_0\right)\right]$

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

This chapter explores how moving charges create magnetic fields and how those fields affect other currents and magnets. It forms the foundation for understanding electric motors and electromagnetic force.

Important topics are:

• Magnetic Field at the Center of a Circular Loop: $B=\frac{\mu_0 I}{2 R}$
• Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $\tau=\mathbf{m} \times \mathbf{B}$
• Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $U=-\mathbf{m} \cdot \mathbf{B}$
• Force between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors: $F=\frac{\mu_0 I_1 I_2 L}{2 \pi d}$
• Radius of the Path of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field: $r=\frac{m v}{q B}$

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

This is the second chapter of the unit on magnetic effects of current and magnetism. The concepts of magnetic intensity, susceptibility, and hysteresis are included in this chapter.

Important topics are:

• Bar Magnet and Its Properties
• Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid (Qualitative)
• Magnetic Field Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Qualitative)
• Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field (Qualitative)
• Magnetic Field Lines
• Magnetic Properties of Materials – Para-, Dia-, and Ferro-magnetism
• Magnetisation and Magnetic Materials
• Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Properties

Important Formulas:

• Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Current Loop: $\mathbf{m}=I \mathbf{A}$
• Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $\tau=\mathbf{m} \times \mathbf{B}$
• Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $U=-\mathbf{m} \cdot \mathbf{B}$
• Magnetic Field due to a Magnetic Dipole (at Axial Point): $B_{\text {axial }}=\frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \frac{2 m}{r^3}$
• Magnetic Susceptibility: $\chi_m=\frac{M}{H}$
• Magnetization: $M=\chi_m H$

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

This chapter gives a foundation for electric generation. The chapter explains practical setups like transformers and generators, which are based on electromagnetic induction.

Important topics are:

• Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
• Induced EMF and Current
• Lenz’s Law
• Self-Induction
• Mutual Induction

Important Formulas:

• Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction: $\mathcal{E}=-\frac{d \Phi_B}{d t}$
• Lenz's Law: The direction of the induced EMF and current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
• Magnetic Flux: $\Phi_B=\mathbf{B} \cdot \mathbf{A}=B A \cos \theta$
• Energy Stored in an Inductor: $U=\frac{1}{2} L I^2$

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

This is the second chapter of the 4th unit. This chapter introduces alternating current (AC), the form of electricity used in homes and industries. Understanding these topics is important for students aiming for electrical engineering.

Important topics are:

• Alternating Current (AC)
• Peak and RMS Values of AC/Voltage
• Reactance and Impedance
• LCR Series Circuit and Phasor Representation
• Resonance in AC Circuits
• Power in AC Circuits and Power Factor
• Wattless Current
• AC Generator
• Transformer

Important Formulas:

• Alternating Current (AC) Voltage: $\boldsymbol{v}(t)=V_0 \sin (\omega t+\phi)$
• Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of AC Voltage: $V_{\mathrm{rms}}=\frac{V_0}{\sqrt{2}}$
• Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of AC Current: $I_{\mathrm{rms}}=\frac{I_0}{\sqrt{2}}$
• Impedance in an RLC Circuit: $Z=\sqrt{R^2+\left(X_L-X_C\right)^2}$
• Phase Angle in an RLC Circuit: $\tan \phi=\frac{X_L-X_C}{R}$

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

This is the only chapter in the fifth unit. The chapter introduces different types of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum, such as microwaves, infrared, visible light, and gamma rays

Important topics are:

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

This chapter explains how light behaves as rays that reflect and refract. Image formation, lens formula, and magnification are the key components of this chapter.

Important topics are:

• Reflection of Light and Spherical Mirrors
• Mirror Formula
• Refraction of Light and Total Internal Reflection
• Optical Fibres
• Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses
• Thin Lens Formula and Lens Maker’s Formula
• Magnification and Power of a Lens
• Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact
• Refraction Through a Prism
• Optical Instruments – Microscopes and Telescopes (Reflecting & Refracting)
• Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments

Important Formulas:

• Snell's Law: $n_1 \sin \theta_1=n_2 \sin \theta_2$
• Lens Maker's Formula: $\frac{1}{f}=(n-1)\left(\frac{1}{R_1}-\frac{1}{R_2}\right)$
• Mirror Equation: $\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}+\frac{1}{u}$
• Magnification for Mirrors and Lenses: $m=\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}=\frac{v}{u}$
• Power of a Lens: $P=\frac{1}{f}$
• Critical Angle: $\sin \theta_c=\frac{1}{n}$
• Lens Formula: $\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}$

Chapter 10: Wave Optics

This chapter dives into the wave nature of light. Interference, diffraction, and polarisation are key topics.

