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NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 4 deals with Reproductive Health, an important topic that covers the overall health in terms of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, and social health. The chapter covers important topics like population explosion, birth control methods, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), infertility, and medical termination of pregnancy. With NCERT Exemplar Solutions, the students can understand these concepts better and prepare themselves accordingly for their examinations. The solutions contain multiple types of questions, such as multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short answers, long answers, and significant diagrams to explain significant concepts.
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These solutions are needed for those students who want to perform well in board exams as well as other competitive exams. They provide step-by-step solutions and detailed answers to assist students in understanding intricate concepts as well as their performance in exams. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Science is a beneficial study material for mastering reproduction health and its repercussions in society overall.
The detailed answers to the Long questions are given below:
Question:1
Answer:
Three different Assisted Reproductive Techniques:Question:2
Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.
Answer:
Mode of Action of Hormonal Contraceptives: These contraceptives are used to prevent ovulation and implantation. These contraceptives alter the properties of cervical mucus and prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus.Question:3
Answer:
Trichomoniasis: A protozoan named Trichomonas Vaginalis is the root cause of this disease. Common symptoms of this disease are whitish discharge from the vagina, foul smell, and constant itching. Male is known to be the carriers of this parasite, and females suffer from this disease. Therefore, both partners should be treated with sufficient medication.Question:4
Do you justify the statutory ban on amniocentesis in our country? Give reasons.
Answer:
Amniocentesis is a method through which any abnormalities in the fetus can be detected. But in our country, it has been used as malpractice to find the gender of the unborn child. In India, a girl child is not the most sought-after. People take advantage of MTP to discover the gender of the unborn child. Male children are given preference; this has led to killing the girl child in the womb. The sex ratio of some states in the country is very much skewed, such as in Haryana and Punjab. Boys there grow with a mindset of very little respect for women. This is the root cause of rape, dowry deaths, and gender inequality. This trend has to stop, and the only solution is a ban on Amniocentesis. Only this can do justice to the female population in the country and give them equal treatment to the male population.Question:5
Enumerate and describe any five reasons for introducing sex education to school-going children.
Answer:
Listed below are the five reasons for introducing sex education in schools:The detailed answers to the Short answer questions are given below:
Question:1
Answer:
The following are the steps that are recommended to improve reproductive health standards amongst Indians:Question:2
Answer:
To understand the process of transfer of the gametes of the uterus, we need to recall the process from insemination to implantation. The process happens in the following stages:Question:3
Copper ion-releasing IUDs are more efficient than non-medicated methods. Why?
Answer:
Ans. Phagocytosis of sperm is initiated because of IUDs, hence preventing conception. Lippes loop (non-medicated IUDs) works on this concept. Whereas copper-releasing IUDs provide added benefits over the effects of normal IUDs, copper is known for suppressing sperm motility. And therefore, sperm are unable to reach the fallopian tube. Some sperm can reach the fallopian tube in the case of normal IUDs. This will result in failure rates of IUDs. Thus, copper-releasing IUDs are superior to normal IUDs, and they are more efficient.Question:4
What are the probable factors that contributed to the population explosion in India?
Answer:
Many factors have overpopulated India. Some of the reasons for the population in India are mentioned below:Question:5
Briefly explain IVF and ET. What are the conditions in which these methods are advised?
Answer:
In-vitro fertilisation is also known as IVF, where sperm and ovum are taken out of the body of a male and female (donor) and fertilised in laboratories, likely in a petri dish. ET or embryo transfer is the next step performed after IVF. An embryo of up to 8 blastomeric stages is transferred to the fallopian tube. The embryo of more than 8 blastomeric stages is transferred to the uterus. The babies born out of this method are often called test-tube babies as fertilisation and some development of the zygote takes place in the laboratory. This method is only used when medical treatment and psychotherapy fail, and couples fail in conception. These methods are also known as Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). The extremely high degree of precision is required in this method with highly specialised doctors. Also, these techniques are very costly to install; hence, they are only available at very few centres across the country.
Question:6
What are the advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods?
Answer:
Advantages of natural methods of conception over artificial methods are as follows: -Question:7
What are the conditions in which the medical termination of pregnancy is advised?
