NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Solutions

Q.1.2 Give an example of a solid solution in which the solute is a gas.

Answer:

Solution of hydrogen in palladium is such an example in which solute is a gas and solvent is solid.

Q.1.3(i) Define the following terms:

Mole fraction

Answer :

Mole fraction is defined as the ratio of a number of moles of a component and total number of moles in all components.

i.e., _{$Molefraction=\frac{Numberofmolesinacomponent}{Totalnumberofmolesinallcomponents}$}

Q.1.3(ii) Define the following terms:

Molality

Answer :

It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per kg (1000g) of solvent

i.e., $Molality=\frac{Numberofmolesofsolute}{MassofsolventinKg}$

It is independent of temperature.

Q1.3(iii) Define the following terms:

Molarity

Answer :

Molarity is defined as a number of moles of solute dissolved per litre(or 1000ml) of solution.

i.e., $Molarity=\frac{No.ofmolesofsolute}{Volumeofsolutioninlitre}$

It depends on temperature because volume is dependent on temperature.

Q1.3(iv) Define the following terms:

Mass percentage.

Answer :

Mass percentage is defined as the percentage ratio of mass of one component to the total mass of all the components.

i.e., $Masspercentage=\frac{Massofacomponent}{Totalmassofsolution}\times 100$

Q1.4 Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is _{$68\mathrm{\%}$} nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is _{$1.504gm{L}^{-1}?$}

Answer :

According to given question, in 100 g of solution 68 g is nitric acid and rest is water.

So moles of 68 g HNO₃ :-

$=\frac{68}{63}=1.08$

Density of solution is given to be 1.504.

So volume of 100 g solution becomes :-

$=\frac{100}{1.504}=66.49mL$

Thus, molarity of nitric acid is :

$Molarity=\frac{1.08}{\frac{66.49}{1000}}=16.24M$

Q1.5 A solution of glucose in water is labelled as $10\mathrm{\%}$ w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is _{$1.2gm{L}^{-1},$} then what shall be the molarity of the solution?

Answer :

According to question, $10\mathrm{\%}$ mass percentage means in 100 g of solution 10 g glucose is dissolved in 90 g water.

Molar mass of glucose (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ ) = $180gmo{l}^{-1}$

So moles of glucose are :

$\frac{10}{180}=0.056mol$

$Molesofwater=\frac{90}{18}=5mol$

$Molality=\frac{0.056}{0.09}=0.62m$

Mole fraction :-

$\frac{0.056}{0.056+5}=0.011$

Molarity :- Volume of 100 g solution :

$=\frac{100}{1.2}=83.3mL$

$Molarity=\frac{0.056}{83.33\times {10}^{-3}}=0.67M$

Q1.6 How many mL of $0.1MHCl$ are required to react completely with _$1g$ mixture of _{$N{a}_{2}C{O}_3$} and _{$NaHC{O}_3$} containing equimolar amounts of both?

Answer :

Total amount of mixture of Na ₂ CO ₃ and NaHCO ₃ = 1 g.

Let the amount of Na ₂ CO ₃ be x g.

So the amount of NaHCO ₃ will be equal to (1 - x) g.

$MolarmassofN{a}_{2}C{O}_3=106;molarmassofNaHC{O}_3=84$

Now it is given that it is an equimolar mixture.

So, Moles of Na ₂ CO ₃ = Moles of NaHCO ₃ .

or $\frac{x}{106}=\frac{1-x}{84}$

or x = 0.558 g

So _{$MolesofN{a}_{2}C{O}_3=\frac{0.558}{106}=0.00526$}

and _{$MolesofNaHC{O}_3=\frac{1-0.558}{84}=0.0053$}

$\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{HCl}(aq)+{\mathrm{Na}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3(aq)⟶{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}(t)+{\mathrm{CO}}_2(g)+2\mathrm{NaCl}(aq)\\ {\mathrm{NaHCO}}_3+\mathrm{HCl}⟶\mathrm{NaCl}+{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3\end{array}$

It is clear that for 1 mol of Na ₂ CO ₃ 2 mol of HCl is required, similarly for 1 mol of NaHCO ₃ 1 mol of HCl is required.

So number of moles required of HCl = 2(0.00526) + 0.0053 = 0.01578 mol

It is given that molarity of HCl is 0.1 which means 0.1 mol of HCl in 1l of solution.

