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The NCERT Class 12 Physics chapter 11 notes covers a brief outline of the chapter Dual nature of radiation and matter. Electron Emission, Methods of Electron Emission, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz's Observation, Hallwachs' and Lenard's Observations, Effect of Intensity of Light on Photocurrent, Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current, Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation on Stopping Potential, Laws of Photoelectric Effect, and many other topics are covered in the Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter class 12 notes.
The chapter's basic equations are also addressed in Class 12 Physics chapter 11 notes. All of these subjects are covered in the Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Class 12 notes pdf download. The essential derivations are not covered in the CBSE physics chapter 11 notes for Class 12.
Also, students can refer,
Electron Emission
The attraction forces of the ions keep free electrons inside the metal surface; the electron can only get out if it has enough energy to overcome the attractive pull.
An electron must be supplied a certain amount of energy in order to be pulled away from the metal's surface.
The work function of a metal is the minimum energy required for an electron to escape from its metal surface.
Methods of Electron Emission
Thermionic emission:-
The free electrons can be given enough thermal energy to allow them to come out of the metal by adding heat.
Field emission:-
Electrons can be drawn out of metal by applying a very powerful electric field (of the order of 108 V m–1), as in a spark plug.
Photo-electric emission:-
Electrons are emitted when an appropriate frequency of light strikes a metal surface.
Photoelectrons are electrons that are created by light.
Electrons are emitted from metallic surfaces when they are irradiated by electromagnetic radiation.
The photoelectric effect is the name for this phenomenon.
The electrons in the metal escape the pull of ions in the metal by absorbing energy from incident electromagnetic radiation.
Hertz’s Observation
Heinrich Hertz discovered in 1887 that when light strikes a metal surface, some electrons close to the surface acquire enough energy from the incident radiation to overcome the pull of the positive ions in the surface's substance.
The electrons escape from the metal's surface into the surrounding space after obtaining enough energy from the incoming light.
Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
Hallwachs and Lenard discovered that there is a minimum frequency, known as the threshold frequency, below which no electrons are emitted, through a series of tests.
The following items make up the experimental setup:
The photosensitive plate (emitter) and the metal plate (collector) in an evacuated tube allow electrons to flow easily from emitter to collector without encountering any air resistance.
To absorb visible light and emit electrons, a photosensitive plate (emitter) is used.
A metal plate (collector) receives electrons released by the emitter, forming a photoelectric current flow from the collector to the emitter plate (opposite to the flow of electrons)
Short-wavelength monochromatic light (meaning high frequency)
Through a potential difference, a battery is used to accelerate emitted electrons.
Photoelectric current flow causes a potential difference between the emitter and collector plates, which can be measured with a voltmeter.
Photoelectric current is measured with an ammeter.
The number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to the photocurrent.
This means that the rate at which photoelectrons are emitted is proportional to the intensity of incident energy.
The stopping potential of incident radiation is independent of its intensity for a given frequency.
In other words, photoelectrons' maximum kinetic energy is dependent on the light source and the material of the emitter plate, but not on the intensity of incident radiation.
The cut-off or stopping potential in the above figure for a certain frequency of incident radiation is the least negative (retarding) potential V0 applied to plate A for which the photocurrent ends or becomes zero.
This means that the higher the frequency of incident light, the higher the photoelectrons' maximum kinetic energy.
As a result, we'll need more retarding power to completely stop them.
The graphic above depicts the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for various frequencies of incoming radiation.
For a given photosensitive material, the variation of stopping potential V0 with incident radiation frequency v is shown above.
(i) The photoelectric current is exactly proportional to the intensity of incident light for a particular photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation (above the threshold frequency).
(ii) For a particular photosensitive material and incident radiation frequency, saturation current is found to be proportional to incident radiation intensity, whereas stopping potential is independent of incoming radiation intensity.
(iii) There is a minimum cut-off frequency of incident radiation for a specific photosensitive material, known as the threshold frequency, below which no photoelectrons are generated, regardless of how bright the incident light is.
The stopping potential, or equivalently the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons, grows linearly with the frequency of the incident radiation over the threshold frequency but is unaffected by its intensity.
(iv) Even when the incident light is made extremely weak, photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process with no apparent time lag (10– 9s or less).
The wave picture of light was used to explain interference, diffraction, and polarisation.
The experimental investigation of the photoelectric effect, on the other hand, cannot be described using the wave theory of light.
The wave model fails to describe the most fundamental characteristics of photoelectric emission.
As a result, a new hypothesis called the photon picture of light was presented to explain the photoelectric effect.
Photons are energy packets or quanta connected with electromagnetic radiation.
E = h v gives the energy of a photon, where v is the frequency associated with the photon and h is Planck's constant.
To explain the photoelectric effect, Albert Einstein presented a radical new model of electromagnetic radiation (quanta of energy of radiation) in 1905. The energy of each quantum of radiant energy is hv, where h is Planck's constant and v is the light frequency.
