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NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology solutions chapter 12 - Biotechnology and its Application is a comparatively easy and interesting topic, as well as scoring from the point of view of exams. Various different professionals in this field have developed NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology chapter 12 solutions that are easily understandable according to the examination guidelines given by CBSE. The experts have used the easiest yet the most precise method to solve questions that will help students to score in their examinations. The NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology solutions chapter 12 pdf download is useful for quick access.
Question:1
Answer:
Major limitations of the earlier Green Revolution are as follows:
(a) It was mainly based on better management of farm practices
(b) It involved the use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers); which has many side effects
Question:2
Expand GMO. How is it different from a hybrid
Answer:
GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. A hybrid is produced after crossing two different kinds of individuals, while a GMO is produced by alteration in the gene, which is carried out in vitro.
Question:3
Differentiate between diagnostics and therapeutics. Give one example and for each category.
Answer:
Diagnostics relate to finding a suspected disease while therapeutics relates to treatment. Serum analysis is a diagnostic procedure while administering antibiotic comes under the ambit of therapeutics.
Question:4
Answer:
ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. AIDS can be detected using this procedure. Antigen-antibody reaction is the underlying principle in this test.
Question:5
Can a disease be detected before its symptoms appear? Explain the principle involved.
Answer:
Detection of a disease before the appearance of symptoms is now possible by using biotechnology. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) helps in doing this. Use of PCR can amplify the nucleic acids of bacteria or virus. This can help in detecting their presence even when they are in low concentration.
Question:6
Answer:
Biopiracy is the use of bio-resources by MNCs and other organizations without authorization from the countries and people. Some MNCs make some minor tweaking to get the patent on products or processes which have been under the domain of traditional knowledge of any country. By obtaining the patent, these companies get a license to exploit the worldwide market. This leaves the people (with traditional knowledge) at the losing end. Patent on turmeric by an American company is a good example of biopiracy. Turmeric is being used as an antiseptic in India since ages and hence is part of the traditional knowledge.
Question:7
Answer:
When the toxin is present in an inactive form, it does not harm the organism, which produces the toxin. For example; B. thuringiensis produces an insecticidal toxin which does not kill this bacterium. This toxin becomes active when it enters alkaline pH of the gut of an insect and the insects killed in the process.
Question:8
Answer:
When a genetically modified organism is introduced in the ecosystem, it can have dire consequences for the ecosystem. Thus, not respecting the genetic barriers (while creating genetically modified organisms) can have long-term repercussions on the ecosystem.
Question:9
Why has the Indian Parliament cleared the second amendment of the country's patents bill?
Answer:
It was observed that some MNCs or other organizations obtained a patent on products or services which had been part of the traditional knowledge of developing countries. This act had the potential of exploitation of indigenous people by not providing adequate compensation and by commercial exploitation.
To prevent such misuse of patent, the Indian Parliament cleared the second amendment of the country’s patent bill.
Question:10
Give any two reasons why the patent on Basmati should not have gone to an American Company.
Answer:
Following are the two reasons why the patent on Basmati should not have gone to an American Company:
Question:11
How was Insulin obtained before the advent of rDNA technology? What were the problems encountered?
Answer:
Before the advent of rDNA technology, Insulin was mainly obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered animals. This often resulted in unwanted side effects on the users.
Question:12
Concerning understanding diseases, discuss the importance of transgenic animal models.
Answer:
Transgenic animals can serve as models to understand the progression of various disease in human. Transgenic models exist for many human diseases like cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s. These animals can be observed to understand the causative gene for a particular disease. This can help in devising suitable treatment for some particular diseases.
Question:13
Name the first transgenic cow. Which gene was introduced in this cow?
Answer:
Rosie was the first transgenic cow, and it was produced in 1997. The gene for human protein alpha-lactalbumin was introduced in this cow. Thus, the cow could produce protein-enriched milk. This milk was nutritionally more balanced than natural cow milk.
Question:14
PCR is a useful tool for early diagnosis of an infectious disease. Elaborate.
