NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 4 - Moving Charges and Magnetism

4.1 A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns, each of radius 8.0 cm carries a current of 0.40 A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B at the centre of the coil?

Answer :

The magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of radius r carrying current I is given by,

$|B|=\frac{\mu _{0}I}{2r}$

For 100 turns, the magnitude of the magnetic field will be,

$|B|=100\times \frac{\mu _{0}I}{2r}$

(Given, current=0.4A, radius = 0.08m, permeability of free space = 4 $\pi \times$ 10 -7 TmA^-1)

$|B|=100\times \frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 0.4}{2\times 0.08}=3.14\times10^{-4}T$

4.5 What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire carrying a current of 8 A and making an angle of $30 ^\circ$ with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T?

Answer:

The magnetic force on an infinitesimal current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field is given by $\vec{dF}=I\vec{dl}\times \vec{B}$ where the direction of vector dl is in the direction of flow of current.

For a straight wire of length l in a uniform magnetic field, the Force equals

$\\\vec{F}=\int_{0}^{l}I\vec{dl}\times \vec{B}\\ |\vec{F}|=BIlsin\theta$

In the given case, the magnitude of force per unit length is equal to

(Given, I=8A, B=0.15 T, $\theta$ =30^o)

|F| = 0.15 $\times$ 8 $\times$ sin30^o =0.6 Nm^-1

4.6 A 3.0 cm wire carrying a current of 10 A is placed inside a solenoid perpendicular to its axis. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is given to be 0.27 T. What is the magnetic force on the wire?

Answer:

For a straight wire of length l in a uniform magnetic field, the Force equals

$\\\vec{F}=\int_{0}^{l}I\vec{dl}\times \vec{B}\\$

$\Rightarrow|\vec{F}|=BIlsin\theta$

In the given case, the magnitude of the force is equal to

(Given, I=10A, B=0.27 T, $\theta$ =90^o)

|F| = 0.27 $\times$ 10 $\times$ 0.03 $\times$ sin90^o =0.081 N

The direction of this force depends on the orientation of the coil and the current-carrying wire and can be known using Fleming's Left-hand rule.

4.7 Two long and parallel straight wires A and B carrying currents of 8.0 A and 5.0 A in the same direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm. Estimate the force on a 10 cm section of wire A.

Answer:

The magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance r from a long straight wire carrying current I is given by,

$|B|=\frac{\mu _{0}I}{2\pi r}$

In this case, the magnetic field at a distance of 4.0 cm from wire B will be

(Given, I=5 A, r=4.0 cm)

$|B|=\frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 5}{2\pi\times 0.04}=2.5\times10^{-5} T$

The force on a straight wire of length l carrying current I in a uniform magnetic field B is given by

$F=BI\sin\theta$, where $\theta$ is the angle between the direction of flow of current and the magnetic field.

The force on a 10 cm section of wire A will be

(Given, B=2.5 T, I=8 A, l = 10 cm, $\theta$ =90^o)

$F=2.5\times10^{-5}\times8\times0.1 \times sin90^\circ$

$F=2\times10^{-5} N$

4.8 A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A, estimate the magnitude of B inside the solenoid near its centre.

Answer:

The magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of a solenoid of length $\ell$, total turns N and carrying current I is given by

$B=\frac{\mu _{o}NI}{l}$ , where $\mu _{o}$ is the permeability of free space.

In the given question N = number of layers of winding $\times$ number of turns per winding

N=5 $\times$ 400=2000

I=8.0 A

$ \ell=80 cm$

$B=\frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 2000\times 8}{0.8}$

$\\B=2.51\times10^{-2} T$

4.9 A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 turns and carries a current of 12 A. The coil is suspended vertically and the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of $30 ^\circ$ with the direction of a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. What is the magnitude of torque experienced by the coil?

Answer:

The magnitude of torque experienced by a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field is given by

$\tau =nBIAsin\theta$

where n = number of turns, I is the current in the coil, A is the area of the coil, and $\theta$ is the angle between the magnetic field and the vector normal to the plane of the coil.