An electron absorbs a quantum of energy (hv) of radiation in the photoelectric effect.
If the amount of energy absorbed is more than the minimal amount of energy required for the electron to escape from the metal surface, the electron is expelled with the maximal kinetic energy given by
The value of the work function for a given material is constant and is determined by the substance's nature.
Threshold frequency
For a given photosensitive material, there is a minimum cut off frequency vo for which the stopping potential is zero; this minimum cut off frequency vo is referred to as threshold frequency.
Intensity of Light
The amount of photons present in light determines its intensity.
The frequency of incident light has no bearing on it.
Kinetic Energy of Photoelectron
As or .the photoelectron's kinetic energy is proportional to the frequency of incident light.
It is unaffected by the intensity of the radiation.
The photoelectrons emitted in the photoelectric effect are solely dependent on the intensity of light.
If v > vo, it is independent of the frequency of incident light.
Photoelectric Current
Photoelectric Current is the rate at which photoelectrons are emitted from a metal surface.It has a direct relationship with the amount of incident radiation.
A photocell is a device that uses the photoelectric effect in a technical way.
It's an electronic device whose electrical properties are influenced by light.
It's also referred to as an electric eye.
Photocells are employed in the television camera for scanning and telecasting scenes, as well as in the reproduction of sound in motion pictures.
They're utilised in the manufacturing industry to detect small faults or holes in metal sheets.
Interference, diffraction, and polarisation are all examples of light's wave nature.
Radiation, on the other hand, behaves as if it were made up of a bunch of particles – the photons – in the photoelectric and Compton effects, which involve energy and momentum transfer.
A logical question arises: If radiation has a dual (wave-particle) nature, don't natural particles (electrons, protons, etc.) have wave-like properties as well?
Matter, according to the de Broglie hypothesis, has a wave-like quality.
If radiation has two sides, then matter should as well.
The wave length associated with a particle with momentum p is determined by = h/p = h/(m v), where m is the particle's mass and v its speed, according to De Broglie.
The de Broglie relation is known as the de Broglie wavelength, and the above equation is known as the de Broglie relation. The preceding equation indicates that for a heavier (large m) or more energetic particle, is smaller (large v).
Davisson and Germer's experiment provides experimental proof of the concept of material particle-wave nature.
Davisson and Germer's experimental setup is schematically depicted in the diagram below:
An electron gun was utilised to create a beam of electrons in the experiment.
This tiny beam of accelerated electrons was directed into a nickel crystal, where the crystal's atoms scattered the electrons in various ways.
A detector measured the intensity of the electron beam dispersed in a certain direction.
On a circular scale, this detector was designed to rotate.
As a result of the experiment, scientists examined the intensity of scattered electron beams at various latitude angles or scattering angles, which are the angles between the incident and scattered electron beams. The accelerating voltage was varied from 44 to 68 V during the experiment.
For an accelerating voltage of 54V and a scattering angle of θ=500, a high peak in the intensity (I) of the scattered electron was observed.
The constructive interference of electrons scattered from distinct layers of the regularly spaced atoms of the crystals causes the peak to appear in a specific direction.
The wavelength of matter waves was determined by electron diffraction studies to be 0.165 nm.
The dual nature of radiation and matter Class 12 notes will help you review the chapter and obtain a better understanding of the main issues addressed.
This NCERT Class 12 Physics chapter 11 notes are also beneficial for competitive exams such as VITEEE, BITSAT, JEE Core, NEET, and others, as they cover the main themes of the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus.
Class 12 Physics chapter 11 notes pdf download can be utilised for offline preparation.
NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapter 11 Notes |
No, the NCERT notes for Class 12 Physics chapter 11 do not include all of the important derivations. This NCERT note summarises the chapter's important points and equations and can be used to review the Dual nature of radiation and matter.
Photoelectric Current is the rate at which photoelectrons are emitted from a metal surface. It has a direct relationship with the amount of incident radiation.
From the notes for Class 12 Physics chapter 11, students should expect 4 to 6 mark questions, and they can use this note for quick revision to help them improve their grades.
There is a minimum cut off frequency vo for a certain photosensitive material for which the stopping potential is zero; this minimum cut off frequency vo is known as the threshold frequency.
Intensity of Light
The amount of photons present in light determines its intensity. The frequency of incident light has no bearing on it.
Photons are energy packets or quanta connected with electromagnetic radiation. E = h v gives the energy of a photon, where v is the frequency associated with the photon and h is Planck's constant.
The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.
Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.
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The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
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Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.
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The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction.
The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions.
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Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.
Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.
An investment director is a person who helps corporations and individuals manage their finances. They can help them develop a strategy to achieve their goals, including paying off debts and investing in the future. In addition, he or she can help individuals make informed decisions.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.
An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.
Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.
Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities.
Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.
Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.
Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.
A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability.
Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.
A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.
Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.
An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.
The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.
The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.
For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.
Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.
Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.
Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.
Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.
A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.
The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.
In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning).
Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian.
The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack