Did you know that over 80% of all plant species reproduce through sexual reproduction involving flowers? The NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants talks about how plants reproduce using flowers. It includes topics like pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation, and all the steps involved. It covers important terms like microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, double fertilisation, and more. With these NCERT Exemplar Solutions, it becomes easier to study and revise the chapter properly.
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Find Answers of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 (Multiple Choice Questions)
Get Answers to NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 (Very Short Answer Questions)
Access Answers to NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 2 (Short Answer Questions)
Know Answers to NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 2 (Long Answer Questions)
Approach to Solve Questions of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 2
Important Topics of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 NCERT Exemplar
Advantages of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Solutions
Important Question from Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 NCERT Exemplar
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter Wise Links
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
The NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Biology have all types of questions like MCQs, short answers, long answers, and diagrams. The questions are made to cover all important points. The answers are simple and step-wise, so it’s easy to follow and learn. It helps to clear the chapter and prepare well for the exams. They save time during revision and also give an idea of how questions can be asked in exams. With regular practice of the NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2, students can get better marks and feel more confident.
Find Answers of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 (Multiple Choice Questions)
In this section, students will find different forms of questions, such as MCQs, short and long answers, by which they can check what they have learned and improve their accuracy. These NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 are also helpful when you are solving other reference books or preparing for the NEET.
Carpel and sepal are not technically names for floral whorls. The correct whorls are calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels). So, while corolla and androecium are whorls, carpel and sepal are individual components of gynoecium and calyx respectively. So technically, they don’t qualify as the full whorl names.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) ii and iv.
The embryo sac is the female gametophyte inside the ovule, and by analogy, the male gametophyte inside the anther is the pollen grain. Both are structures where gametes are produced. So, pollen grains relate to anther the way embryo sacs relate to ovules.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Pollen grains.
In a typical complete, bisexual, and hypogynous flower, the floral whorls are arranged on the thalamus in a specific order from outside to inside: calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens), and finally gynoecium (carpels). This is the standard concentric pattern in floral anatomy.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
If a dicot plant produces flowers but never fruits or seeds, it's likely that the plant bears only male (staminate) flowers. That means there’s no ovary to get fertilised, and hence, no seed or fruit formation can occur. Pistillate flowers could still form fruit via pollination, so they aren't the issue here.
Hence, the correct answer is option (d) The plant is dioecious and bears only staminate flowers.
In a typical microsporangium (pollen sac), the outermost wall is the epidermis, which protects the anther. The innermost layer is the tapetum, which nourishes developing pollen grains. These layers surround the pollen mother cells inside.
Hence, the correct answer is option (d) Epidermis and tapetum.
Microsporogenesis is the process where diploid microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form haploid microspores, which then become pollen grains. So, the actual meiotic division occurs at the microspore mother cell stage.
Hence, the correct answer is option (b) Microspore mother cells.
The gynoecium is the female reproductive part of a flower and includes the stigma, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, and placenta. Other parts like the thalamus (base of flower), tapetum (part of anther), and stamen (male organ) are unrelated.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) Stigma, ovule, embryo sac, placenta.
The innermost part of the ovule is the egg cell, which lies inside the embryo sac. That sac is encased by the nucellus, and the entire structure is protected by outer integuments. So, the logical progression from inner to outer is egg → embryo sac → nucellus → integuments.
Hence, the correct answer is option (b) Egg, embryo sac, nucellus, integument.
The mature female gametophyte (embryo sac) of a flowering plant is typically 8-nucleate and 7-celled—two synergids, one egg cell, three antipodals, and two polar nuclei. It’s free-nuclear in early development before cellularisation. The egg apparatus is located at the micropylar end, not the chalazal end.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) i and ii.
Question:10
Autogamy can occur in a chasmogamous flower if: a. Pollen matures before the maturity of the ovule b. Ovules mature before the maturity of pollen c. Both pollen and ovules mature simultaneously d. Both anther and stigma are of equal length.
Answer:
Autogamy means self-pollination within the same flower. In chasmogamous flowers (those that open), autogamy can only occur if both the anthers and ovules mature at the same time—ensuring the pollen is viable when the ovule is ready. Timing is everything here!
