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Welcome to our updated NCERT Moving Charges and Magnetism class 12 notes, carefully crafted by the Careers360 experts. We've covered all of the important concepts and formulas in these CBSE class 12 physics ch 4 notes in an easy-to-understand manner. They are not only informative; they are also intended to improve your understanding and performance in exams, assignments, and homework.
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A moving charge is the source of the magnetic field.
Assume q is a positive charge moving in a uniform magnetic field Band velocity v
[ k is constant]
Where in S.I. system k=1
F=qvBsinθ and
Magnetic field strength B:
In the equation, we can observe this F=qvBsinθ, if
i.e.,
then F=B
As a result, magnetic field strength can be defined as the force experienced by a unit charge moving at unit velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field's direction.
Some cases for this:
If θ=0o or 180o
There will be no force acting on a charged particle moving parallel to the magnetic field.
When
A charged particle in a magnetic field will not experience any force when it is at rest.
When then the force will be maximum
The highest force will be experienced by a charged particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field.
S.I. unit of magnetic field intensity:
The S.I unit is tesla (T).
When
That is
Then B=1T
When a charge of 1C at a velocity of 1 m/s encounters a force of 1N while moving at a right angle to a magnetic field, the strength of the magnetic field is called 1T.
Because of the current element dl, the strength of magnetic flux density or magnetic field at a point P (dB) will be dependent on
After we combine them:
Where
,
dB will be perpendicular to the plane containing dl
Biot-law Savart's applications:
A magnetic field (B) is maintained at the centre of a circular current-carrying coil with a radius of r.
The magnetic field in the centre of a circular coil with n turns will be, if there are n turns.
The number of turns of the coil is denoted by n. I will be the coil's current, and r will be the radius of the coil.
Magnetic field caused by a straight conductor carrying current:
The perpendicular distance of the conductor from the place where the field is to the measured value will be denoted by a.
Φ1 and Φ2 will be the angles formed by the conductor's two ends meeting at the location.
A semi-circular current-carrying conductor will have a magnetic field at its centre.
The magnetic field at the centre of a circular current-carrying conductor arc with an angle of θ at the centre will be,
In a vacuum, the magnetic field line integral around any closed passage is mu zero times the entire current via the closed path. that is
7. Application of Ampere’s circuital law:
Magnetic field caused by a toroid or endless solenoid,
The path of a charged particle in an electric field is called a parabola.
Equation of the parabola be
Where x is the electric field's width.
y is the particle's deviation from its straight path.
v is the charged particle's speed. q is the particle's charge.
E denotes the strength of the electric field. Let m be the particle's mass.
In a uniform magnetic field B, the path of a charged particle moving at producing an angle with B will be a helix. Because the charged particle will not be supplied a force by the component of velocity , the particle will move forward with a fixed velocity in the direction of B. The other component, , will produce the force , which will provide the necessary centripetal force to the charged particle moving along a circular route with radius r.
Centripetal force =
Angular velocity of rotation =
Frequency of rotation =
The time period of revolution =
This is a technology that we use to accelerate positively charged particles and thereby energize them. This can be achieved by immersing the particle in a perpendicular magnetic field that oscillates and an electric field that oscillates. A circular path will be followed by the particle.
Centripetal force=magnetic Lorentz force
the radius of the circular path
Time for travelling a semicircular path =
=constant When is the particle's highest velocity and is the maximum radius of its path, we can say that
The maximum kinetic energy of the particle =
=
The time period of the oscillating electric field =
Cyclotron frequency =
Cyclotron angular frequency =
Force acting on a current-carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field will be
I be the current flowing through the conductor in this case.
B be the strength of the magnetic field.
l denotes the conductor's length.
be the angle formed by the current direction and the magnetic field.
If
There will be no force acting on a conductor if it is kept parallel to the magnetic field.
If
F will be maximum
The conductor will be experiencing maximal force if it is kept normal to the magnetic field.
The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors: –
If the current flows in the same direction, the two conductors will be drawn together by a force.
When the current is flowing in the opposite direction, the two conductors repel each other with equal force.
where M be the magnetic dipole moment of the coil
Where n is the coil's number of turns.
I represent the current flowing through the coil.
