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In today’s world, students come across many health-related topics early on, but when it comes to understanding reproductive well-being, there’s still a lot of confusion and hesitation. This is the reason why the NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health is so important. It focuses on overall health related to reproduction, covering physical, emotional, and social aspects. From population explosion to birth control methods, STDs, infertility, and more, this chapter builds awareness and clears common doubts. To help students learn these concepts better, the NCERT Exemplar Solutions provide clear and detailed explanations.
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The NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 Biology contain different types of questions, such as multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short answers, long answers, and diagrams to explain important concepts. Many of these questions are also based on real-life situations and practical understanding, which helps in better learning. They provide step-by-step solutions and detailed answers to help students understand the difficult concepts easily and perform well in board exams as well as other competitive exams like NEET. NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 12 is a beneficial study material for easily understanding the chapters of Biology.
Here, students will find helpful practice questions and answers designed to improve understanding and boost exam preparation.
Question:1
Answer:
Three different Assisted Reproductive Techniques:Question:2
Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.
Answer:
Mode of Action of Hormonal Contraceptives: These contraceptives are used to prevent ovulation and implantation. These contraceptives alter the properties of cervical mucus and prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus.Question:3
Answer:
Trichomoniasis: A protozoan named Trichomonas Vaginalis is the root cause of this disease. Common symptoms of this disease are whitish discharge from the vagina, foul smell, and constant itching. Male is known to be the carriers of this parasite, and females suffer from this disease. Therefore, both partners should be treated with sufficient medication.Question:4
Do you justify the statutory ban on amniocentesis in our country? Give reasons.
Answer:
Amniocentesis is a method through which any abnormalities in the fetus can be detected. But in our country, it has been used as malpractice to find the gender of the unborn child. In India, a girl child is not the most sought-after. People take advantage of MTP to discover the gender of the unborn child. Male children are given preference; this has led to killing the girl child in the womb. The sex ratio of some states in the country is very much skewed, such as in Haryana and Punjab. Boys there grow with a mindset of very little respect for women. This is the root cause of rape, dowry deaths, and gender inequality. This trend has to stop, and the only solution is a ban on Amniocentesis. Only this can do justice to the female population in the country and give them equal treatment to the male population.Question:5
Enumerate and describe any five reasons for introducing sex education to school-going children.
Answer:
Listed below are the five reasons for introducing sex education in schools:The detailed answers to the Short answer questions are given below:
Question:1
Answer:
The following are the steps that are recommended to improve reproductive health standards amongst Indians:Take Aakash iACST and get instant scholarship on coaching programs.
Question:2
Answer:
To understand the process of transfer of the gametes of the uterus, we need to recall the process from insemination to implantation. The process happens in the following stages:Question:3
Copper ion-releasing IUDs are more efficient than non-medicated methods. Why?
Answer:
Phagocytosis of sperm is initiated because of IUDs, hence preventing conception. Lippes loop (non-medicated IUDs) works on this concept. Whereas copper-releasing IUDs provide added benefits over the effects of normal IUDs, copper is known for suppressing sperm motility. And therefore, sperm are unable to reach the fallopian tube. Some sperm can reach the fallopian tube in the case of normal IUDs. This will result in failure rates of IUDs. Thus, copper-releasing IUDs are superior to normal IUDs, and they are more efficient.Question:4
What are the probable factors that contributed to the population explosion in India?
Answer:
Many factors have overpopulated India. Some of the reasons for the population in India are mentioned below:Question:5
Briefly explain IVF and ET. What are the conditions in which these methods are advised?
Answer:
In-vitro fertilisation is also known as IVF, where sperm and ovum are taken out of the body of a male and female (donor) and fertilised in laboratories, likely in a petri dish. ET or embryo transfer is the next step performed after IVF. An embryo of up to 8 blastomeric stages is transferred to the fallopian tube. The embryo of more than 8 blastomeric stages is transferred to the uterus. The babies born out of this method are often called test-tube babies, as fertilisation and some development of the zygote takes place in the laboratory. This method is only used when medical treatment and psychotherapy fail, and couples fail in conception. These methods are also known as Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). The extremely high degree of precision is required in this method with highly specialised doctors. Also, these techniques are very costly to install; hence, they are only available at very few centres across the country.