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Both pollen and ovules mature simultaneously.
Question:11
Choose the correct statement from the following: a. Cleistogamous flowers always exhibit autogamy b. Chasmogamous flowers always exhibit geitonogamy c. Cleistogamous flowers exhibit both autogamy and geitonogamy d. Chasmogamous flowers never exhibit autogamy
Answer:
Cleistogamous flowers never open, so the only pollen available is their own. That makes autogamy a default mode of pollination. Since no cross-pollination is possible, these flowers are perfect examples of nature’s lockdown mechanism for ensuring reproduction.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) Cleistogamous flowers always exhibit autogamy.
Wind-pollinated plants produce enormous quantities of dry, lightweight, non-sticky pollen that can travel with air currents. Their feathery stigmas are specially adapted to trap this airborne pollen. It’s all about using the breeze to do the matchmaking.
In a monoecious plant with unisexual flowers (male and female on the same plant), autogamy can't occur because the flowers aren’t bisexual. And geitonogamy (transfer between flowers of the same plant) can be prevented with spatial or temporal separation. So both types of self-pollination are avoided.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) A monoecious plant bearing unisexual flowers.
After double fertilisation, the embryo sac contains haploid synergids, a diploid zygote formed by egg + sperm, and a triploid primary endosperm nucleus formed by the fusion of two polar nuclei with one sperm nucleus. Classic 1n + 1n and 2n + 1n combos.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) Synergid, zygote and primary endosperm nucleus.
Once fertilisation is complete, the synergids (which guide the pollen tube) and the antipodals (which play a nutritive role) degenerate. The egg becomes the zygote and the polar nuclei give rise to endosperm, so they stick around.
Hence, the correct answer is option (b) Synergids and antipodals.
In dioecious plants, male and female flowers are on separate plants. So emasculation (removal of male parts) is not needed since the female plant doesn’t have any. You still need to collect pollen, dust it on the stigma, and bag the female flower to avoid unwanted pollination.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Emasculation.
The scutellum in monocots is the functional equivalent of cotyledons in dicots. It absorbs nutrients from the endosperm for the growing embryo. Though they look different, they perform the same job—making them true homologues.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Cotyledons and scutellum.
a. Parthenocarpy b. Apomixis c. Vegetative propagation d. Sexual reproduction
Answer:
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in flowering plants where seeds are formed without fertilisation. The embryo develops from diploid cells like the nucellus or integument, not from a zygote. It’s like nature’s shortcut to seed formation.
If the megaspore mother cell does not undergo meiosis and still forms a megaspore, that megaspore will remain diploid. And any embryo sac formed from that megaspore will also have diploid nuclei since no ploidy reduction took place.
Parthenocarpy is the development of fruit without fertilisation. The ovary grows into a fruit, but since no fertilisation occurred, it has no seeds. Think of bananas or seedless grapes—nature’s fruity loophole.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) Parthenocarpy.
Get Answers to NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 (Very Short Answer Questions)
The detailed answers to the very short answer questions are given below:
We know that when seeds develop without fertilisation, it is known as apomixis. In this, the embryo can develop from the nucellus, which is diploid. Thus, an apomictic embryo sac can give rise to a diploid embryo.
When a pollen grain is shed at the three-celled stage, it contains 2 male gametes and a vegetative cell. The generative cell divides into two male gametes.
PEN or Primary Endosperm Nucleus shows triploid conditions. When one of the male gametes fuses with the polar nuclei, it results in the formation of triploid PEN.
Water-mediated pollination takes place in a selected number of plants. For example, in Vallisneria, the female flower reaches the surface of the water. Pollen grains are sprinkled on the water surface, and they are passively transported to the female flower for pollination. Another example is that of seagrasses, the female flower remains submerged in water, and pollen grains are released below the water surface. In the case of pollination by water, pollen grains have a mucilaginous covering which prevents the pollen from becoming wet.
The male gametes fuse with the female gametes and form the embryo. The embryo subsequently develops into a new plant. Another male gamete fuses with polar nuclei and eventually forms endosperm. The endosperm supplies food to the developing embryo.