Thus required volume :

$=\frac{0.01578}{0.1}=0.1578l=157.8mL$

Q1.7 A solution is obtained by mixing _$300g$ of $25\mathrm{\%}$ solution and _$400g$ of $40\mathrm{\%}$ solution by mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.

Answer :

According to question we have 2 solute,

Solute 1. : $25\mathrm{\%}$ of 300 g gives :

$\frac{25}{100}\times 300=75g$

Solute 2. : $40\mathrm{\%}$ of 400 g gives :

$\frac{40}{100}\times 400=160g$

So total amount of solute = 75 + 160 = 235 g.

Thus mass percentage of solute is :

$=\frac{235}{700}\times 100=33.5\mathrm{\%}$

and mass percentage of water _{$=100-33.5=66.5\mathrm{\%}$}

Q1.8 An antifreeze solution is prepared from _$222.6g$ of ethylene glycol _{$(C_2{H}_6{O}_2)$} and _$200g$ of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is _{$1.072gm{L}^{-1}$} then what shall be the molarity of the solution?

Answer :

For finding molality we need to find the moles of ethylene glycol.

Moles of ethylene glycol :

$=\frac{222.6}{62}=3.59mol$

We know that :

$Molality=\frac{Molesofethyleneglycol}{Massofwater}\times 100$

$=\frac{3.59}{200}\times 100=17.95m$

Now for molarity :-

Total mass of solution = 200 + 222.6 = 422.6 g

Volume of solution

$=\frac{422.6}{1.072}=394.22mL$

So molarity :-

$=\frac{3.59}{394.22}\times 1000=9.11M$

Q1.9(i) A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform _{$(CHC{l}_3)$} supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was _$15ppm$ (by mass):

express this in percent by mass

Answer :

We know that 15 ppm means 15 parts per million.

Required percent by mass :

$=\frac{Massofchlorofoam}{Totalmass}\times 100$

$=\frac{15}{{10}^6}\times 100=1.5\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{\%}$

Q1.9(ii) A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform _{$(CHC{l}_3)$} supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was _$15ppm$ (by mass):

determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.

Answer :

Moles of chloroform :

$=\frac{15}{119.5}=0.1255mol$

Mass of water is ${10}^6$ . (Since contamination is 15 ppm)

So molality will be :

$=\frac{0.1255}{{10}^6}\times 1000=1.255\times {10}^{-4}m$

Q1.10 What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?

Answer :

Both alcohol and water individually have strong hydrogen bonds as their force of attraction. When we mix alcohol with water they form solution due to the formation of hydrogen bonds but they are weaker as compared to hydrogen bonds of pure water or pure alcohol.

Thus this solution shows a positive deviation from the ideal behaviour.

Q1.11 Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?

Answer:

It is known that dissolution of gas in a liquid is an exothermic process. So, by Le Chatelier principle we know that equilibrium shifts backwards as we increase temperature in case of exothermic process. Thus gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised.

Q1.12 State Henry’s law and mention some important applications.

Answer :

According to Henry's law at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of the solution or liquid.

i.e., p = k _h x, Here k _h is Henry’s law constant.

Some of its applications are as follows:-

(a) We can increase the solubility of CO ₂ in soft drinks, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.

(b) To avoid bends (due to blockage of capillaries) and the toxic effects of high concentrations of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen).

(c) The partial pressure of oxygen is less at high altitudes than that at the ground level. This leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues climbers. Due to low blood oxygen, climbers become weak and unable to think clearly which are symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.

Q1.13 The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing _{$6.56\times {10}^{-3}g$} of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains _{$5.00\times {10}^{-2}g$} of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?

Answer :

Using Henry's Law we can write,

$m=k.P$

Putting value in this equation, we get :

$6.56\times {10}^{-3}=k\times 1$

So, the magnitude of k is _{$6.56\times {10}^{-3}$ .}

Now, we will again use the above equation for _{$m=5.0\times {10}^{-2}g$ .}

So the required partial pressure is :-

$p=\frac{m}{k}=\frac{5.0\times {10}^{-2}}{6.56\times {10}^{-3}}$

or $p=7.62bar$

Q1.14 What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign of _{${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{mix}H$} related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?