Question:6
What are the advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods?
Answer:
Advantages of natural methods of conception over artificial methods are as follows: -Question:7
What are the conditions in which the medical termination of pregnancy is advised?
Answer:
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is advisable under the following cases: -Question:8
Comment on the essential features required for an ideal contraceptive
Answer:
Features of an ideal contraceptive are as follows:Question:9
Answer:
All the Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) can be transmitted through coitus; therefore, all RTIs are STDs. But a few of the STDs do not affect the reproductive system, such as Hepatitis B, AIDS.The detailed answers to the MCQs are given below:
Question:1
The method of directly injecting sperm into an ovum in Assisted Reproductive Technology is called:
a. GIFT
b. ZIFT
c. ICSI
d. ET
Answer:
ICSI stands for Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection, a highly advanced ART method where a single sperm is directly injected into the cytoplasm of an ovum. This is especially used in cases of male infertility or when fertilisation repeatedly fails in IVF. GIFT and ZIFT are older methods involving gametes or zygotes, and ET just refers to embryo transfer.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) ICSI.
Question:2
Increased IMR and decreased MMR in a population will:
a. Cause a rapid increase in growth rate
b. Result in a decline in growth rate
c. Not cause a significant change in growth rate
d. Result in an explosive population
Answer:
IMR refers to Infant Mortality Rate, and MMR is Maternal Mortality Rate. If IMR increases, it offsets population growth; if MMR decreases, it allows more successful births. So when one increases and the other decreases, they kind of cancel each other out, leading to no major net change in population growth rate.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Not cause a significant change in growth rate.
Question:3
Intensely lactating mothers do not generally conceive due to the:
a. Suppression of gonadotropins
b. Hypersecretion of gonadotropins
c. Suppression of gametic transport
d. Suppression of fertilisation
Answer:
During intense lactation, high levels of prolactin inhibit the release of gonadotropins like LH and FSH. These hormones are needed to trigger ovulation. So if they’re suppressed, ovulation doesn’t happen, and without ovulation, conception can’t occur. This is why many new mothers experience a natural delay in regaining fertility.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) Suppression of gonadotropins.
Question:4
Sterilisation techniques are generally fool-proof methods of contraception with the least side effects. Yet, this is the last option for couples because:
i. It is almost irreversible
ii. Of the misconception that it will reduce sexual urge
iii. It is a surgical procedure
iv. Of lack of sufficient facilities in many parts of the country
Choose the correct option:
a. i and iii
b. ii and iii
c. ii and iv
d. I, ii, iii and iv
Answer:
Sterilisation is highly effective and has minimal side effects, but couples hesitate because it’s a surgical procedure. It’s also considered irreversible in most cases. Also, there is a lack of facilities and social myths like "it kills libido", and it becomes the very last option people consider.
Hence, the correct answer is option (d) i, ii, iii and iv.
Question:5
A national-level approach to building up a reproductively healthy society was taken up in our country in:
a. the 1950s
b. The 1960s
c. The 1980s
d. The 1990s
Answer:
India was one of the first countries to launch a national family planning programme back in the 1950s. This marked the beginning of structured efforts to promote reproductive health, contraceptive use, and awareness. It was a bold and early step towards building a population-aware society.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) The 1950s.
Question:6
Emergency contraceptives are effective if used within:
a. 72 hrs of coitus
b. 72 hrs of ovulation
c. 72 hrs of menstruation
d. 72 hrs of implantation
Answer:
Emergency contraceptives are most effective when taken within 72 hours (3 days) after unprotected intercourse. They work by preventing ovulation or fertilisation. If implantation has already occurred, the pill won’t work, which is why timing is everything here.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) 72 hours of coitus.