Access Answers to NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 2 (Short Answer Questions)
The detailed answers to the Short answer questions are given below:
The following are 3 strategies that a bisexual chasmogamous flower can evolve to prevent self-pollination or autogamy:
Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not synchronised in many flowers. Either the pollen is released much before the maturity of the stigma, or the stigma matures much before the release of pollen.
In some flowers, the anthers and stigma are placed in different places so that pollen grains from the same flower cannot reach the stigma.
Self-incompatibility between pollen and stigma is seen in some flowers. This is a genetically mediated process that prevents autogamy in these flowers.
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Viviparity is present in both animals and plants. In the case of animals, it means an animal gives birth to young ones. In the case of plants, viviparity means germination of the embryo on the plant itself, without the normal sequence of development of the seed. Viviparity involves too much drain of resources on the mother. In the case of animals, a female has to constantly supply the nutrients and oxygen to the growing foetus if the foetus is developing in the womb. Enough resources are not available to support a large litter, and hence ,viviparity automatically limits the number of offspring in a litter. This is true in the case of plants also because a germinating embryo on the plant would require resources from the mother plant.
Self- incompatibility is the condition in which pollen from the same plant cannot pollinate the flower. Thus, self-incompatibility imposes complete restriction on autogamy. This evolution might have occurred to prevent too much inbreeding because continuous inbreeding prevents variations. In such plants, cross pollination is the norm and pollen from a plant pollinates the flower on another plant. This ensures the accumulation of gene pools from 2 different plants.
Hint: Yes, parthenocarpy, and different apomixis phenomena. Parthenocarpy leads to the development of seedless fruits. Apomixis leads to embryo development.
Answer:
Parthenocarpy is the condition in which fruits develop without seeds, while apomixis is a condition in which seeds develop without fertilisation. Fertilisation is absent in both cases, but seeds are present in apomixis only. Benefits of parthenocarpy: Seedless fruits are easier to consume, especially those fruits that naturally contain too many seeds, e.g., papaya, watermelon, and banana. Benefits of Apomixis include the fact that it can be used to produce apomicts hybrid seeds every year. This will help in drastically cutting the cost for farmers.
In some varieties of citrus and mango, the nucellar cells start dividing and protrude into the embryo sac. They eventually produce multiple embryos. This condition is called polyembryony. Embryos develop without fertilisation in this apomictic condition. Polyembryony can be commercially exploited by producing seeds of hybrid varieties at a lower cost. In the case of hybrid plants, a farmer needs to buy seeds every year because plants from hybrid seeds fail to produce hybrid seeds due to the law of inheritance. Buying fresh seeds every season is very costly. If hybrid seeds are produced with a polyembryonic condition, then it would be possible for the farmers to utilise those seeds for the next year and the subsequent years. This is still at the research stage, but there are bright prospects for the future.
The endosperm plays an important role in supplying food to the developing embryo. Once the division of PEC or Primary Endosperm Cell is complete, there is sufficient availability of food for the embryo. In the absence of food, the zygote won’t be able to get the necessary raw materials for making new cells. Hence, the division of zygote beings only occurs after the division of the Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC).
In three-celled pollen, one of the cells is a vegetative cell that has no role to play in fertilisation. The remaining two cells are the male gametes, and they are the actual participants in fertilisation. Rather than the vegetative cells, the generative cells divide inside the pollen tube. In 60% of the cases, the generative cell divides inside the pollen tube. In the remaining case, the generative cell divides much before pollination.
Chasmogamous flowers are open flowers in which stigma and anthers are exposed, and the flowers are similar to other species. Possible types of pollination in chasmogamous flowers are as follows:
Geitonogamy: The situation in which pollen grains from the same plant but different flower reaches the stigma is called geitonogamy. This is similar to autogamy because the zygote gets the gene pool from the same plant.
Xenogamy: The situation in which the pollen grains from a different plant reaches the stigma is called xenogamy. This can be termed as the true cross-pollination because the zygote gets the gene pool from 2 different plants.