In the given question n = 20, B=0.8 T, A=0.1 $\times$ 0.1=0.01 m² , I=12 A, $\theta$ =30^o

$\tau =20\times 0.8\times 12\times 0.01\times sin30^{o}=0.96 Nm$

The coil, therefore, experiences a torque of magnitude 0.96 Nm.

4.10 (a) Two moving coil meters, $M_1$ and $M_2$ have the following particulars:
$R_1 = 10 \Omega , N_1 = 30,\\\\ A_1 = 3.6 \times 10^{-3} m^2, B_1 = 0.25 T\\\\$ $R_2 = 14 \Omega , N_2 = 42,\\\\ A_2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-3} m^2, B_2 = 0.50 T$
(The spring constants are identical for the two meters).
Determine the ratio of current sensitivity of $M_2\ and \ \ M_1$

Answer:

The torque experienced by the moving coil M₁ for a current I passing through it will be equal to $\tau =B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}I$

The coil will experience a restoring torque proportional to the twist $\phi$

$\phi k=B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}I$

The current sensitivity is therefore $\frac{B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}}{k}$

Similarly, for the coil M₂, current sensitivity is $\frac{B_{2}A_{2}N_{2}}{k}$

Their ratio of the current sensitivity of coil M₂ to that of coil M₁ is, therefore,

$\frac{B_{2}A_{2}N_{2}}{B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}}=\frac{0.5\times 1.8\times 10^{-3}\times 42 }{0.25\times 3.6\times 10^{-3}\times 30}=1.4$

4.10(b) Two moving coil meters, $M_1$ and $M_2$ have the following particulars:

$R_1 = 10 \Omega , N_1 = 30,\\\\ A_1 = 3.6 \times 10^{-3} m^2, B_1 = 0.25 T\\\\$ $R_2 = 14 \Omega , N_2 = 42,\\\\ A_2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-3} m^2, B_2 = 0.50 T$
(The spring constants are identical for the two meters).

Determine the ratio of voltage sensitivity of $M_2$ and $M_1$

Answer:

The torque experienced by the moving coil M₁ for a current I passing through it will be equal to $\tau =B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}I$

The coil will experience a restoring torque proportional to the twist $\phi$

$\phi k=B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}I$

We know V=IR

Therefore, $\phi k=\frac{B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}V}{R_{1}}$

Voltage sensitivity of coil M₁ = $\frac{B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}}{kR_{1}}$

Similarly for coil M₂ Voltage sensitivity = $\frac{B_{2}A_{2}N_{2}}{kR_{2}}$

Their ratio of the voltage sensitivity of coil M₂ to that of coil M₁ is:

$\frac{B_{2}A_{2}N_{2}R_{1}}{B_{1}A_{1}N_{1}R_{2}}=1.4\times \frac{10}{14}=1$

4.11 In a chamber, a uniform magnetic field of $6.5 G ( 1G = 10 ^{-4}T )$ is maintained. An electron is shot into the field with a speed of $4.8 \times 10 ^ 6 ms ^{-1}$ normal to the field. Explain why the path of the electron is a circle. Determine the radius of the circular orbit. $(e = 1.5 \times 10 ^{-19} C, m_e = 9.1\times 10^{-31} kg)$

Answer:

The magnetic force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field is given by $\vec{F_{B}}=q\vec{v}\times \vec{B}$

Since the velocity of the shot electron is perpendicular to the magnetic field, there is no component of velocity along the magnetic field, and therefore, the only force on the electron will be due to the magnetic field and will be acting as a centripetal force, causing the electron to move in a circular path. (if the initial velocity of the electron had a component along the direction of the magnetic field, it would have moved in a helical path)

Magnetic field(B)= $6.5 G ( 1G = 10 ^{-4}T )$

Speed of electron(v)= $4.8 \times 10 ^ 6 ms ^{-1}$

Charge of electron= $-1.6\times 10^{-19}C$

Mass of electron= $9.1\times 10^{-31}kg$

The angle between the direction of velocity and the magnetic field = 90^o

Since the force due to the magnetic field is the only force acting on the particle,

$\\\frac{mv^{2}}{r}=q\vec{v}\times \vec{B}\\$

$\frac{mv^{2}}{r}=|qvBsin\theta| \\$

$r=|\frac{mv}{qBsin\theta }|$

$r=\frac{9.1\times 10^{-31}\times 4.8\times 10^{6}}{1.6\times 10^{-19}\times 6.5\times 10^{-4}}=4.2 cm$

