NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Q: What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?

Dominant Traits: Expressed even if only one dominant allele is present (e.g., BB or Bb). Recessive Traits: Only expressed when both alleles are recessive (e.g., bb). Dominant alleles mask recessive traits. These basic concepts are clearly explained in the Principles of Inheritance and Variation NCERT PDF, which helps students understand genetic traits with simple examples.

Irshad AnwarUpdated on 22 Aug 2025, 11:42 AM IST

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation help students understand how traits are inherited by offspring from their parents. This chapter will include the fundamentals of genetics and heredity, which involve Mendel's laws, kinds of inheritance, sex determination, mutations, and genetic disorders. The NCERT solutions help students clarify their concepts and improve their performance in board exams as well as entrance exams, such as NEET.

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Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 NCERT Solutions- PDF Download
Get Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Solutions (Exercise Questions)
Approach to Solve Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Question Answer
Important Question from Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Solutions
What Extra Should Students Study Beyond the NCERT for NEET?
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology: Chapter-wise

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

The Chapter 4 NCERT 12th Biology solution describes important terms such as dominant and recessive genes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. In this article, students can find the detailed Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Solutions. By going through these NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology, they will be able to learn and practice questions easily that are important for exams. The explanations given in the solutions explain the concepts in a better way and help students build a strong foundation in genetics. Principles of Inheritance and Variation NCERT PDF also includes important diagrams and examples that are often asked in exams.

Also Read,

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 NCERT Solutions- PDF Download

Students can download the PDF from the link given below to make quick and easy revision before exams. All answers are explained clearly to help understand key topics. These solutions are based on the latest syllabus and are well explained in the NCERT Solutions for Class 12.

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Get Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Solutions (Exercise Questions)

This chapter explains different principles of inheritance and variation in an easy way. To make learning easier, Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 question answers are given that help students practice all important concepts. Solving these questions regularly builds a strong base and boosts confidence for exams.

Q1. Mention the advantages of selecting a pea plant for the experiment by Mendel.

Answer:

The merits of choosing a garden pea (Pisum sativum) for experimentation by Mendel are:

Pea possesses numerous visible contrasting characters.
The duration of the life of pea plants is short, and they yield numerous seeds in a single generation.
Pea flowers are bisexual and exhibit self-pollination, with reproductive whorls being covered by the corolla.
It is not difficult to artificially cross-pollinate the pea flowers. The hybrids thus obtained were fertile.

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Q2. Differentiate between the following

(a) Dominant and Recessive

Answer:

Dominance	Recessive
Expressed in the presence of an allele	Only expressed if the dominant is absent
Functional enzyme produced	Defective or non-functional enzyme

(b) Homozygous and Heterozygous

Answer:

Homozygous	Heterozygous
Identical alleles (TT)	Different alleles (Tt)
One type of gamete	Two types of gametes

Answer:

Monohybrid	Dihybrid
One trait considered	Two traits considered
Tall vs. Dwarf pea plants	Round/Yellow vs. Wrinkled/Green seeds

Q3. A diploid organism is heterozygous for 4 loci. How many types of gametes can be produced?

Answer:

If a diploid organism is heterozygous at 4 loci, it implies it has four genes where it possesses two distinct alleles at each of the four loci.

We calculate the number of various gametes that can be formed by the formula 2n, where n represents the number of heterozygous loci.

Here, n = 4, thus the number of gametes = 24 = 16.

Thus, 16 different varieties of gametes can be formed.

Q4. Explain the Law of Dominance using a monohybrid cross.

Answer:

The Law of Dominance, as suggested by Mendel, is:

Traits are determined by factors (genes) that come in pairs (alleles).
In a heterozygous organism, one allele (the dominant allele) suppresses the expression of the other allele (the recessive allele).
The recessive allele is expressed only when it is in a homozygous state.
A monohybrid cross illustrates this law well. For instance, cross-pollinating a homozygous tall pea plant (TT) with a homozygous dwarf pea plant (tt):
P Generation: Tall (TT) x Dwarf (tt)
F1 Generation: All the offspring are heterozygous (Tt) and tall. The tall allele (T) is dominant to the dwarf allele (t), and therefore all plants have the tall phenotype, suppressing the dwarf trait.
F2 Generation: If the F1 generation (Tt) is self-pollinated, the F2 generation exhibits a 3:1 phenotypic ratio (3 tall: 1 dwarf). The dwarf trait re-emerges because some plants are now homozygous recessive (tt).
This re-emergence of the recessive trait in the F2 generation proves that the recessive allele existed in the F1 generation but its expression was suppressed by the dominant allele.