Most of the plants produce hermaphrodite flowers, and thus, self-pollination is a clear-cut eventuality. However, continuous self-pollination can result in inbreeding depression. The variation will not be possible in the case of self-pollination. Hence, plants have evolved in various ways and means to facilitate cross-pollination even in dioecious flowers. One of the strategies followed by plants is a loss of synchronisation between pollen release and stigma maturity. Another strategy is self-incompatibility between pollens and the stigma of the same flower. A third strategy is a positional difference between anthers and stigma so that pollens from the same flower are unable to reach the stigma.
Structure of a mature Embryo Sac: A mature embryo sac is a 7-celled structure and has 8 nuclei. The end near the micropyle is called the micropylar end, while the opposite end is called the chalazal end. The following are the main parts of the embryo sac:
Egg Apparatus: The egg apparatus is composed of two synergids and an egg. There are special thickenings at the micropylar end of the synergids. These thickenings are known as the filiform apparatus.
The function of Synergids: The synergids provide a channel for the pollen tube to enter through the filiform apparatus.
Polar Nuclei: The two nuclei enclosed in the central cell are called polar nuclei.
Antipodals: The three cells at the chalazal end are called antipodals.
Role of Endothecium: Endothecium, along with the epidermis and the middle layer, protects the pollens during development. Once pollen grains are mature, the three layers (including endothecium) rupture and thus facilitate the dehiscence of pollens.
The condition in which seeds are produced without fertilization is called apomixis. It is a kind of asexual reproduction, but it mimics sexual reproduction. There are several mechanisms for apomixis. One of them is seen in citrus and mango fruits. In this case, the nucellus begins to divide and intrude into the embryo sac. It eventually develops into a seed. Since the nucellus is composed of diploid cells, the embryo sac in such a case has diploid cells. It is also important to recall that fertilization cannot happen in the cells which were not formed after meiosis. Moreover, haploid cells are never involved in apomixes. It is the diploid cells which bring about apomixes. Hence, embryo sacs apomictic species appear normal but contain diploid cells.
Approach to Solve Questions of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 2
Provided below are some of the key steps by which students can solve the questions of this chapter effectively and easily.
1. Important terms such as microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, pollination, and double fertilisation need to be understood thoroughly.
2. Practice labelled diagrams like the structure of anther, ovule, pollen grain, embryo sac, as they help in giving the explanation.
3. Flowcharts or bullet points can be used to learn the sequence of events, such as flower development → gamete formation → pollination → fertilisation → seed & fruit formation.
4. The NCERT textbook needs to be read in detail, as some questions are directly based on it.
5. Practice Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 NCERT Exemplar to get an understanding of the question pattern and how to solve them effectively.
Important Topics of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 NCERT Exemplar
This chapter explains how plants reproduce and covers key topics like pollination, fertilisation, and seed formation. Some important points are listed below for easy understanding.
Flower Parts: Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, and their functions in reproduction.
Pollen Formation: Microsporogenesis: the development of pollen grains in the stamen, including the role of the tapetum.
Egg Formation: Megasporogenesis: the development of the embryo sac and egg inside the ovule.
Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the carpel, including types (self, cross) and agents.
Fertilisation: Double fertilisation: the fusion of sperm with the egg and the formation of the endosperm.
Seed Development: The development of the ovule into a seed, including the role of the endosperm and the processes of dormancy and germination.
Fruit Development: The development of the ovary into a fruit, including true fruits, false fruits, and parthenocarpy.
Plant Breeding: Techniques such as emasculation and bagging are used to control pollination and create new plant varieties.
Apomixis/Polyembryony: Asexual reproduction through seeds and the formation of multiple embryos in a single seed.
Parthenocarpy: The development of fruit without fertilisation, resulting in seedless fruits.
Also, check the NCERT Books and the NCERT Syllabus here
Advantages of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Solutions
The Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants chapter explains how plants undergo the process of pollination, fertilisation, and seed formation. Solving exemplar questions provides many benefits to the students, some of which are given below:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Solutions gives a clear understanding of the types of pollination, fertilisation, and development of the embryo.
Students can practice diagram-based questions related to flower structure, pollen grains, ovules, and the embryo sac.
Regular solving of the exemplar problems improves visual memory and better retention of concepts, which allows them to perform well in school exams and competitive exams like NEET.