Answer:
Use of PCR can amplify the nucleic acids of bacteria or virus. This can help in detecting their presence even when they are in low concentration. This helps in early detection of a disease which was not possible with conventional diagnostic tools. By the time, conventional diagnostic tools could detect a disease; it was very late because of the very high concentration of pathogens. Nevertheless, early detection by using PCR can help in timely and more efficient treatment.
Question:15
What is GEAC, and what are its objectives?
Answer:
The full form of GEAC is Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. The Government of India has formed this committee. Following are its main objectives:
Question:16
For which variety of Indian rice, the patent was filed by a USA Company?
Answer:
The patent was filed for Basmati rice.
Question:17
Discuss the advantages of GMO.
Answer:
Following are the advantages of GMO:
Question:1
Gene expression can be controlled with the help of RNA. Explain the method with an example.
Answer:
Gene expression can be controlled with the help of RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi takes place in all eukaryotic organisms and is part of the cellular defence. Under this method, a complementary dsRNA binds to, prevents translation of mRNA (silencing), and thus silences a specific mRNA. Thus gene expression which could have been carried out by the mRNA does not happen.
This method has been used to encounter a nematode in plants. Agrobacterium is used as a vector to introduce nematode specific gene into the host plant. The introduction of DNA results in the production of sense and antisense RNA in the host cells. These two RNAs form dsRNA and silence the specific mRNA.
Question:2
Answer:
Traditional knowledge accumulates over thousands of generations. It carries the knowledge of cost-effective ways to tackle many problems related to human life. A patent is granted to a new product or service, which is based on an entirely novel or new concept. Once an organization or an individual obtains a patent for a particular product or service, it gets the sole right to reap commercial benefits from that product or service.
In most of the cases, the patent holder tends to overexploit the market during the patent period. If we used traditional knowledge instead, it would help us in saving a lot of money. This shows that ignoring our traditional knowledge can prove costly in the area of biological patenting.
Question:3
Highlight any four areas where genetic modification of plants has been useful.
Answer:
Genetic modification of plants has been useful in the following areas:
Question:4
What is a recombinant DNA vaccine? Give two examples.
Answer:
A vaccine, which is prepared by using recombinant DNA technology, is called an rDNA vaccine. Enzo Paolette and Dennis Panicali from New York State Department of Health were able to transform smallpox vaccine so that it could be effective against some other diseases.
Thus, they were the pioneers in making rDNA vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine and the HPV vaccine are two examples of rDNA vaccines.
Question:5
Why is it that the line of treatment for a genetic disease is different from infectious diseases?
Answer:
An infectious disease happens because of some pathogen. The line of treatment in such condition is focused on eliminating the causative pathogen from the body. However, a genetic disease happens because of some anomaly in the genotype.
No antibiotic has an effect on genotype anomaly. Hence, the line of treatment for a genetic disease is entirely different from infectious disease.
Question:6
Discuss briefly how a probe is used in molecular diagnostics.
Answer:
For molecular diagnostics: a single strand DNA or RNA is tagged with a radioactive probe. It is then introduced into the host cell and allowed to hybridize with its complementary DNA in a clone of cells which are formed in vitro. The cloned cells are then observed using radiography. This helps in detecting the problems.
Question:7
Answer:
A four-year-old girl was the first patient to be given gene therapy. She was suffering from adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, and this therapy was given in 1990. The treatment with gene therapy involves manipulating the DNA of lymphocytes from the patient’s body.
The modified lymphocytes are grown in vitro and then infused into the patient’s body. We know that lymphocytes are not immortal, but they have a definite life span. Due to this, this treatment is recurrent in nature.
Question:8
Taking examples under each category, discuss upstream and downstream processing
Answer:
Upstream processing: This involves identifying a material, which can be transformed for making the final product. Let us take the example of making BT cotton. In this, extracting the gene for insecticide toxin from B. thuringiensis is an example of upstream processing. Similarly, introducing this gene into cotton is an upstream process.
Downstream processing: This involves suitable purification and isolation of the final product. Let us take that example of fermentation to understand this. Purification of alcohol through distillation is part of downstream processing.
Question:9
Define Antigen and Antibody. Name any two diagnostic kits based upon them.
Answer:
Antigen: A foreign substance, which elicits an immune response from the body, is called an antigen.