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Law of Dominance

In this cross, it can be seen that in the F1 generation, only tall plants were seen; no plant was a dwarf. However, in the F2 generation, the F1 progeny was self-crossed, three genotypes were observed, among these, the hybrids were showing the dominant trait.

Q5. Define and design a test cross.

Answer:

A test cross is a technique used to determine whether a person exhibiting a dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a particular character.

Definition: The cross between an F1 hybrid and its homozygous recessive parent is called a test cross.

Design:

Choose a person showing the dominant phenotype but having an unknown genotype (e.g., a tall plant might be TT or Tt).
Cross this person with a homozygous recessive person (e.g., a dwarf plant with the genotype tt).

Examine the offspring:

If all offspring have the dominant phenotype, the mystery parent was most likely homozygous dominant (TT).
If the offspring have a 1:1 ratio of dominant and recessive phenotypes, the mystery parent was heterozygous (Tt).

Test cross

Q6. Using a Punnett Square, work out the distribution of phenotypic features in the first filial generation after a cross between a homozygous female and a heterozygous male for a single locus.

Answer:

Let's take one locus with alleles B (black coat colour, dominant) and b (white coat colour, recessive) in guinea pigs. A cross between a homozygous recessive female (bb) and a heterozygous male (Bb):

	B	b
b	Bb	bb
b	Bb	bb

Genotypes: 50% Bb (heterozygous), 50% bb (homozygous recessive)
Phenotypes: 50% black coat colour, 50% white coat colour
Ratio: The F1 progeny will show a 1:1 ratio of black coat colour to white coat colour.

Q7. When a cross is made between a tall plant with yellow seeds (TtYy) and a tall plant with green seeds (Ttyy), what proportions of phenotype in the offspring could be expected to be

(a) tall and green

Answer:

Let's perform the cross: TtYy x Ttyy

	TY	Ty	tY	ty
Ty	TTYy	TTyy	TtYy	Ttyy
ty	TtYy	Ttyy	ttYy	ttyy

From the Punnett square, we can determine the offspring phenotypes:

Tall and Yellow (T_Y_): TTYy, TtYy, TtYy (3)
Tall and green (T_yy): TTyy, Ttyy, Ttyy (3)
Dwarf and Yellow (ttYy): ttYy (1)
Dwarf and Green (ttyy): ttyy (1)
The genotypic ratio is 3:3:1:1

Hence, there will be plants showing three tall and green seed traits.

(b) dwarf and green

Answer:

(a) tall and green.

The proportion of tall and green offspring is 3/8 or 37.5%

(b) dwarf and green.

The proportion of dwarf and green offspring is 1/8 or 12.5%

Q8. Two heterozygous parents are crossed. If the two loci are linked, what would be the distribution of phenotypic features in the F1 generation for a dihybrid cross?

Answer:

When two heterozygotes are crossed (e.g., AaBb x AaBb) and the two loci (A/a and B/b) are linked, the segregation of the phenotypic traits in the F1 generation of a dihybrid cross is not in the usual 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Linkage: This is the physical linkage of genes on the same chromosome. Linked genes are inherited together.
If the genes are linked (no crossing over), only the parental phenotypes will be seen in the offspring.
If the genes are partially linked (crossing over has taken place), both parental and recombinant phenotypes will be seen, but the parental phenotypes will occur more often than the recombinant phenotypes.
For instance, Yellow body, white eyes, and wild-type parent cross in Drosophila. Hence, they are co-inherited in progenies. Parental types and recombinant types are 98.7% and 1.3%, respectively.

Q9. Briefly mention the contribution of T.H. Morgan to genetics.

Answer:

Contribution of T.H. Morgan to the discipline of genetics:

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance: Morgan, along with his co-worker, presented better evidence of genes on chromosomes rather than the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Sex-Linked Inheritance: Morgan showed sex-linked inheritance by studying Drosophila melanogaster and exhibiting that there are certain characteristics which are linked with sex chromosomes.
Linkage and Recombination: Morgan described the phenomenon of linkage (genes on the same chromosome are inherited together) and recombination (crossing over produces new combinations of alleles).
Mapping of Genes: Morgan's group established techniques to map the relative positions of genes on chromosomes in terms of recombination frequencies.

Q10. What is pedigree analysis? Suggest how such an analysis can be useful.

Answer:

Pedigree Analysis:

Definition: Pedigree analysis refers to the examination of the pattern of inheritance of a certain trait in a family line. It entails mapping a family pedigree and following the presence of the trait in generations.