Learners can understand each step of the reproductive process with more accuracy and clarity.
Important Question from Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 NCERT Exemplar
Here is an important question, which is carefully selected to help you focus on key concepts and help in your exam preparation.
Question: The generative cell was destroyed by a laser, but a normal pollen tube was still formed because?
A. The vegetative cell is not damaged.
B. Contents of killed generative cells stimulate pollen growth.
C. The laser beam stimulates the growth of the pollen tube.
D. The region of emergence of the pollen tube is not harmed.
Answer: The correct answer is option 1. The vegetative cell is not damaged.
Explanation:
Pollen grain or microspores divide mitotically, forming a larger tube or vegetative cell and a small generative cell. Since vegetative cells give rise to pollen tubes and the generative cell divides to form two male gametes, if a generative cell is destroyed by a laser, a normal pollen tube will still form through the vegetative cell, which is undisturbed.
Q: What are the important questions from Chapter 2 of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology?
A:
Key topics include:
Male and female reproductive systems
Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis)
Menstrual cycle stages and hormonal regulation
Fertilization process and embryo development
Role of the placenta and parturition
Q: How does pollination occur in flowering plants?
A:
Pollination involves pollen transfer from anther to stigma via agents like insects, wind, or water. Process:
Hydration: Pollen rehydrates on stigma.
Germination: Pollen tube grows through the style.
Fertilization: Sperm cells travel via the tube to fuse with the ovule
Q: What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
A:
Self-Pollination
Cross-Pollination
Pollen transfers to the same flower/plant
Pollen transfers to another plant
No external agents required
Requires pollinators (e.g., insects, wind)
Reduces genetic diversity
Enhances genetic diversity
Example: Peas, sunflowers
Example: Apples, strawberries
Q: What are the post-fertilization changes in a flower?
A:
Ovary → Fruit
Ovules → Seeds
Petals and sepals wither and fall off
Zygote develops into an embryo
Q: How is double fertilization unique to angiosperms?
A:
Double fertilization involves:
First fusion: One sperm + egg → diploid zygote.
Second fusion: Second sperm + polar nuclei → triploid endosperm (nutritive tissue). This ensures embryo nourishment and is exclusive to flowering plants
Q: What is the role of endosperm in seed development?
A:
Endosperm provides nutrients (starch, oils) to the developing embryo. It is triploid and formed during double fertilization
Q: What are the different types of ovules found in angiosperms?
You can get the Class 11 English Syllabus 2025-26 from the Careers360 website. This resource also provides details about exam dates, previous year papers, exam paper analysis, exam patterns, preparation tips and many more. you search in this site or you can ask question we will provide you the direct link to your query.
No, it’s not true that GSEB (Gujarat Board) students get first preference in college admissions.
Your daughter can continue with CBSE, as all recognized boards CBSE, ICSE, and State Boards (like GSEB) which are equally accepted for college admissions across India.
However, state quota seats in Gujarat colleges (like medical or engineering) may give slight preference to GSEB students for state-level counselling, not for all courses.
So, keep her in CBSE unless she plans to apply only under Gujarat state quota. For national-level exams like JEE or NEET, CBSE is equally valid and widely preferred.
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) releases the previous year's question papers for Class 12.
You can download these CBSE Class 12 previous year question papers from this link :
CBSE Class 12 previous year question papers (http://CBSE%20Class%2012%20previous%20year%20question%20papers)
On our official website, you can download the class 12th practice question paper for all the commerce subjects (accountancy, economics, business studies and English) in PDF format with solutions as well.
Kindly refer to the link attached below to download:
Since you have passed 10th and 12th from Delhi and your residency is Delhi, but your domicile is UP, here’s how NEET counselling works:
1. Counselling Eligibility: For UP NEET counselling, your UP domicile makes you eligible, regardless of where your schooling was. You can participate in UP state counselling according to your NEET rank.
2. Delhi Counselling: For Delhi state quota, usually 10th/12th + residency matters. Since your school and residency are in Delhi, you might also be eligible for Delhi state quota, but it depends on specific state rules.
So, having a Delhi Aadhaar will not automatically reject you in UP counselling as long as you have a UP domicile certificate.