Question:7
Choose the right one among the statements given below:
a. IUDs are generally inserted by the user herself.
b. IUDs increase phagocytosis reaction in the uterus
c. IUDs suppress gametogenesis
d. IUDs, once inserted, need not be replaced
Answer:
IUDs (like Copper-T) work by increasing phagocytosis, basically alerting the immune cells to destroy any sperm that enter the uterus. They don’t interfere with hormone production, ovulation, or gamete formation. Also, they must be inserted by medical professionals.
Hence, the correct answer is option (b) IUDs increase phagocytosis reaction in the uterus.
Question:8
The following statements are given regarding MTP. Choose the correct options given below: -
i. MTPs are generally advised during the first trimester
ii. MTPs are used as a contraceptive method
iii. MTPs are always surgical
iv. MTPs require the assistance of qualified medical personnel
(a) ii and iii (b) ii and iii (c) i and iv (d) i and ii
Answer:
MTP is allowed only in certain conditions, mostly during the first trimester for safety reasons. It must be done under medical supervision—always. It’s not a form of contraception, and not always surgical (there are medical pill-based options too). So, only (i) and (iv) hold true.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) i and iv.
Question:9
From the sexually transmitted diseases mentioned below, identify the one which does not specifically affect the sex organs:
a. Syphilis
b. AIDS
c. Gonorrhoea
d. Genital warts
Answer:
AIDS is caused by the HIV virus and spreads through sexual contact, but it doesn’t attack reproductive organs directly. It damages the immune system. In contrast, syphilis, gonorrhoea, and genital warts target sex organs and cause local symptoms.
Hence, the correct answer is option (b) AIDS.
Question:10
Condoms are one of the most popular contraceptives because of the following reasons:
a. These are effective barriers for insemination
b. They do not interfere with coital act
c. These help in reducing the risk of STDs
d. All of the above
Answer:
Condoms are affordable, non-invasive, and easy to use. They prevent fertilisation, don’t mess with hormones or natural functions, and act as a shield against STDs. That’s a triple win. No wonder they’re among the most widely accepted forms of contraception.
Hence, the correct answer is option (d) All of the above.
Question:11
Choose the correct statement regarding the ZIFT procedure:
a. Ova collected from a female donor are transferred to the fallopian tube to facilitate zygote formation.
b. A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube
c. A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus
d. Ova collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus
Answer:
In ZIFT (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer), a zygote formed in a lab is transferred into the fallopian tube, not the uterus. The aim is to allow the embryo to develop naturally and reach the uterus as a blastocyst for implantation. This makes ZIFT more “natural” than embryo transfer.
Hence, the correct answer is option (b) A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube.
Question:12
The correct surgical procedure as a contraceptive method is:
a. Ovariectomy
b. Hysterectomy
c. Vasectomy
d. Castration
Answer:
Vasectomy is a surgical male contraceptive method where the vas deferens is cut and tied to prevent sperm release. It’s quick, effective, and doesn’t interfere with libido or hormonal levels. Other listed options involve removal of organs and are not contraceptive procedures.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Vasectomy.
Question:13
Diaphragms are contraceptive devices used by females. Choose the correct option from the statements given below:
i. They are introduced into the uterus
ii. They are placed to cover the cervical region
iii. They act as physical barriers for sperm entry
iv. They act as spermicidal agents
(a) I and ii, (b) I and iii, (c) ii and iii, (d) iii & iv
Answer:
Diaphragms are soft rubber barriers placed over the cervix to block sperm from entering the uterus. They do not enter the uterus and have no chemical action—they simply prevent fertilisation by physically blocking sperm movement. So only statements (ii) and (iii) are correct.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) ii and iii.
The detailed answers to the Short answer questions are given below:
Question:1
Reproductive health refers only to healthy reproductive functions. Comment.