Answer:
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is advisable under the following cases: -Question:8
Comment on the essential features required for an ideal contraceptive
Answer:
Features of an ideal contraceptive are as follows:Question:9
Answer:
All the Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) can be transmitted through coitus; therefore, all RTIs are STDs. But few of the STDs do not affect the reproductive system, such as Hepatitis B, AIDS.The detailed answers to the MCQs are given below:
Question:1
The method of directly injecting sperm into an ovum in Assisted Reproductive Technology is called:
a. GIFT
b. ZIFT
c. ICSI
d. ET
Answer:
The answer is option (c) ICSIQuestion:2
Increased IMR and decreased MMR in a population will:
a. Cause a rapid increase in growth rate
b. Result in a decline in growth rate
c. Not cause a significant change in growth rate
d. Result in an explosive population
Answer:
The answer is option (c) not change the growth rate significantly
Question:3
Intensely lactating mothers do not generally conceive due to the:
a. Suppression of gonadotropins
b. Hypersecretion of gonadotropins
c. Suppression of gametic transport
d. Suppression of fertilisation
Answer:
The answer is option (a), Suppression of gonadotropinsQuestion:4
Sterilisation techniques are generally fool-proof methods of contraception with the least side effects. Yet, this is the last option for couples because:
i. It is almost irreversible
ii. Of the misconception that it will reduce sexual urge
iii. It is a surgical procedure
iv. Of lack of sufficient facilities in many parts of the country
Choose the correct option:
a. i and iii
b. ii and iii
c. ii and iv
d. I, ii, iii and iv
Answer:
The answer is option (d) i, ii, iii, & ivQuestion:5
A national-level approach to building up a reproductively healthy society was taken up in our country in:
a. the 1950s
b. The 1960s
c. The 1980s
d. The 1990s
Answer:
The answer is option (a) 1950Question:6
Emergency contraceptives are effective if used within:
a. 72 hrs of coitus
b. 72 hrs of ovulation
c. 72 hrs of menstruation
d. 72 hrs of implantation
Answer:
The answer is option (a), 72 hours of CoitusQuestion:7
Choose the right one among the statements given below:
a. IUDs are generally inserted by the user herself.
b. IUDs increase phagocytosis reaction in the uterus
c. IUDs suppress gametogenesis
d. IUDs, once inserted, need not be replaced
Answer:
The answer is option (b), IUDs increase phagocytosis reaction in the uterusQuestion:8
The following statements are given regarding MTP. Choose the correct options given below: -
i. MTPs are generally advised during the first trimester
ii. MTPs are used as a contraceptive method
iii. MTPs are always surgical
iv. MTPs require the assistance of qualified medical personnel
(a) ii and iii (b) ii and iii (c) i and iv (d) i and ii
Answer:
The answer is option (c), i and ivQuestion:9
From the sexually transmitted diseases mentioned below, identify the one which does not specifically affect the sex organs:
a. Syphilis
b. AIDS
c. Gonorrhoea
d. Genital warts
Answer:
The answer is option (b) AIDSQuestion:10
Condoms are one of the most popular contraceptives because of the following reasons:
a. These are effective barriers for insemination
b. They do not interfere with coital act
c. These help in reducing the risk of STDs
d. All of the above
Answer:
The answer is option (d). All of the above are correct.Question:11
Choose the correct statement regarding the ZIFT procedure:
a. Ova collected from a female donor are transferred to the fallopian tube to facilitate zygote formation.
b. A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube
c. A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus
d. Ova collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus
Answer:
The answer is option (b). A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube.Question:12
The correct surgical procedure as a contraceptive method is:
a. Ovariectomy
b. Hysterectomy
c. Vasectomy
d. Castration
Answer:
The answer is the option (c), VasectomyQuestion:13
Diaphragms are contraceptive devices used by females. Choose the correct option from the statements given below:
i. They are introduced into the uterus
ii. They are placed to cover the cervical region
iii. They act as physical barriers for sperm entry
iv. They act as spermicidal agents
(a) I and ii, (b) I and iii, (c) ii and iii, (d) iii & iv
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) (ii), and (iii)The detailed answers to the Short answer questions are given below:
Question:1
Reproductive health refers only to healthy reproductive functions. Comment.
Answer:
Reproductive health pertains to the proper functioning of all the key aspects of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional, social, and behavioural, i.e. all the reproductive organs.Question:2
Answer:
The government’s Reproductive and Child Health Care programme is aimed at raising awareness regarding the reproduction-related topics amongst the common people. The end result desired from this programme is a reduction in mortality rates of mothers and infants.Question:3
The present population growth rate in India is alarming. Suggest ways to check it.
Answer:
Following are some of the ways to keep the present population growth rate in check: -Question:4
STDs can be considered as self-inflicted diseases. Comment
Answer:
STDs or Sexually Transmitted Diseases are those diseases which are transferred to another individual through sexual intercourse. They are sometimes regarded as Reproductive Tract Infections.Question:5
Answer:
The following are the various reproduction-related aspects in which counselling should be provided at the school level: -Question:6
Mention the primary aim of the “Assisted Reproductive Technology” (ART) programme.
Answer:
“Assisted Reproductive Technology” (ART) programme is designed to help infertile couples have their kids with the help of the specified techniques.Question:7
What is the significance of the progesterone-estrogen combination as a contraceptive measure?