Usefulness:

Determining Inheritance Pattern: Pedigree analysis determines if a trait is dominant, recessive, sex-linked, or autosomal.
Risk Prediction: It is possible to use it to estimate the likelihood of future offspring inheriting a given genetic condition.
Genetic Counselling: Genetic counsellors employ pedigree analysis to counsel families regarding their risk of having children with genetic disorders.
Identification of Carriers: Pedigrees can be used to identify carriers of recessive genetic disorders.

Q11. How is sex determined in human beings?

Answer:

Sex determination in human beings is on a chromosomal basis:

Human beings possess 23 pairs of chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
Females possess two X chromosomes (XX).
Males possess one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
In meiosis, females give rise to eggs that all carry an X chromosome.
Males give rise to sperm that are either X-bearing or Y-bearing.
If a sperm carrying X fertilises the egg, the child will be female (XX). If a Y-bearing sperm fertilises the egg, the child will be male (XY).

Thus, the offspring's sex is determined by the sperm.

Q12. A child has blood group O. If the father has blood group A and the mother's blood group B, work out the genotypes of the parents and the possible genotypes of the other offspring.

Answer:

If the child has an O blood group, then it is evident that the parents are heterozygous. Thus, the genotype of the father will be IAi and that of the mother will be IBi . The child having blood group O will have genotype ii. The other children may have genotypes IAi (A blood group), IBi (B blood group) and IAIB (AB blood group).

blood group

Q13 . Explain the following terms with an example

(a) Co-dominance

Answer:

Codominance-

It refers to the phenomenon of two alleles lacking a dominant-recessive relationship and both expressing themselves in the heterozygous condition. In human beings, ABO blood grouping is controlled by gene I. The gene has three alleles I A, I B and i. One person may have any two of these three alleles. Among these alleles, I A, and I B are dominant over i. Alleles IA and IB. When I A and I B are present together, both express themselves because of co-dominance.

(b) Incomplete dominance

Answer:

Incomplete dominance-

Incomplete dominance is the phenomenon of neither of the two alleles being dominant, so that expression in the hybrid is a fine mixture or intermediate between the expressions of the two alleles. In snapdragon ( Mirabilis jalapa), there are two types of pure breeding plants, red-flowered and white flowered. On crossing the two, F1 plants possess pink flowers. On selfing them, F2 generation has 1red: 2 pink: 1white. The pink flower is due to incomplete dominance

Q14. What is a point mutation? Give one example.

Answer:

Point Mutation: A mutation which is a change at one point or location in the DNA sequence. It is a single-base pair or a few-base pair change.
Example: Sickle cell anaemia. The disease is caused by a single base substitution in the gene for the beta-globin chain of haemoglobin. The GAG to GUG substitution at the sixth codon causes glutamic acid to be replaced by valine, leading to abnormal haemoglobin that causes red blood cells to develop sickle shapes.

Q15. Who proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

Answer:

Sutton and Baveri in 1902 proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

Q16. Mention any two autosomal genetic disorders with their symptoms.

Answer:

Sickle Cell Anaemia:

Genetic Basis: Autosomal recessive disease due to a mutation of the gene for beta-globin on chromosome 11.
Symptoms: Chronic anaemia, pain crises, fatigue, susceptibility to infection, retarded growth, and organ damage.

Down Syndrome:

Genetic Basis: Autosomal disease due to trisomy 21 (an extra copy of chromosome 21).
Symptoms: Mental retardation, characteristic face (e.g., flat nose, slanted eyes), heart malformation, and other medical disorders.

Also, check the NCERT Books and the NCERT Syllabus here:

Approach to Solve Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Question Answer

To solve the questions effectively, one needs to understand the concepts first. The chapter has certain key terms, such as Mendel's laws, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, mutation and genetic disorders. Making notes of the chapter is important; students can do it by highlighting all the important points and terms. The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation include answers in simple language and all necessary information. Students must practice these solutions to have an overall idea of the chapter and build confidence before the exams.

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Important Question from Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Solutions

Given below is a solved practice question from this chapter. To gain clarity and improve their knowledge, students need to practice different types of questions to get familiar with the question pattern. For this purpose, students can depend on the Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 NCERT Solutions.

Q1. Occasionally, a single gene may express more than one effect. The phenomenon is called:

Options:

1. Multiple allelism

2. Mosaicism

3. Pleiotropy

4. Polygeny

Answer:

The phenomenon known as pleiotropy refers to the expression of more than one effect by a single gene. This occurs when a gene is implicated in various biological pathways or processes, thereby influencing multiple, seemingly disparate traits or phenotypic attributes within an organism. A classic illustration of this is Marfan syndrome, a human genetic disorder resulting from a single gene mutation impacting connective tissue, which manifests in a spectrum of symptoms such as elongated limbs, cardiac issues, and ocular abnormalities.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3) Pleiotropy.