Antibody: A protein, which is synthesized in response to an antigen in the body, is called an antibody.
Two diagnostic kits; based on antigen and antibody are as follows:
(a) ELISA kit
(b) Pregnancy test kit
Question:10
Answer:
Yes. One can use an antibody against the enzyme (that is responsible for the metabolism of phenylalanine) to develop ELISA based is a diagnostic technique. The patient where the enzyme protein is absent would give a negative result in ELISA when compared to a normal individual.
Question:11
How is a mature, functional insulin hormone different from its prohormone form?
Answer:
Insulin in its prohormone form is not active and it needs to be mature to become the functional Insulin. The prohormone form of Insulin contains an extra stretch of a polypeptide called C peptide. When Insulin becomes mature, it is devoid of C peptide.
Question:12
Answer:
Enzyme replacement therapy works on artificially administering the required enzyme into the patient’s body. This helps in the management of the disease. However, this needs frequent re-administration of enzyme and other necessary drugs to continue the therapy. In most of the cases, the therapy is costly and is a cause of financial and emotional drain on the patient. Using gene correction is a permanent solution. For example, a person with ADA deficiency can be permanently cured if the required gene is introduced during the embryo stage. This will ensure a better quality of life for the patient.
Question:13
Answer:
Following are the examples of various uses of transgenic animals:
(a) Fundamental biological processes: Transgenic animals can be used to understand insulin-like growth factors in humans:
(b) Study of Diseases: Many transgenic animals are introduced with genes for a certain disease. Then progression and possible cure for such disease can be studied using these animals.
(c) Biological Products: A transgenic cow Rosie could produce protein-enriched milk
Question:14
Answer:
When a foreign DNA is introduced into an organism, it binds with the chromosome of the host organism because of recombination. When progeny of the host organism is produced (through sexual or asexual reproduction), the new gene is passed on to the progeny because of inheritance. This is similar to any defective gene being passed on from one generation to the next generation.
Question:15
Answer:
The genes from Bacillus thuringiensis are pest-specific. This means that they are highly effective against a select group of pests but do not harm other insects. As a corollary, Bt cotton is not resistant to other pests. This is, in fact, an advantage from the perspective of maintaining biodiversity in the environment. Beneficial insects are saved from harm because farming of Bt cotton does not need the use of pesticides.
Question:1
A patient is suffering from ADA deficiency. Can he be cured? How?
Answer:
A person suffering from ADA deficiency can be cured by various methods which are discusses below:
(a) Bone Marrow Transplantation: This is a costly and risky surgical procedure. It requires a suitable donor, which is difficult to find. An identical twin is supposed to be the best donor because chances of tissue rejection are very high in bone marrow transplantation.
(b) Enzyme Replacement Therapy: Enzyme replacement therapy is based on administering the missing enzyme to the patient by injection. This involves recurrent treatment that has escalated the cost this therapy.
(c) Gene Therapy: Gene therapy involves taking out the lymphocytes from the patient’s blood. Then are lymphocytes are genetically engineered to add the missing gene. Recombinant lymphocytes are grown in a suitable medium and then administered to the patient. This too is not a permanent cure because lymphocytes have a certain lifespan. The patient needs to be administered lymphocytes after frequent intervals. However, the gene isolated from marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into cells at early embryonic stage could be a permanent cure for this disease.
Question:2
Define transgenic animals. Explain in detail any four areas where they can be utilized.
Answer:
Transgenic animals are the animals in which a foreign gene is expressed. Transgenic rats, pigs, cows, rabbits, sheep, and fish have been produced. However, more than 95% of all transgenic animals are mice. Four areas in which transgenic animals can be utilized are as follows:
(a) Fundamental Biological Processes: Transgenic animals can be used to understand insulin-like growth factors in humans: A particular factor can be introduced from another animal, and then the behaviour of this factor can be studied in the transgenic animal.
(b) Study of Diseases: Many transgenic animals are introduced with genes for a certain disease. Then progression and possible cure for such disease can be studied using these animals. Today,
models of transgenic animals exist in which cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. can be studied.