Answer :

Positive and negative deviation: - A non-ideal solution is defined as a solution which does not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration i.e., _{${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{Mix}H\ne 0$} and _{${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{Mix}V\ne 0$} . The vapour pressure of these solutions is either higher or lower than that expected by Raoult’s law. If vapour pressure is higher, the solution shows a positive deviation and if it is lower, it shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

Enthalpy relation to positive and negative deviation can be understood from the following example:-

Consider a solution made up of two components - A and B. In the pure state the intermolecular force of attraction between them are A-A and B-B. But when we mix the two, we get a binary solution with molecular interaction A-B.

If A-B interaction is weak than A-A and B-B then enthalpy of reaction will be positive thus reaction will tend to move in a backward direction. Hence molecules in binary solution will have a higher tendency to escape. Thus vapour pressure increases and shows positive deviation from the ideal behaviour.

Similarly, for negative deviation, A-B interaction is stronger than that of A-A and B-B.

Q1.15 An aqueous solution of $2\mathrm{\%}$ non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?

Answer :

It is given that $2\mathrm{\%}$ of aq. solution. This means 2 g of non-volatile solute in 98 g of H ₂ O.

Also the vapour of water at normal boiling point = 1.013 bar.

Using Raoult's law :

$\frac{p_w^{\circ }-p}{p_w^{\circ }}=\frac{w_2.M_1}{w_1.M_2}$

So we get :

$M_2=\frac{2\times 18\times 1.013}{0.009\times 98}=41.35gmo{l}^{-1}$

Thus the molar mass of non-volatile solute is 41.35 unit.

Q1.16 Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At $373K$ , the vapour pressures of the two liquid components are $105.2kPa$ and $46.8kPa$ respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of _$26.0g$ of heptane and _$35g$ of octane?

Answer :

Vapour pressure of heptane = _{$p_h^{\circ }=105.2KPa$}

and vapour pressure of octane = _{$p_o^{\circ }=46.8KPa$}

Firstly we will find moles of heptane and octane so that we can find vapour pressure of each.

Molar mass of heptane = 7(12) + 16(1) = 100 unit.

and molar mass of octane = 8(12) + 18(1) = 114 unit.

So moles of heptane :

$\frac{26}{100}=0.26$

and moles of octane :

$\frac{35}{114}=0.31$

Mole fraction of heptane = 0.456 and mole fraction of octane = 0.544

Now we will find the partial vapour pressure:-

(i) of heptane :- _{$p_h=0.456\times 105.2=47.97KPa$}

(ii) of octane :- $p_o=0.544\times 46.8=25.46KPa$

So total pressure of solution = $p_h+p_o$

= 47.97 + 25.46 = 73.43 KPa

Q1.17 The vapour pressure of water is $12.3kPa$ at $300K.$ Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it.

Answer :

It is asked the vapour pressure of 1 molal solution which means 1 mol of solute in 1000 g H ₂ O.

Moles in 1000g of water = 55.55 mol. (Since the molecular weight of H ₂ O is 18)

Mole fraction of solute :

$\frac{1}{1+55.55}=0.0177$

Applying the equation :

$\frac{p_w^{\circ }-p}{p_w^{\circ }}=x_2$

or $\frac{12.3-p}{12.3}=0.0177$

or $p=12.083KPa$

Thus the vapour pressure of the solution is 12.083 KPa

Q1.18 Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute _{$(molarmass40gmo{l}^{-1})$} which should be dissolved in _$114g$ octane to reduce its vapour pressure to $80\mathrm{\%}$ .

Answer :

Let the initial vapour pressure of octane = $p_o^{\circ }$ .

After adding solute to octane, the vapour pressure becomes :

$=\frac{80}{100}\times p_o^{\circ }=0.8p_o^{\circ }$

Moles of octane :

$=\frac{114}{114}=1$ $(Molarmassofoctane=8(12)+18(1)=114gmo{l}^{-1})$

Using Raoult's law we get :

$\frac{p_o^{\circ }-p}{p_o^{\circ }}=x_2$

or $\frac{p_o^{\circ }-0.8p_o^{\circ }}{p_o^{\circ }}=\frac{\frac{W}{40}}{\frac{W}{40}+1}$

or $w=10g$

Thus required mass of non-volatile solute = 10g.

Q1.19(i) A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in _$90g$ of water has a vapour pressure of $2.8kPa$ at $298K.$. Further, _$18g$ of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes $2.9kPa$ at $298K.$. Calculate:

the molar mass of the solute

Answer :

In this question, we will find the molar mass of the solute by using Raoult's law.