Answer:
Reproductive health pertains to the proper functioning of all the key aspects of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional, social, and behavioural, i.e. all the reproductive organs.Question:2
Answer:
The government’s Reproductive and Child Health Care programme is aimed at raising awareness regarding the reproduction-related topics amongst the common people. The end result desired from this programme is a reduction in mortality rates of mothers and infants.Question:3
The present population growth rate in India is alarming. Suggest ways to check it.
Answer:
Following are some of the ways to keep the present population growth rate in check: -Question:4
STDs can be considered as self-inflicted diseases. Comment
Answer:
STDs or Sexually Transmitted Diseases are those diseases which are transferred to another individual through sexual intercourse. They are sometimes regarded as Reproductive Tract Infections.Question:5
Answer:
The following are the various reproduction-related aspects in which counselling should be provided at the school level: -Question:6
Mention the primary aim of the “Assisted Reproductive Technology” (ART) programme.
Answer:
“Assisted Reproductive Technology” (ART) programme is designed to help infertile couples have their kids with the help of the specified techniques.Question:7
What is the significance of the progesterone-estrogen combination as a contraceptive measure?
Answer:
As a contraceptive measure, progesterone-estrogen combination changes the quality of cervical mucus, thereby preventing sperm entry. It also stops implantation and ovulation.Question:8
Answer:
The need for strict conditions to be followed in the medical termination of pregnancy are present because of the following reasons: -Question:9
Males in whom the testes fail to descend to the scrotum are generally infertile. Why?
Answer:
If the testes are unable to descend to the scrotum, they will not be able to produce sperm as they are extremely sensitive to temperature. As a result, gametogenesis is inhibited, causing infertility.Question:10
Mention two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method.
Answer:
Two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method are as follows: -NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions Subject Wise
Follow the steps below to solve questions effectively and strengthen your understanding of this chapter's concepts.
First, students have to read the chapter carefully to understand all the important definitions, concepts, and processes related to this chapter.
Focus should be given on topics like contraception, infertility, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), along with their treatment.
Students should make short notes of important topics, like types of contraceptives, their advantages, and side effects, that help in saving their time while doing revision.
Solve and practice NCERT exercise questions, exemplar problems, and previous year questions for better understanding.
Regular revision is required to get a clear vision of all the concepts and topics.
Also, read the NCERT Solution subject-wise
Some important Topics to study from Reproductive Health:
Also, check the NCERT Books and the NCERT Syllabus here
Provided below are some important questions from this chapter that will help you understand the topic better and do well in your exam.
Question: Match List I with List II :
List I | List II | ||
A | Non-medicated IUD | I | Multiload 375 |
B | Copper releasing IUD | II | Progestogens |
C | Hormone releasing IUD | III | Lippes loop |
D | Implants | IV | LNG-20 |
Choose the correct answer from the option given below:
1. A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
2. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
3. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
4. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Answer: The correct answer is option 4)A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II.
Explanation:
Must Read NCERT Notes subject-wise
The table below provides direct links to important practice questions and solutions for each chapter.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, including physical, emotional, behavioral, and social aspects
Aspects include reproductive health problems, population explosion, birth control, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility
Methods include natural (e.g., periodic abstinence), barrier (e.g., condoms), IUDs, and hormonal pills
Amniocentesis involves sampling amniotic fluid to detect genetic disorders in the fetus, but it is not specifically covered in Chapter 4.
Diseases include gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, and HIV/AIDS
On Question asked by student community
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Yes, if you miss the 1st CBSE exam due to valid reasons, then you can appear for the 2nd CBSE compartment exam.
From the academic year 2026, the board will conduct the CBSE 10th exam twice a year, while the CBSE 12th exam will be held once, as per usual. For class 10th, the second phase exam will act as the supplementary exam. Check out information on w hen the CBSE first exam 2026 will be conducted and changes in 2026 CBSE Board exam by clicking on the link .
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