(c) Biological Products: A transgenic cow Rosie could produce human protein-enriched milk. This milk contains 2.4 g of human alpha-lactalbumin per litre. This milk is nutritionally balanced for babies than normal cow milk.
(d) Vaccine Safety: Before approval for use in humans, any vaccine needs to prove its safety on model animals. For example, transgenic mice have been used to study the safety of polio vaccine.
Question:3
Answer:
Following are the steps for transferring the useful gene to a plant.
(a) Isolation of useful gene using Restriction Endonucleases
(b) Transferring the gene to a suitable vector to create a recombinant DNA molecule
(c) Transfer of these recombinant DNA molecules to the target cells
(d) Screening of cells for transformation
(e) Selection of transformed cells
(f) Regeneration of plants from the transformed cells to get transgenic plants.
Question:4
Highlight five areas where biotechnology has influenced our lives.
Answer:
(a) Food Security: The earlier Green Revolution has certain limitations. Biotechnology can help in overcoming those limitations. It can help in improving food production to meet the growing demand because of a growing population. Production of Spirulina is an example, which shows that a huge quantity of nutrient can be produced by minimum use of land.
(b) Medicine: Many vaccines and other pharmaceuticals products have been made through biotechnology. Several diagnostic techniques; using biotechnology; has made it easier to diagnose a disease in time and has helped in better cure.
(c) Environmental Protection: Use of Bt cotton helps in minimizing the use of pesticides. This is beneficial for the environment because it helps in saving useful insets.
(d) Crime Detection: DNA fingerprinting can be used to trace the identity of a criminal by using even the smallest remains of criminal’s body parts.
(e) Legal Disputes: Parentage disputes are being settled with the use of DNA fingerprinting.
Question:5
Answer:
Advantage of using GM plants are as follows:
GM crops can be tailor-made to provide alternate resources to industries, such as starch or fuel.
Question:6
Explain with the help of one example of how genetically modified plants can:
(a) Reduce the usage of chemical pesticides
(b) Enhance the nutritional value of food crops
Answer:
(a) Bt cotton contains the gene, which has a pesticidal role. This gene is pest-specific and affects only certain pests. By encountering most of the common pests of cotton, Bt cotton minimizes the use of chemical pesticides.
(b) Biofortification involves the addition of nutrients through genetic engineering. This can also be achieved through conventional breeding methods. Biofortification is beneficial because a plant product has inbuilt extra nutrient in it. This means that nutrients need not be added at the processing stage. This can help in tackling hidden hunger among the poor. Golden rice is an example of rice, which has been fortified with vitamin A.
Question:7
List the disadvantages of Insulin obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered cows and pigs:
Answer:
Following are the disadvantages of Insulin from slaughtered animals:
(a) Demand for Insulin is very high, which necessitates slaughtering of a large number of animals.
(b) Slaughtering of animals amounts to cruelty against animals.
(c) Insulin from animal origin can result in allergic reactions because of the body’s tendency to encounter foreign substance.
(d) The slaughtered animal can be infected with some dangerous microbes. This can contaminate the Insulin.
Question:8
List the advantages of recombinant Insulin.
Answer:
Following are the advantages of recombinant Insulin:
(a) Recombinant Insulin can be prepared on a large scale without worrying about the source animal.
(b) Batch to batch consistency can be maintained, and quality can be maintained.
(c) Helps in preventing cruelty against animals.
(d) Chances of allergic reactions have been minimized.
(e) Chances of transmission of infection from source animals have been nullified.
(f) Recombinant Insulin has almost replaced animal-sourced Insulin from around the world.
(g) This paves the way for forms of Insulin, which need not be given through injections.
Question:9
Answer:
A biological agent, which works as a pesticide, is called biopesticide. Biopesticides can be of following types:
(a) Microbial: Many Bacteria and fungi have pesticidal properties.
(b) Herbal: Some plants; like neem and canola can help in controlling pesticides.
(c) Plant Incorporated Protectants: These are incorporated into the genes of a plant through genetic engineering. Bt cotton is an example of a plant with the incorporated pesticidal property.