Let the molar mass of the solute be M.

Initially, we had 30 g of solute and 90 g of water.

Moles of water :

$\frac{90}{18}=5mol$

By Raoult's law we have:-

$\frac{p_w^{\circ }-p}{p_w^{\circ }}=\frac{n_2}{n_1+n_2}$

or $\frac{p_w^{\circ }-2.8}{p_w^{\circ }}=\frac{\frac{30}{M}}{5+\frac{30}{M}}=\frac{30}{5M+30}$

or $\frac{p_w^{\circ }}{2.8}=\frac{5M+30}{5M}$ ------------------------------ (i)

Now we have added 18 g of water more, so the equation becomes:

Moles of H ₂ O :

$\frac{90+18}{18}=6mol$

Putting this in above equation we obtain:-

$\frac{p_w^{\circ }-2.9}{p_w^{\circ }}=\frac{\frac{30}{M}}{6+\frac{30}{M}}=\frac{30}{6M+30}$

or $\frac{p_w^{\circ }}{2.9}=\frac{6M+30}{6M}$ -----------------------------------(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii) we get

M = 23 u

So the molar mass of solute is 23 units.

Q1.19(ii) A solution containing $30g$ of non-volatile solute exactly in $90g$ of water has a vapour pressure of $2.8kPa$ at $298K$ Further, $18g$ of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes $2.9kPa$ at $298K.$ Calculate

vapour pressure of water at 298 K.

Answer :

In the previous part we have calculated the value of molar mass the Raoul's law equation.

We had :-

$\frac{p_w^{\circ }}{2.8}=\frac{5M+30}{5M}$

Putting M = 23 u in the above equation we get,

$\frac{p_w^{\circ }}{2.8}=\frac{5(23)+30}{5(23)}=\frac{145}{115}$

or $p_w^{\circ }=3.53$

Thus vapour pressure of water = 3.53 kPa.

Q1.20 A $5\mathrm{\%}$ solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of $271K.$ Calculate the freezing point of $5\mathrm{\%}$ glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is $273.15K.$

Answer :

It is given that freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.

So, elevation of freezing point = 273.15 - 271 = 2.15 K

$5\mathrm{\%}$ solution means 5 g solute in 95 g of water.

Moles of cane sugar :

$=\frac{5}{342}=0.0146$

Molality :

$=\frac{0.0146}{0.095}=0.1537$

We also know that - _{$\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_f=k_f\times m$}

or $k_f=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_f}{m}=13.99KKgmo{l}^{-1}$

Now we will use the above procedure for glucose.

$5\mathrm{\%}$ of glucose means 5 g of gluocse in 95 g of H ₂ O.

Moles of glucose :

$\frac{5}{180}=0.0278$

Thus molality :

$=\frac{.0278}{0.095}=0.2926molk{g}^{-1}$

So, we can find the elevation in freezing point:

$\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_f=k_f\times m$

$=13.99\times 0.2926=4.09K$

Thus freezing point of glucose solution is 273.15 - 4.09 = 269.06 K.

Q1.21 Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB ₂ and AB ₄ . When dissolved in 20 g of benzene _{$(C_6{H}_6),$ $1g$} of AB ₂ lowers the freezing point by $2.3K$ whereas _$1.0g$ of AB ₄ lowers it by $1.3K$ . The molar depression constant for benzene is _{$5.1Kkgmo{l}^{-1}.$} Calculate atomic masses of A and B.

Answer :

In this question we will use the formula :

$\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_f=k_f\times m$

Firstly for compound AB ₂ :-

$M_B=\frac{K_f\times W_b\times 1000}{w_A\times \mathrm{\Delta }{T}_f}$

or $=\frac{5.1\times 1\times 1000}{20\times 2.3}=110.87g/mol$

Similarly for compound AB ₄ :-

$M_B=\frac{5.1\times 1\times 1000}{20\times 1.3}=196g/mol$

If we assume atomic weight of element A to be x and of element B to be y, then we have :-

x + 2y = 110.87 ----------------- (i)

x + 4y = 196 ----------------- (ii)

Solving both the equations, we get :-

x = 25.59 ; y = 42.6

Hence atomic mass of element A is 25.59u and atomic mass of element B is 42.6u.