Also, Read the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Maths

NCERT syllabus for class 12 Chemistry

NCERT syllabus for class 12 Physics

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 English

What Extra Should Students Study Beyond the NCERT for NEET?

Studying concepts beyond the NCERT will help in gaining conceptual clarity. It will also help in answering application-based questions, especially for competitive exams or school exams. Some extra concepts that can be studied are given below. Along with this, students need to practice diagrams, flow charts and definitions which are given in the Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 NCERT Solutions.

Concepts	NCERT	NEET
Introduction to Genetics	✅	✅
Terminology of Genetics	✅	✅
Monohybrid Cross of Mendel	✅	✅
Interpretation of Monohybrid Cross: Law of Dominance	✅	✅
Interpretation of Monohybrid Cross: Law of Segregation	✅	✅
Test Cross	✅	✅
Dihybrid Cross	✅	✅
Law of Independent Assortment	✅	✅
Mathematical Calculation of Mendelian Analysis	✅	✅
Incomplete Dominance	✅	✅
Codominance	✅	✅
Multiple Alleles	✅	✅
Pleiotropy	✅	✅
Polygenic Inheritance	✅	✅
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance & T.H. Morgan	✅	✅
Linkage: Discovery & Meaning	✅	✅
Linkage Groups & Types of Linkage	✅	✅
Experiments of T.H Morgan	✅	✅
Gregor Johann Mendel- Father of Genetics	✅	✅
Sex Determination	✅	✅
Sex Determination: XX Female & XY Male Type	✅	✅
Sex Determination: XX Female & XO Male Type	✅	✅
Sex Determination: ZW Female & ZZ Males Type	✅	✅
Sex Determination: Z0 Female & ZZ Males Type	✅	✅
Haploid-diploid mechanism of sex determination	✅	✅
Mutations & Their Features	✅	✅
Mutagenesis & Mutagens	✅	✅
Types of Mutations	✅	✅
Chromosomal Mutations: Structural	✅	✅
Chromosomal Number Mutations	✅	✅
Pedigree Analysis	✅	✅
Determining the inheritance pattern of autosomal recessive disorder	✅	✅
Determining the inheritance pattern of autosomal dominant disorder:	✅	✅
Determining the inheritance pattern of X-linked recessive disorder:	✅	✅
Determining the inheritance pattern of X-linked dominant disorder	✅	✅
Human Genetic Disorders	✅	✅
Haemophilia	✅	✅
Colour Blindness	✅	✅
Sickle-cell Anaemia	✅	✅
Phenylketonuria	✅	✅
Chromosomal Disorders	✅	✅

NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions

Below are the links for other NCERT exemplar class 12 solutions that students can use while preparing for the board exam or any competitive exam.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology: Chapter-wise

Below mentioned are the Chapter-wise solutions:

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 2 Human Reproduction

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 3 Reproductive Health

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 5 Molecular basis of inheritance

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 6 Evolution

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 7 Human health and disease

NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare

NCERT Solutions for class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Biotechnology and its Application

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Organisms and Populations

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Ecosystem

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Biodiversity and Conservation

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What are the important topics of NCERT Solutions for biology class 12 chapter 4?

These are the important topics of the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation are:

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
Inheritance of One Gene
Law of Dominance
Law of Segregation
Inheritance of Two Genes
Sex Determination
Mutation
Genetic Disorders
Mutation
Genetic disorders

Q: what are the mendel's laws of inheritance given in biology class 12 chapter 4 pdf?

As Mendel proposed the principles of inheritance, which are today referred to as ‘Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance’. There are different types of law that you will study in the principle of inheritance and variation ncert pdf. For example:

Law of Dominance
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment, etc.

All these three laws, along with the punett square, are well explained in the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation.

Q: How to download NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4?

Students can download the Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 NCERT Solutions from the Careers360 page, which is
https://school.careers360.com/ncert/ncert-solutions-class-12-biology-chapter-4

Q: What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?

Dominant Traits: Expressed even if only one dominant allele is present (e.g., BB or Bb).
Recessive Traits: Only expressed when both alleles are recessive (e.g., bb). Dominant alleles mask recessive traits.

These basic concepts are clearly explained in the Principles of Inheritance and Variation NCERT PDF, which helps students understand genetic traits with simple examples.