Bacillus thuringiensis affects the pests of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. It is a well-known example of microbial pesticide. A gene in B. thuringiensis produces a toxin, which remains inactive in the bacterium. Once this toxin enters the gut of the pest; the Alkaline pH makes it active. The toxin results in perforations in the gut of the pest, and eventually, the pest is killed. This gene has been incorporated in Bt cotton, Bt tomato, Bt brinjal, etc. These GM crops are giving good results.
Question:10
Answer:
Key tools in rDNA technology
(a) Restriction endonuclease.
(b) Gel electrophoresis
(c) Ligase enzyme
(d) DNA delivery system
Functions
Question:1
BT cotton is not:
a. A GM plant
b. Insect-resistant
c. A bacterial gene expressing system
d. Resistant to all pesticides
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) Resistant to all pesticides
Explanation: (d) Resistant to all pesticides because of the gene incorporated from Bacillus thuringiensis.
Question:2
C-peptide of human Insulin is:
a. A part of mature insulin molecule
b. Responsible for formation of disulphide bridges
c. Removed during maturation of pro-insulin to insulin
d. Responsible for its biological activity
Answer:
c). Removed during maturation of pro-insulin to insulin
The connecting peptide or C-peptide is a short protein containing 31 amino acids. It connects the A and B chain of proinsulin molecule. After the processing of proinsulin molecule, C-peptide is removed leaving behind A and B chains which bound together by disulphide bonds to constitute an insulin molecule.
Question:3
GEAC stands for:
a. Genome Engineering Action Committee
b. Ground Environment Action Committee
c. Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
d. Genetic and Environment Approval committee
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
Explanation: (c) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee that permits research work in genetics.
Question:4
a. An antacid
b. An enzyme
c. Used to treat arthritis
d. Used to treat emphysema
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) Used to treat emphysema
Explanation: (d) Used to treat emphysema
Question:5
A probe which is a molecule used to locate homologous sequences in a mixture of DNA or RNA molecules could be:
a. An ssRNA
b. An ssDNA
c. Either RNA or DNA
d. Can be ssDNA but not ssRNA
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) either RNA or DNA
Explanation: (c) either RNA or DNA
Question:6
Choose the correct option regarding Retrovirus:
a. An RNA virus that synthesizes DNA during infection
b. A DNA virus that synthesizes RNA during infection
c. An ssDNA virus
d. A dsRNA virus
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) An RNA virus that can synthesize DNA during infection
Explanation: A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate in addition, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell.
Question:7
The site of production of ADA in the body is:
a. Erythrocytes
b. Lymphocytes
c. Blood plasma
d. Osteocytes
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) Lymphocytes
Explanation: (b) Lymphocytes are involved in secretion of ADA.
Question:8
A protoxin is:
a. A primitive toxin
b. A denatured toxin
c. The toxin produced by protozoa
d. Inactive toxin
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) Inactive toxin
Explanation: For example, BT toxin protein exists as inactive protoxin but becomes active due to the pH of gut once it is inside the gut of the insect.
Question:9
Pathophysiology is the:
a. Study of physiology of pathogen
b. Study of the normal physiology of host
c. Study of altered physiology of host
d. None of the above
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) Study of altered physiology of host
Explanation: Pathophysiology is a combination of pathology and physiology. While physiology is about various biological processes, pathology is about diseased state.
Question:10
The trigger for activation of the toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis is:
a. Acidic pH of stomach
b. High-temperature
c. Alkaline pH of gut
d. Mechanical action in the insect gut
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) Alkaline pH of gut
Explanation: Alkaline pH of gut of insects converts inactive protoxin into active toxin. This kills the insect.
Question:11
Golden rice is:
a. A variety of rice grown along the yellow river in China
b. Long stored rice having yellow colour tint
c. A transgenic rice having the gene for β – carotene
d. The wild variety of rice with yellow coloured grains
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) A transgenic rice having gene for beta-carotene
Explanation: (c) A transgenic rice having gene for beta-carotene is called golden rise due to its color.