Q1.22 At _$300K,$ 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of $4.98bar.$ If the osmotic pressure of the solution is $1.52bars$ at the same temperature, what would be its concentration?

Answer :

According to given conditions we have same solution under same temperature. So we can write :

$\frac{{\mathrm{\Pi }}_1}{C_1}=\frac{{\mathrm{\Pi }}_2}{C_2}$ $(\mathrm{\Pi }=C.R.T;RT=\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }}{C})$

So, if we put all the given values in above equation, we get

$\frac{4.98}{\frac{36}{180}}=\frac{1.52}{C_2}$

or $C_2=\frac{1.52\times 36}{4.98\times 180}=0.061M$

Hence the required concentration is 0.061 M.

Q1.23(i) Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.

n-hexane and n-octane

Answer :

Since both the compounds are alkanes so their mixture has van der Waal force of attraction between compounds.

Q1.23(ii) Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.

_{$I_{2}andCC{l}_4$}

Answer :

The binary mixture of these compounds has van der Waal force of attraction between them.

Q1.23(iii) Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.

_{$NaCl{O}_{4}andWater$}

Answer :

The given compounds will have ion-dipole interaction between them.

Q1.23(iv) Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.

$methanolandacetone$

Answer :

Methanol has -OH group and acetone has ketone group. So there will be hydrogen bonding between them.

Q1.23(v) Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.

acetonitrile _{$(C{H}_{3}CN)$} and acetone _{$(C_3{H}_{6}O).$}

Answer :

They will have dipole-dipole interaction since both are polar compounds.

Q1.24 Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain.

Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.

Answer :

The order will be : Cyclohexane > CH ₃ CN > CH ₃ OH > KCl

In this, we have used the fact that like dissolves like.

Since cyclohexane is an alkane so its solubility will be maximum.

Q1.25(i) Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?

phenol

Answer :

We know the fact that like dissolves in like.

Since phenol is had both polar and non-polar group so it is partially soluble in water.

Q1.25(ii) Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?

toluene

Answer :

Since toluene is a non-polar compound i.e., it doesn't have any polar group so it is insoluble in water. (because water is a polar compound)

Q1.25(iii) Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?

formic acid

Answer :

Since the -OH group in formic acid (polar) can form H-bonds with water thus it is highly soluble in water.

Q1.25(iv) Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?

ethylene glycol

Answer :

Ethylene glycol is an organic compound but is polar in nature. Also, it can form H-bonds with water molecules, thus it is highly soluble in water.

Q1.25(v) Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?

chloroform

Answer :

Chloroform is a non-polar compound so it is insoluble in water.

Q1.25(vi) Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?

pentanol

Answer :

Pentanol has both polar and non-polar groups so it is partially soluble in water.

Q.1.26 If the density of some lake water is $1.25gm{L}^{-1}$ and contains $92g$ of $N{a}^{+}ions$ per kg of water, calculate the molality of $N{a}^{+}ions$ in the lake.

Answer :

We know that, Molality :

$Molality=\frac{Molesofsolute}{MassofsolventinKg}$

So, for moles of solute we have :

$MolesofN{a}^{+}=\frac{92}{23}=4$

Thus, molality :

$=\frac{4}{1}=4$

Molality of Na ⁺ ions is 4m.

Q1.27 If the solubility product of $CuS$ is $6\times {10}^{-16}$ , calculate the maximum molarity of $CuS$ in aqueous solution.

Answer :

We are given, _{$K_{sp}=6\times {10}^{-16}$}

The dissociation equation of CuS is given by :-

$\mathrm{CuS}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}+{\mathrm{S}}^{2-}$

So, the equation becomes :- _{$K_{sp}=C{u}^{2+}\times S^{2-}$}

or $K_{sp}=s\times s=s^2$

or $s=2.45\times {10}^{-8}M$

Thus maximum molarity of solution is $2.45\times {10}^{-8}M$ .

Q1.28 Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin _{$(C_9{H}_8{O}_4)$} in acetonitrile _{$(C{H}_{3}CN)$} when _$6.5g$ of _{$C_9{H}_8{O}_4$} is dissolved in _$450g$ of _{$C{H}_{3}CN$} .

Answer :

Total mass of solution = Mass of aspirin + Mass of acetonitrile = 6.5 + 450 = 456.5 g.

We know that :

$Masspercentage=\frac{Massofsolute}{Massofsolution}\times 100$