Q: What are multiple alleles and co-dominance?

The difference between multiple alleles and co-dominance is given below. For more detailed information students can refer to Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 question answer.

Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles exist for a gene (e.g., ABO blood group system).
Co-dominance: Both alleles in a heterozygote are equally expressed (e.g., AB blood type).

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Questions related to CBSE Class 12th

On Question asked by student community

Have a question related to CBSE Class 12th ?

I gave my 12th exam this year in which I got less marks. Then I gave improvement exam in which also I could not score full marks. So can I become a private candidate and appear for the exam again next year or not?

Hello

Yes, if you’re not satisfied with your marks even after the improvement exam, many education boards allow you to reappear as a private candidate next year to improve your scores. This means you can register independently, study at your own pace, and take the exams without attending regular classes. It’s a good option to improve your results and open up more opportunities for higher studies or careers. Just make sure to check the specific rules and deadlines of your education board so you don’t miss the registration window. Keep your focus, and you will do better next time.

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SEJAL JAIN

20 Aug'25

i gave improvement 2025 as the roll no is different from my previous year marksheet so will i get new migration certificate

Hello Aspirant,

Yes, in the case that you appeared for the 2025 improvement exam and your roll number is different from what was on the previous year’s marksheet, the board will usually release a new migration certificate. This is because the migration certificate will reflect the most recent exam details, roll number and passing year. You can apply to get it from your board using the process prescribed by them either online or through your school/college.

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gopi

12 Aug'25

Can i give 2nd compartment in cbse if I skipped or was absent in the first one?

Yes, if you miss the 1st CBSE exam due to valid reasons, then you can appear for the 2nd CBSE compartment exam.

From the academic year 2026, the board will conduct the CBSE 10th exam twice a year, while the CBSE 12th exam will be held once, as per usual. For class 10th, the second phase exam will act as the supplementary exam. Check out information on w hen the CBSE first exam 2026 will be conducted and changes in 2026 CBSE Board exam by clicking on the link .

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Mallika Thaledder

29 Aug'25

i got compartment in one subject cbse mathematics but now i want to change my stream to humanities plss help me i am not connected to any school.just need you help

If you want to change your stream to humanities after getting a compartment in one subject in the CBSE 12th Board Exam , you actually have limited options to qualify for your board exams. You can prepare effectively and appear in the compartment examination for mathematics again. If you do not wish to continue with the current stream, you can take readmission in the Humanities stream and start from Class 11th again, and continue studying for two more years to qualify for the 12th examination.

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Priyanka Dasgupta

29 Aug'25

on which marks gujcet merit prepared?. can CBSE student compete after giving only gujcet with gbse student?

The GUJCET Merit List is prepared based on the Class 12th marks and GUJCET marks received by the students. CBSE students who are not from the Gujarat board can definitely compete with GSEB students, as their eligibility is decided based on the combined marks scored by them in GUJCET and the 12th board. The weightage of the GUJCET score is 40% and the weightage of the class 12 scores is 60%.

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Option 1) $0.34\; J$	Option 2) $0.16\; J$
Option 3) $1.00\; J$	Option 4) $0.67\; J$

Option 1) $2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J$	Option 2) $200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J$
Option 3) $2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J$	Option 4) $20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J$

Option 1) $K/2\,$	Option 2) $\; K\;$
Option 3) $zero\;$	Option 4) $K/4$

Option 1) $11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}$ at STP is produced for every mole $HCL_{(aq)}$ consumed	Option 2) $6L\, HCl_{(aq)}$ is consumed for ever $3L\, H_{2(g)}$ produced
Option 3) $33.6 L\, H_{2(g)}$ is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts	Option 4) $67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}$ at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

Option 1) 0.02	Option 2) 3.125 × 10^-2
Option 3) 1.25 × 10^-2	Option 4) 2.5 × 10^-2

Option 1) decrease twice	Option 2) increase two fold
Option 3) remain unchanged	Option 4) be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

Option 1) Molality	Option 2) Weight fraction of solute
Option 3) Fraction of solute present in water	Option 4) Mole fraction.

Option 1) twice that in 60 g carbon	Option 2) 6.023 × 10²²
Option 3) half that in 8 g He	Option 4) 558.5 × 6.023 × 10²³

Option 1) less than 3	Option 2) more than 3 but less than 6
Option 3) more than 6 but less than 9	Option 4) more than 9

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 NCERT Solutions- PDF Download

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Important Question from Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Solutions

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology: Chapter-wise

These are the important topics of the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation are:

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

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