Question:12
In RNAi, genes are silenced using:
a. ss DNA
b. ds DNA
c. ds RNA
d. ss RNA
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) ds RNA
Explanation: (c) ds RNA
Question:13
The first clinical gene therapy was done for the treatment of:
a. AIDS
b. Cancer
c. Cystic fibrosis
d. SCID (Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency resulting from deficiency of ADA)
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) SCID (Servere Combined Immuno Deficiency resulting from deficiency of ADA)
Explanation: The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
Question:14
ADA is an enzyme which is deficient in a genetic disorder SCID. What is the full form of ADA?
a. Adenosine deoxyaminase
b. Adenosine deaminase
c. Aspartate deaminase
d. Arginine deaminase
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) Adenosine deaminase
Explanation: (b) Adenosine deaminase commonly called ADA.
Question:15
Silencing of a gene could be achieved through the use of:
a. RNAi only
b. antisense RNA only
c. both RNAi and antisense RNA
d. none of the above
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) both RNAi and antisense RNA
Explanation: (c) both RNAi and antisense RNA
The chapter 12 of NCERT Class 12 Biology Solutions deals with a different and new emerging field of biotechnology and its application in a variety of fields mainly focusing on agriculture and medicines. Biotechnology has been rapidly used in different fields and its growth has aided various other branches of research in an environment-friendly way.
The NCERT exemplar Class 12 Biology chapter 12 solutions teaches about production of different biological products that further help in research and production of genetically modified animals, plants and microbes.
Class 12 Biology NCERT exemplar solutions chapter 12 shows the application of new developed biotechnology through new conventional methods in an ecological manner that can easily be done genetically modified organisms or transgenic organisms.
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Chapter 1 | |
Chapter 2 | |
Chapter 3 | |
Chapter 4 | |
Chapter 5 | |
Chapter 6 | |
Chapter 7 | |
Chapter 8 | |
Chapter 9 | |
Chapter 10 | |
Chapter 11 | |
Chapter 12 | |
Chapter 13 | |
Chapter 14 | |
Chapter 15 | |
Chapter 16 |
Some of the most important topics to be covered by the student keeping in mind the Board examination are application of biotechnology in agriculture through different genetically manipulated organisms, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis and genetically engineered insulin to aid growth in the field of medicine along with ethical issues associated with it.
Yes, the solutions provided here for the NCERT questions are true and apt in order to teach the students about the correct way to answer questions for their Board exams prepared by professionals according to the guidelines provided by CBSE.
Yes, our site provides free access to NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology chapter 12 solutions for students online and they can even access offline by downloading it using webpage to pdf tools which are available online at no cost.
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Hope this information helps you.
hello,
Yes you can appear for the compartment paper again since CBSE gives three chances to a candidate to clear his/her exams so you still have two more attempts. However, you can appear for your improvement paper for all subjects but you cannot appear for the ones in which you have failed.
I hope this was helpful!
Good Luck
Hello dear,
If you was not able to clear 1st compartment and now you giving second compartment so YES, you can go for your improvement exam next year but if a student receives an improvement, they are given the opportunity to retake the boards as a private candidate the following year, but there are some requirements. First, the student must pass all of their subjects; if they received a compartment in any subject, they must then pass the compartment exam before being eligible for the improvement.
As you can registered yourself as private candidate for giving your improvement exam of 12 standard CBSE(Central Board of Secondary Education).For that you have to wait for a whole year which is bit difficult for you.
Positive side of waiting for whole year is you have a whole year to preparing yourself for your examination. You have no distraction or something which may causes your failure in the exams. In whole year you have to stay focused on your 12 standard examination for doing well in it. By this you get a highest marks as a comparison of others.
Believe in Yourself! You can make anything happen
All the very best.
Hello Student,
I appreciate your Interest in education. See the improvement is not restricted to one subject or multiple subjects and we cannot say if improvement in one subject in one year leads to improvement in more subjects in coming year.
You just need to have a revision of all subjects what you have completed in the school. have a revision and practice of subjects and concepts helps you better.
All the best.
Hi,
You just need to give the exams for the concerned two subjects in which you have got RT. There is no need to give exam for all of your subjects, you can just fill the form for the two subjects only.
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Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.
Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.
A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.
Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.
A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.
A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.
A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.
Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.
Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.
Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.
A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.
Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.
The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.
An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.
Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.
For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.
Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.
Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.
Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.
Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.
A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.
The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.
A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.
Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.
An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.
They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.
In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.
Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.
The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.
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