Answer:
As a contraceptive measure, progesterone-estrogen combination changes the quality of cervical mucus, thereby preventing sperm entry. It also stops implantation and ovulation.Question:8
Answer:
The need for strict conditions to be followed in the medical termination of pregnancy are present because of the following reasons: -Question:9
Males in whom the testes fail to descend to the scrotum are generally infertile. Why?
Answer:
If the testes are unable to descend to the scrotum, they will not be able to produce sperm as they are extremely sensitive to temperature. As a result, gametogenesis is inhibited, causing infertility.Question:10
Mention two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method.
Answer:
Two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method are as follows: -NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions Subject Wise:
Some important Topics to study from Reproductive Health:
Also, read the NCERT Solution subject-wise
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Maths formulas, equations, & theorems of class 11 & 12th chapters
Provided below are some important questions from this chapter that will help you understand the topic better and do well in your exam.
Question 1: Match List I with List II :
List I | List II | ||
A | Non-medicated IUD | I | Multiload 375 |
B | Copper releasing IUD | II | Progestogens |
C | Hormone releasing IUD | III | Lippes loop |
D | Implants | IV | LNG-20 |
Choose the correct answer from the option given below:
1. A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
2. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
3. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
4. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Answer:
Hence, the correct answer is option 4)A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II.
Question 2: Which pill is specifically utilized for abortion purposes?
Answer:
RU486 is a pill specifically utilized for abortion purposes. It is commonly known as the abortion pill or medical abortion pill. RU486 contains the active ingredient mifepristone, which is used to terminate an early pregnancy.
Question 3: Which technique utilizes an in-vivo approach for the desired outcome?
Answer:
GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) is a technique that utilizes an in-vivo approach. In GIFT, both the sperm and egg are collected and transferred directly into the fallopian tubes. This allows fertilization to occur naturally within the woman's body.
Question 4: Mention the conditions that are associated with STDs?
Answer:
Conditions such as infertility, stillbirth and pelvic inflammatory disease are linked to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Infertility can be a consequence of untreated or recurrent STDs, particularly those affecting the reproductive organs. STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection that can cause inflammation and damage to the reproductive organs, potentially resulting in infertility.Stillbirth refers to the loss of a fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Certain STDs, such as syphilis and HIV, can pose a risk to the fetus and increase the likelihood of stillbirth.
Question 5: Which disease is often referred to as the 'Silent STD' due to its asymptomatic nature in women during the early stage?
Answer:
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. In many cases, especially in the early stages of infection, individuals, particularly women, may not experience noticeable symptoms. This can make Chlamydia difficult to detect without proper testing.
However, it's important to note that although Chlamydia may be asymptomatic, it can still cause damage to the reproductive system if left untreated. It can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Must Read NCERT Notes subject-wise
Initially, students have to read the chapter carefully to understand all important definitions, concepts, and processes related to this chapter.
Focus should be given on topics like contraception, infertility, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), along with their treatment.
Students should make short notes of important topics, like types of contraceptives, their advantages, and side effects, that help in saving their time while doing revision.
Solve and practice NCERT exercise questions, exemplar problems, and previous year questions for better understanding.
Regular revision is required to get a clear vision of all the concepts and topics.
Also, check the NCERT Books and the NCERT Syllabus here
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 4 gives a vast overview of the topic Reproductive Health. It is focused on physical, emotional, and social health in reproduction. Extremely relevant topics are discussed in this chapter, which include population growth, contraception, STDs, infertility, and safe abortion practice. The solutions help the students with knowledge to perform well in examinations and also learn healthy reproductive conduct and the significance of making conscious choices for a better society.
Below are the chapter-wise links of all chapters:
Reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, including physical, emotional, behavioral, and social aspects
Aspects include reproductive health problems, population explosion, birth control, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility
Methods include natural (e.g., periodic abstinence), barrier (e.g., condoms), IUDs, and hormonal pills
Amniocentesis involves sampling amniotic fluid to detect genetic disorders in the fetus, but it is not specifically covered in Chapter 4.
Diseases include gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, and HIV/AIDS
It aids in population control, reduces STDs, and improves overall health and well-being, contributing to economic stability
ART includes methods like IVF and ICSI, helping individuals conceive despite infertility issues
Benefits include population control, improved maternal health, and reduced poverty through smaller family sizes
Initiatives provide education, healthcare services, and awareness programs to improve reproductive health and reduce health risks
Natural methods rely on timing or abstinence (e.g., periodic abstinence), while artificial methods use devices or hormones (e.g., condoms, pills)
Changing from the CBSE board to the Odisha CHSE in Class 12 is generally difficult and often not ideal due to differences in syllabi and examination structures. Most boards, including Odisha CHSE , do not recommend switching in the final year of schooling. It is crucial to consult both CBSE and Odisha CHSE authorities for specific policies, but making such a change earlier is advisable to prevent academic complications.
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