4.12 In Exercise 4.11, obtain the frequency of revolution of the electron in its circular orbit. Does the answer depend on the speed of the electron? Explain

Answer:

In exercise 4.11 we saw $r=\frac{eB}{mv}$

Time taken in covering the circular path once(time period (T))= $\frac{2\pi r}{v} =\frac{2\pi m}{eB}$

Frequency, $\nu =\frac{1}{T}=\frac{eB}{2\pi m}$

From the above equation, we can see that this frequency is independent of the speed of the electron.

$\nu =\frac{1.6\times 10^{-19}\times 4.8\times 10^{6}}{2\pi \times 9.1\times 10^{-31}}=18.2 MHz$

4.13 (a) A circular coil of 30 turns and radius 8.0 cm carrying a current of 6.0 A is suspended vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 1.0 T. The field lines make an angle of $60 ^\circ$ with the normal of the coil. Calculate the magnitude of the counter torque that must be applied to prevent the coil from turning.

Answer:

Number of turns in the coil(n)=30

The radius of the circular coil(r)=8.0 cm

Current flowing through the coil=6.0 A

Strength of magnetic field=1.0 T

The angle between the field lines and the normal of the coil=60^o

The magnitude of the counter-torque that must be applied to prevent the coil from turning would be equal to the magnitude of the torque acting on the coil due to the magnetic field.

$\\\tau =nBIA\sin\theta\\$

$\tau = 30\times 1\times 6\times \pi \times (0.08)^{2}\times \sin 60^{o} =3.13 \mathrm{Nm}$

A torque of magnitude 3.13 Nm must be applied to prevent the coil from turning.

4.13 (b) Would your answer change if the circular coil in (a) were replaced by a planar coil of some irregular shape that encloses the same area? (All other particulars are also unaltered.)

Answer:

From the relation $\tau =nBIA\sin\theta$, we can see that the torque acting on the coil depends only on the area and not its shape; therefore, the answer won't change if the circular coil in (a) were replaced by a planar coil of some irregular shape that encloses the same area.

1) Two concentric circular coils X and Y of radii 16 cm and 10 cm, respectively, lie in the same vertical plane containing the north to south direction. Coil X has 20 turns and carries a current of 16 A; coil Y has 25 turns and carries a current of 18 A. The sense of the current in X is anticlockwise, and clockwise in Y, for an observer looking at the coils facing west. Give the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field due to the coils at their centre.

Answer:

Using the right-hand thumb rule, we can see that the direction of the magnetic field due to coil X will be towards the east direction and that due to coil Y will be in the West direction.

We know the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of radius r carrying current I is given by

$B=\frac{\mu _{o}I}{2r}$

$B_{x}=\frac{n_{x}\mu _{o}I_{x}}{2r_{x}}$

$B_{x}=\frac{20\times 4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 16}{2\times 0.16}$

$B_x=4\pi\times 10^{-4}T$ (towards East)

$B_{y}=\frac{n_{y}\mu _{o}I_{y}}{2r_{y}}$

$B_{y}=\frac{25\times 4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 18}{2\times 0.1}$

$B_y=9\pi \times10^{-4}T$ (towards west)

The net magnetic field at the centre of the coils,

B_net =B_y - B_x =1.57 $\times$ 10^-3 T

The direction of the magnetic field at the centre of the coils is towards the west.

2) A magnetic field of $100 G ( 1G = 10 ^{-4}) T$ is required which is uniform in a region of linear dimension about 10 cm and area of cross-section about $10 ^{-3} m^2$ The maximum current-carrying capacity of a given coil of wire is 15 A and the number of turns per unit length that can be wound round a core is at most $1000\: \: turns\: \: m ^{-1}$. Suggest some appropriate design particulars of a solenoid for the required purpose. Assume the core is not ferromagnetic.