B is the magnetic field's intensity.
The coil's area is denoted by the letter A.
The angle between the magnetic field B and the coil's normal to the plane will be α
This is based on the premise that if a coil carrying electricity is held in a magnetic field, it will experience torque. Because of the phosphor bronze strip, there is a restoring torque, which returns the coil to its usual position.
In equilibrium,
Deflecting torque = Restoring torque
where Galvanometer constant
The deflection made if the unit current is passed through the galvanometer is the current sensitivity of the galvanometer.
The deflection caused by a unit potential difference placed across the galvanometer is known as voltage sensitivity.
The maximum sensitivity of the galvanometer is having some conditions: -
If a modest current causes a big deflection, the galvanometer is said to be sensitive.
By connecting a high resistance to a galvanometer, it can be turned to a voltmeter.
Total resistance of voltmeter = Rg + R
Where Rg be the galvanometer resistance.
R be the resistance added in series.
Current through the galvanometer =
Here V is the potential difference across the voltmeter.
By connecting a low resistance in parallel with a galvanometer, it can be transformed into an ammeter (shunt)
Shunt =
where Rg be the galvanometer’s resistance.
The effective resistance of the ammeter will be,
Comprehensive Revision: These Moving Charges and Magnetism class 12 notes provide a concise summary of Chapter 4 from the NCERT Class 12 Physics textbook, allowing students to revise key concepts before exams.
Understanding Core Concepts: Class 12 physics chapter 4 notes help students understand important topics in moving charges and magnetism, such as magnetic fields, the magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor, and the Biot-Savart law.
Preparation for Competitive Exams: Because the cbse class 12 physics ch 4 notes cover key topics from the CBSE physics syllabus, they are useful resources for competitive exams such as VITEEE, BITSAT, JEE Main, NEET, and others. They ensure that students are adequately prepared for these exams by emphasising fundamental principles.
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Structured Learning Aid: These ch 4 physics class 12 notes, organised into points or sections, provide a structured approach to studying the chapter, allowing students to focus on specific topics sequentially and understand them more effectively.
Quick Reference: They are used as a quick reference guide for students who need to review specific concepts or formulas while solving problems or preparing for exams, saving time and effort.
Overall, these Physics class 12 chapter 4 notes pdf help students learn, revise, and prepare for exams by ensuring a solid understanding of moving charges and magnetism concepts.
NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 Notes |
The Class 12 notes on moving charges and magnetism contain a detailed description of the various applications of Ampere's Circuital Law. Examples include (1) a long current-carrying wire producing magnetism, (2) a long current-transmitting cylinder producing a magnetic field, and (3) a current-carrying hollow cylinder producing a magnetic field. The derivations for all of these applications are provided in the Chapter 4 Moving Charges and Magnetism notes for Class 12 Physics.
As mentioned in Moving Charges and Magnetism Notes, the cyclotron was one of the first particle accelerators. Despite a flurry of developments since then, prototypes are still utilised in the early phases of specialised multi-stage particle accelerators. According to ncert notes for Class 12 Physics chapter 4, the attribute of a magnetic force's impact on a moving charge is also used to bend the latter along a semi-circular trajectory.
Moving charges or charge flow cause magnetism. Magnetic fields also exert forces on charge flow, which in turn exerts forces on other magnets.. Because of the presence of continuous moving charges, such a phenomenon occurs.
Because electricity is a flow of moving charge, the link between electricity and magnetism includes both attraction and repulsion between distinct charged particles, as well as force exertion inside such charges. Electromagnetism is the word for the interaction of electricity and magnetism, as seen in the Class 12 Moving charges and magnetism notes
The Biot Savart Law is discussed in the ncert notes for Class 12 Physics chapter 4. The law's main applications are: (1) calculating magnetic responses at the atomic and molecular level, and (2) determining velocity in aerodynamics theory.
The Right-Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of a (+ive) travelling charge's magnetic force. In this scenario, we stretch our right hand's thumb and first two fingers to point to the conductor's motion, the magnetic field, and the induced current, with the thumb pointing to the conductor's motion, the first finger to the magnetic field, and the middle finger to the induced current. It's critical to understand the theory, definition, and explanation of the formula for numerical, as well as how to use it.
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