Important topics are:

• Wave Front and Huygen’s Principle
• Reflection and Refraction Using Huygen’s Principle
• Interference of Light
• Young’s Double Slit Experiment (YDSE)
• Fringe Width Expression (Final Formula Only)
• Coherent Sources and Sustained Interference
• Diffraction Due to a Single Slit (Qualitative)
• Width of Central Maximum (Qualitative)

Important Formulas:

• Path Difference: $\Delta x=d \sin \theta$
• Condition for Constructive Interference (Bright Fringes): $\Delta x=n \lambda$
• Condition for Destructive Interference (Dark Fringes): $\Delta x=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right) \lambda$
• Fringe Width: $\beta=\frac{\lambda D}{d}$
• Condition for Minima: $a \sin \theta=n \lambda$
• Intensity of Interference Fringes: $I=I_1+I_2+2 \sqrt{I_1 I_2} \cos \phi$

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

This chapter marks the transition from classical physics to quantum mechanics. The chapter explains important topics like the de Broglie hypothesis and the photoelectric effect.

Important topics are:

• Dual Nature of Radiation
• Photoelectric Effect
• Hertz and Lenard’s Observations
• Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation (Particle Nature of Light)
• Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
• Matter Waves
• Wave Nature of Particles and de Broglie Relation

important Formulas:

• Photoelectric Equation: $K_{\max }=h \nu-\phi$
• De Broglie Wavelength: $\lambda=\frac{h}{p}=\frac{h}{m v}$
• Einstein's Photoelectric Equation: $E=h \nu$
• Threshold Frequency: $\nu_0=\frac{\phi}{h}$
• Stopping Potential: $e V_0=K_{\text {max }}$
• Momentum of a Photon: $p=\frac{E}{c}=\frac{h \nu}{c}=\frac{h}{\lambda}$

Chapter 12: Atoms

This chapter explains how the electrons are arranged in an atom and the structure of an atom. It helps explain why different elements emit different colors in flames or lights.

Important topics are:

• Alpha-Particle Scattering Experiment
• Rutherford’s Model of the Atom
• Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
• Radius, Velocity, and Energy of Electron in nth Orbit
• Hydrogen Spectrum (Qualitative Treatment)

important Formulas:

• Frequency of Radiation Emitted or Absorbed (Bohr's Frequency Condition): $h \nu=E_i-E_f$
• Wavelength of Emitted or Absorbed Light (Rydberg Formula): $\frac{1}{\lambda}=R\left(\frac{1}{n_1^2}-\frac{1}{n_2^2}\right)$

Chapter 13: Nuclei

This chapter explains more about the nucleus. It introduces radioactivity and nuclear reactions, including fission and fusion. This chapter is important for understanding nuclear energy.

Important topics are:

• Composition and Size of Nucleus
• Nuclear Force
• Mass-Energy Relation and Mass Defect
• Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation
• Nuclear Fission
• Nuclear Fusion

Important Formulas:

• Mass-Energy Equivalence: $E=m c^2$
• Mean Life: $\tau=\frac{1}{\lambda}$
• Activity (Rate of Decay): $A=\lambda N$
• Binding Energy per Nucleon: $E_{\mathrm{bn}}=\frac{E_b}{A}$
• Mass Defect: $\Delta m=\left(Z m_p+N m_n\right)-m_{\text {nucleus }}$

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics, Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits

This chapter explains the basics of things that are the foundation for computers and other electronic devices. You’ll learn about intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, diodes, transistors, and logic gates.

Important topics are:

• Energy Bands in Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors (p-type and n-type)
• p-n Junction and Its Characteristics
• Semiconductor Diode: I-V Characteristics (Forward and Reverse Bias)
• Application of Diode: Rectifier

Important Formulas:

• Ohm's Law for Semiconductor: $V=I R$
• Resistance of a Semiconductor: $R=\frac{\rho L}{A}$
• Conductivity: $\sigma=\frac{1}{\rho}=n q \mu$
• Intrinsic Carrier Concentration: $n_i=\sqrt{N_c N_v} e^{-} \frac{E_g}{2 k T}$
• Total Current in a Semiconductor: $I=I_n+I_p=n q \mu_n E+p q \mu_p E$

Benefits of Using Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions 2026

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics (2025-26) are a valuable study tool designed to help students master complex concepts with ease. These solutions provide step-by-step explanations to all NCERT textbook questions, making it simpler to grasp topics like electricity, magnetism, optics, and modern physics. They not only strengthen conceptual understanding but also improve accuracy in solving numerical problems, helping students perform well in CBSE board exams and competitive exams like JEE and NEET.

1. The Class 12 physics NCERT solutions are really helpful for students who are studying for their board exams, as they strictly follow the NCERT syllabus.
2. The solutions are explained in a step-by-step manner, which helps students to understand complicated topics easily.
3. The language used in the solution is simple and easy to understand, which helps students understand difficult concepts.
4. Practising with class 12 physics NCERT solutions will help students improve their performance and confidence.
5. Students can also improve their problem-solving abilities, which helps them to score better in board exams.

Also read,

• NCERT Books Class 12 Physics
• NCERT Syllabus Class 12 Physics
• NCERT Books Class 12
• NCERT Syllabus Class 12