Answer:

Strength of the magnetic field required is $100 G ( 1G = 10 ^{-4}) T$

$B=\mu _{o}nI$

$nI=\frac{B}{\mu _{o}}$

$nI \\=\frac{100\times 10^{-4}}{4\pi \times 10^{-7}}\\ \\=7957.74 \approx 8000$

Therefore, keeping the number of turns per unit length and the value of current within the prescribed limits such that their product is approximately 8000, we can produce the required magnetic field.

e.g. n=800 and I=10 A.

3) For a circular coil of radius R and N turns carrying current I, the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on its axis at a distance x from its centre is given by,

$B = \frac{\mu _0 IR^2N}{2 ( x^2 + R^2 )^{3/2}}$

Show that this reduces to the familiar result for the field at the centre of the coil.

Answer:

For a circular coil of radius R and N turns carrying current I, the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on its axis at a distance x from its centre is given by,

$B = \frac{\mu _0 IR^2N}{2 ( x^2 + R^2 )^{3/2}}$

To find the field at the centre of the coil, we put x=0 and get the familiar result

$B = \frac{\mu _0 IN}{2R}$

4) For a circular coil of radius R and N turns carrying current I, the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on its axis at a distance x from its centre is given by,

$B = \frac{\mu _0 IR^2N}{2 ( x^2 + R^2 )^{3/2}}$

Consider two parallel co-axial circular coils of equal radius R, and number of turns N, carrying equal currents in the same direction, and separated by a distance R. Show that the field on the axis around the mid-point between the coils is uniform over a distance that is small as compared to R, and is given by,
$B = 0.72 \frac{\mu _0 NI}{R}$ approximately.

Answer:

Let a point P be at a distance of l from the midpoint of the centres of the coils.

The distance of this point from the centre of one coil would be $R/2+l$, and that from the other would be $R/2-l$.

The magnetic field at P due to one of the coils would be

$B_{1}= \frac{\mu _0 IR^2N}{2 ( (R/2+l)^2 + R^2 )^{3/2}}$

The magnetic field at P due to the other coil would be

$B_{2}= \frac{\mu _0 IR^2N}{2 ( (R/2-l)^2 + R^2 )^{3/2}}$

Since the direction of current in both the coils is the same, the magnetic fields B₁ and B₂ due to them at point P would be in the same direction

$\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{B}_{\text {net }}=\mathrm{B}_2+\mathrm{B}_1 \\ & B_{n e t}=\frac{\mu_0 I R^2 N}{2\left((R / 2-l)^2+R^2\right)^{3 / 2}}+\frac{\mu_0 I R^2 N}{2\left((R / 2+l)^2+R^2\right)^{3 / 2}} \\ & B_{n e t}=\frac{\mu_0 I R^2 N}{2}\left[\left((R / 2-l)^2+R^2\right)^{-3 / 2}+\left((R / 2+l)^2+R^2\right)^{-3 / 2}\right] \\ & B_{n e t}=\frac{\mu_0 I R^2 N}{2}\left[\left(\frac{R^2}{4}-R l+l^2+R^2\right)^{-3 / 2}+\left(\frac{R^2}{4}+R l+l^2+R^2\right)^{-3 / 2}\right] \\ & B_{n e t}=\frac{\mu_0 I R^2 N}{2}\left[\left(\frac{5 R^2}{4}-R l+l^2\right)^{-3 / 2}+\left(\frac{5 R^2}{4}+R l+l^2\right)^{-3 / 2}\right] \\ & B_{n e t}=\frac{\mu_0 I R^2 N}{2} \times\left(\frac{5 R^2}{4}\right)^{-3 / 2}\left[\left(1-\frac{4 l}{5 R}+\frac{4 l^2}{5 R^2}\right)^{-3 / 2}+\left(1+\frac{4 l}{5 R}+\frac{4 l^2}{5 R^2}\right)^{-3 / 2}\right]\end{aligned}$

Since $l<<R$ we can ignore term $l² /R²

$\\B_{net}= \frac{\mu _0 IN}{2R}\times (\frac{5}{4})^{-3/2}\left [ ( 1-\frac{4l}{5R} )^{-3/2} + ( 1+\frac{4l}{5R} )^{-3/2}\right ]\\$

$\\B_{net}= \frac{\mu _0 IN}{2R}\times (\frac{4}{5})^{3/2}\left [ 1+\frac{6l}{5R} + 1-\frac{6l}{5R} \right ]\\$

$\\B_{net}= \frac{\mu _0 IN}{2R}\times (\frac{4}{5})^{3/2}\times 2$

$\\B_{net}= 0.715\frac{\mu _0 IN}{R}\approx 0.72\frac{\mu _0 IN}{R}$

Since the above value is independent of $l$ for small values, it is proved that about the midpoint, the Magnetic field is uniform.

5(a) A toroid has a core (non-ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm, around which 3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the magnetic field outside the toroid

Answer:

Outside the toroid, the magnetic field will be zero.

5(b) A toroid has a core (non-ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm, around which 3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the magnetic field inside the core of the toroid?

Answer:

The magnetic field inside the core of a toroid is given by

$B=\frac{\mu _{o}NI}{l}$

Total number of turns(N)=3500

Current flowing in toroid =11 A

Length of the toroid,

$\begin{aligned} & l=2 \pi\left(\frac{r_1+r_2}{2}\right) \\ & l=\pi\left(r_1+r_2\right) \quad\left(\mathrm{r}_1=\text { inner radius }=25 \mathrm{~cm}, \mathrm{r}_2=\text { outer radius }=26 \mathrm{~cm}\right) \\ & l=\pi(0.25+0.26) \\ & l=0.51 \pi\end{aligned}$

$B=\frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 3500\times 11}{0.51\pi }=0.031 T$

5(c) A toroid has a core (non-ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm, around which 3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the magnetic field in the empty space surrounded by the toroid?

Answer:

The magnetic field in the empty space surrounded by the toroid is zero.

6(a) A magnetic field that varies in magnitude from point to point but has a constant direction (east to west) is set up in a chamber. A charged particle enters the chamber and travels undeflected along a straight path with constant speed. What can you say about the initial velocity of the particle?

Answer:

The charged particle is not deflected by the magnetic field even while having a non-zero velocity; therefore, its initial velocity must be either parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field, i.e. its velocity is either towards the east or the west direction.

6(b) A charged particle enters an environment of a strong and non-uniform magnetic field varying from point to point both in magnitude and direction, and comes out of it following a complicated trajectory. Would its final speed equal the initial speed if it suffered no collisions with the environment?

Answer:

Yes, its final speed will be equal to the initial speed if it has not undergone any collision, as the work done by the magnetic field on a charged particle is always zero because it acts perpendicular to the velocity of the particle.

6(c) An electron travelling west to east enters a chamber having a uniform electrostatic field in north to south direction. Specify the direction in which a uniform magnetic field should be set up to prevent the electron from deflecting from its straight line path.

Answer:

The electron would experience an electrostatic force towards the north direction; therefore, to nullify its force due to the magnetic field must be acting on the electron towards the south direction. By using Fleming's left-hand rule, we can see that the force will be in the north direction if the magnetic field is in the vertically downward direction.

Explanation:

The electron is moving towards the east and has a negative charge; therefore, $\vec{v}$ is towards the west direction. Force will be towards the south direction if the magnetic field is in the vertically downward direction, as $\vec{F}=q\vec{v}\times \vec{B}$

7(a) An electron emitted by a heated cathode and accelerated through a potential difference of 2.0 kV, enters a region with uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. Determine the trajectory of the electron if the field is transverse to its initial velocity

Answer:

The electron has been accelerated through a potential difference of 2.0 kV.

Therefore K.E of electron $=1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 2000=3.2 \times 10^{-16} \mathrm{~J}$

$\begin{aligned}
& \frac{1}{2} m v^2=3.2 \times 10^{-16} \\
& v=\sqrt{\frac{2 \times 3.2 \times 10^{-16}}{9.1 \times 10^{-31}}} \\
& v=2.67 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~ms}^{-1}
\end{aligned}$

Since the electron initially has velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, it will move in a circular path.
The magnetic field acts as a centripetal force. Therefore,

$\begin{aligned}
& \frac{m v^2}{r}=e v B \\
& r=\frac{m v}{e B} \\
& r=\frac{9.1 \times 10^{-31} \times 2.67 \times 10^7}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 0.15}=1.01 \mathrm{~mm}
\end{aligned}$

7(b) An electron emitted by a heated cathode and accelerated through a potential difference of 2.0 kV, enters a region with uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. Determine the trajectory of the electron if the field makes an angle of $30 ^\circ$ with the initial velocity.

Answer:

The electron has been accelerated through a potential difference of 2.0 kV.
Therefore K.E of electron $=1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 2000=3.2 \times 10^{-16} \mathrm{~J}$

$\begin{aligned}
& \frac{1}{2} m v^2=3.2 \times 10^{-16} \\
& v=\sqrt{\frac{2 \times 3.2 \times 10^{-16}}{9.1 \times 10^{-31}}} \\
& v=2.67 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~ms}^{-1}
\end{aligned}$

The component of velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field is

$\begin{aligned}
& v_p=v \sin 30^{\circ} \\
& v_p=1.33 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~ms}^{-1}
\end{aligned}$

The electron will move in a helical path of radius r given by the relation,

$\begin{aligned}
& \frac{m v_p^2}{r}=e v_p B \\
& r=\frac{m v_p}{e B} \\
& r=\frac{9.1 \times 10^{-31} \times 1.33 \times 10^7}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 0.15} \\
& \mathrm{r}=5 \mathrm{~m} \\
& \mathrm{r}=5 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m} \\
& \mathrm{r}=0.5 \mathrm{~mm}
\end{aligned}$

The component of velocity along the magnetic field is

$\begin{aligned}
& v_t=v \cos 30^{\circ} \\
& v_t=2.31 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~ms}^{-1}
\end{aligned}$

The electron will move in a helical path of pitch p given by the relation,

$\begin{aligned}
& p=\frac{2 \pi r}{v_p} \times v_t \\
& p=\frac{2 \pi \times 5 \times 10^{-4}}{1.33 \times 10^7} \times 2.31 \times 10^7 \\
& p=5.45 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m} \\
& p=5.45 \mathrm{~mm}
\end{aligned}$

The electron will, therefore, move in a helical path of radius 5 mm and pitch 5.45 mm.

8. A magnetic field set up using Helmholtz coils (described in Q.3) is uniform in a small region and has a magnitude of 0.75 T. In the same region, a uniform electrostatic field is maintained in a direction normal to the common axis of the coils. A narrow beam of (single species) charged particles, all accelerated through 15 kV enters this region in a direction perpendicular to both the axis of the coils and the electrostatic field. If the beam remains undeflected when the electrostatic field is $9.0 \times 10 ^{-5} V m ^{-1}$, make a simple guess as to what the beam contains. Why is the answer not unique?

Answer:

$\begin{aligned}
& q E=q v B \\
& E=v B \quad \ldots (i)
\end{aligned}$

Let the beam consist of particles having charge q and mass m.
After being accelerated through a potential difference $V$, its velocity can be found by using the following relation,

$\begin{aligned}
& \frac{1}{2} m v^2=q V \\
& v=\sqrt{\frac{2 q V}{m}} \quad \ldots (ii)
\end{aligned}$

Using the value of $v$ from equation (ii) in (i), we have

$\begin{aligned}
E & =B \sqrt{\frac{2 q V}{m}} \\
\frac{q}{m} & =\frac{E^2}{2 V B^2} \\
\frac{q}{m} & =\frac{\left(9 \times 10^{-5}\right)^2}{2 \times 15 \times 10^3 \times(0.75)^2}=4.8 \times 10^{-13}
\end{aligned}$

9(a) A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.45 m and mass 60 g is suspended by two vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod through the wires. What magnetic field should be set up normal to the conductor in order that the tension in the wires is zero?

Answer:

In order for the tension in the wires to be zero, the force due to the magnetic field must be equal to the gravitational force on the rod.

$mg=BIl$

mass of rod=0.06 g

length of rod=0.45m

The current flowing through the rod=5 A

$B=\frac{mg}{Il}$

$B=\frac{0.06\times 9.8}{5\times 0.45}$

$ B=0.261\ T$

A magnetic field of strength 0.261 T should be set up normal to the conductor in order that the tension in the wires is zero

9(b) A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.45 m and mass 60 g is suspended by two vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod through the wires. What will be the total tension in the wires if the direction of current is reversed keeping the magnetic field same as before?
(Ignore the mass of the wires.) $g = 9.8 m s ^{-2}$

Answer:

If the direction of the current is reversed, the magnetic force would act in the same direction as that of gravity.

Total tension in wires(T)=Gravitational force on rod + Magnetic force on rod

$\begin{aligned} & T=m g+B I l \\ & T=0.06 \times 9.8+0.261 \times 5 \times 0.45 \\ & T=1.176 \mathrm{~N}\end{aligned}$

The total tension in the wires will be 1.176 N.

10. The wires which connect the battery of an automobile to its starting motor carry a current of 300 A (for a short time). What is the force per unit length between the wires if they are 70 cm long and 1.5 cm apart? Is the force attractive or repulsive?

Answer:

Since the distance between the wires is much smaller than the length of the wires, we can calculate the Force per unit length on the wires using the following relation.

$F=\frac{\mu _{o}I_{1}I_{2}}{2\pi d}$

Current in both wires=300 A

Distance between the wires=1.5 cm

Permeability of free space=4 $\pi \times$ 10^-7 TmA^-1

$F=\frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 300\times 300}{2\pi \times 0.015}$

F=1.2 Nm^-1

11.(a) A uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T exists in a cylindrical region of radius10.0 cm, its direction parallel to the axis along east to west. A wire carrying current of 7.0 A in the north to south direction passes through this region. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the wire if, the wire intersects the axis?

Answer:

The length of wire inside the magnetic field is equal to the diameter of the cylindrical region = 20.0 cm = 0.2 m.

Magnetic field strenth=1.5 T.

Current flowing through the wire=7.0 A

The angle between the direction of the current and the magnetic field=90^o

Force on a wire in a magnetic field is calculated by the relation,

$\\F=BIl\sin\theta \\ $

$F=1.5\times 7\times 0.2$

F=2.1 N

This force, due to the magnetic field inside the cylindrical region, acts on the wire in the vertically downward direction.

11.(b) A uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T exists in a cylindrical region of radius10.0 cm, its direction parallel to the axis along east to west. A wire carrying current of 7.0 A in the north to south direction passes through this region. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the wire if, the wire is turned from N-S to northeast-northwest direction?

Answer:

Magnetic field strenth=1.5 T.

Current flowing through the wire=7.0 A

The angle between the direction of the current and the magnetic field = 45^o

The radius of the cylindrical region=10.0 cm

The length of wire inside the magnetic field, $\\l=\frac{2r}{sin\theta }\\$

Force on a wire in a magnetic field is calculated by the relation,

$\\F=BIl\sin\theta \\ $

$\\F=1.5\times 7\times \frac{2\times 0.1}{sin45^{o}}\times sin45^{o}$

F=2.1 N

This force, due to the magnetic field inside the cylindrical region, acts on the wire in the vertically downward direction.

This force will be independent of the angle between the wire and the magnetic field, as we can see in the above case.

Note: There is one case in which the force will be zero, and that will happen when the wire is kept along the axis of the cylindrical region.

11 (c) A uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T exists in a cylindrical region of radius10.0 cm, its direction parallel to the axis along east to west. A wire carrying current of 7.0 A in the north to south direction passes through this region. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the wire if, the wire in the N-S direction is lowered from the axis by a distance of 6.0 cm?

Answer:

The wire is lowered by a distance d=6cm.

In this case, the length of the wire inside the cylindrical region decreases.

Let this length be $l$.

$\begin{aligned} & \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)^2+d^2=r^2 \\ & \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)^2=0.1^2-0.06^2 \\ & \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)^2=0.01-0.0036 \\ & \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)^2=0.0064 \\ & \frac{l}{2}=0.08 \\ & l=0.16 \mathrm{~m} \\ & F=B I l \sin \theta \\ & F=1.5 \times 7 \times 0.16 \\ & \mathrm{~F}=1.68 \mathrm{~N}\end{aligned}$

This force acts in the vertically downward direction.

13. (a) A circular coil of 20 turns and radius 10 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T normal to the plane of the coil. If the current in the coil is 5.0 A, what is the total torque on the coil?

Answer:

As we know, the torque on a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field is given by the following relation

$\\\vec{\tau }=I\vec{A}\times \vec{B}\\$

It is clear that the torque, in this case, will be 0 as the area vector is along the magnetic field only.

13. (b) A circular coil of 20 turns and radius 10 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T normal to the plane of the coil. If the current in the coil is 5.0 A, total force on the coil.

Answer:

The total force on the coil will be zero as the magnetic field is uniform.

13 (c) A circular coil of 20 turns and radius 10 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T normal to the plane of the coil. If the current in the coil is 5.0 A, what is the average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field?
(The coil is made of copper wire of cross-sectional area $10 ^{-5} m^2$, and the free electron density in copper is given to be about $10 ^{29} m^{-3}$ .)

Answer:

The average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field will be eV_dB, where V_d is the drift velocity of the electrons.

The current is given by

$I=neAv_{d}$

where n is the free electron density and A is the cross-sectional area.

$v_{d}=\frac{I}{neA}$
$v_{d}=\frac{5}{10^{29}\times 1.6\times 10^{-19}\times 10^{-5}}$

$v_d=3.125\times10^{-5} ms^{-1}$

The average force on each electron is

$F=ev_dB$

$F=1.6\times10^{-19}\times3.125\times10^{-5}\times00.1$

$F=5\times10^{-25} N$

14. A solenoid 60 cm long and of radius 4.0 cm has 3 layers of windings of 300 turns each. A 2.0 cm long wire of mass 2.5 g lies inside the solenoid (near its centre) normal to its axis; both the wire and the axis of the solenoid are in the horizontal plane. The wire is connected through two leads parallel to the axis of the solenoid to an external battery which supplies a current of 6.0 A in the wire. What value of current (with an appropriate sense of circulation) in the windings of the solenoid can support the weight of the wire? $g = 9.8 m s ^{-2}$

Answer:

The magnetic field inside the solenoid is given by

$B=\mu _{0}nI$

n is the number of turns per unit length

$n=\frac{3\times 300}{0.6}$

n=1500 m^-1

Current in the wire I_w = 6 A

Mass of the wire m = 2.5 g

Length of the wire l = 2 cm

The windings of the solenoid would support the weight of the wire when the force due to the magnetic field inside the solenoid balances the weight of the wire

$\begin{aligned} & B I_w l=m g \\ & B=\frac{m g}{I_w l} \\ & \mu_0 n I=\frac{m g}{I_w l} \\ & I=\frac{m g}{I_w l \mu_0 n} \\ & I=\frac{2.5 \times 10^{-3} \times 9.8}{6 \times 0.02 \times 4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \times 1500} \\ & I=108.37 \mathrm{~A}\end{aligned}$

Therefore, a current of 108.37 A in the solenoid would support the wire.

15. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of $12 \Omega$ and the metre shows full-scale deflection for a current of 3 mA. How will you convert the metre into a voltmeter of range 0 to 18 V?

Answer:

The galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting an appropriate resistor of resistance R in series with it.

At the full-scale deflection current(I) of 3 mA, the voltmeter must measure a Voltage of 18 V.

The resistance of the galvanometer coil G = $12 \Omega$

$I$ $\times$ $(R+G)=18 V$

$R=\frac{18}{3\times 10^{-3}}-12$

$R=6000-12=5988\Omega$

The galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a resistor of resistance $5988\Omega$ in series with it.

16. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of $15 \Omega$ and the metre shows full-scale deflection for a current of 4 mA. How will you convert the metre into an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A?

Answer:

The galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting an appropriate resistor of resistance R in series with it.

At the full-scale deflection current(I) of 4 mA, the ammeter must measure a current of 6 A.

The resistance of the galvanometer coil is G = $15 \Omega$

Since the resistor and galvanometer coil are connected in parallel, the potential difference is the same across them.

$\begin{aligned} & I G=(6-I) R \\ & R=\frac{I G}{6-I} \\ & R=\frac{4 \times 10^{-3} \times 15}{6-4 \times 10^{-3}} \\ & R \approx 0.01 \Omega\end{aligned}$

The galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a resistor of resistance $0.01\Omega$ in parallel with it.