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NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Jan 25, 2024 06:09 PM IST

Class 12 Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology are available in PDF format for free download at Careers360. CBSE Guide Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology chapter wise notes are available for quick revision and preparation for Class 12th Board exam. Class 12 NCERT Notes for Principles of Inheritance and Variation are the detailed notes which covers the 2023-24 syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 12 Biology textbook. Through the NCERT notes for CBSE Class 12 Principles of Inheritance and Variation biology notes, you will be able to solve all the doubts and questions of this chapter.

Chapter-wise Biology Notes For Class 12

NCERT Class 12 Biology notes are provided for 16 chapters. Along with NCERT notes, students can use NCERT solutions to exercise problems and CBSE previous year papers for board exam preparation.

Following are the links to the Biology class 12 notes PDF download for all Chapters:

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Notes CBSE Biology

Use the extensive Chapter 5 Revision Notes on Principles of Inheritance and Variation to effectively prepare for your CBSE Class 12 Biology final exams. Careers360 provides a concise summary of the chapter, along with diagrams, table, concepts, and examples for better understanding. alll in-text and exercise questions are solved in the NCERT Solutions.

Law of Inheritance or Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Who is the Father of Genetics? The answer is Gregor Johann Mendel.

  • Genetics is the study of principles and mechanisms of heredity and variation.
  • Inheritance is the process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny. It is the basis of heredity.
  • Variation is the degree to which progeny differ from their parents. Variation may be in terms of morphology, physiology, cytology, and behavioristic traits of individuals belonging to the same species.

  • Variation arises due to

    • Reshuffling of gene/chromosomes.

    • Crossing over or recombination

    • Mutation and effect of environment.

In class 12 Biology chapter 5 notes, you will study: Mendel’s Law of Inheritance: Mendel conducted a seven-year experiment on pea hybrids (Pisum sativum) and used the results to develop his theory of inheritance.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12th Notes:
Selection of pea plant: The main reasons for adopting garden pea (Pisum sativum) for experiments by Mendel were –

  • Pea has many distinct and contrasting characters.

  • The life span of pea plants is short.

  • Pea plant flowers show self-pollination and reproductive whorls being enclosed by corolla.

  • It is easy to artificially cross-pollinate the pea flowers and they were fertile too.

NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes: How is Mendel’s method working?

Mendel’s success was also due to his meticulous planning and method of work –

  • Mendel studied only one character at a time for a deep evaluation.

  • He used all available techniques to avoid cross-pollination by undesirable pollen grains.

  • He applied mathematics and statistics as well to analyze the results obtained by him and this is mentioned in Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 notes.

  • Mendel selected 7 contrasting characters of a garden pea for his hybridization experiments and studied their contrasting characters.

S. No.

Character

Contrasting character (Dominant/Recessive)

1

Stem height

Tall/Dwarf

2

Flower colour

Violet/White

3

Flower position

Axial/Terminal

4

Pod shape

Inflated/Constricted

5

Pod colour

Green/Yellow

6

Seed shape

Round/wrinkled

7

Seed colour

Yellow/Green


  • Mendel conducted artificial hybridization/cross-pollination using true-breeding pea lines. True breeding lines are those that undergo continuous self-pollination and shows stable trait inheritance.

  • Hybridization experiment includes emasculation (removal of anther) and transfer of pollen (pollination).

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12th Notes: Inheritance of one gene (Monohybrid cross)

Mendel crossed tall and dwarf pea plants and collected all the seeds obtained from this cross, then he grew all the seeds to generate plants of the first hybrid generation which will be called F1 generation and then he observed that all the plants are having tall characteristics. A similar observation was also found in other pairs of traits.

Mendel self-pollinated the F1 plants and found that in F2 generation some plants are also dwarf. The proportion of dwarf plants is 1/4th and tall plants of 3/4th.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology

  • Mendel called these factors 'factors' that are passed from one generation to the next. Nowadays it is called a gene (unit of inheritance).

  • Genes that code for a pair of contrasting traits and then they will be called alleles.

  • He used alphabetical symbols to represent each gene, for example, capital letter (TT) for gene expressed in the F1 generation and small letter (tt) for other genes.

  • Mendel also proposed that in true-breeding tall and dwarf variety allelic pair of genes for height is homozygous (TT or tt). TT, Tt or tt are called genotypes and characteristics like tall and dwarf are called the phenotype.

  • The hybrids that contain alleles that express contrasting traits are called heterozygous (Tt).

  • The monohybrid ratio of F2 hybrid is 3:1(phenotypic) and 1:2:1(genotypic).

Class 12th Biology chapter 5 notes: Test cross

It is the cross between an individual with a dominant trait and a recessive organism in order to know whether the dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology

CBSE Class 12 Biology ch 4 Notes: INHERITANCE OF ONE GENE

This is based on observations of a monohybrid cross, Mendel proposed two laws of inheritance-

1. Law of dominance: This law states;

  1. Characters are controlled by discrete units called factors.

  2. Factors always occur in pairs.

  3. In a dissimilar pair of factors, one member of the pair dominates the other.


Dominance

Recessive

(i)

When a factor (allele) expresses itself in the presence or absence of its dominant factor called dominance.

It can only express itself in the absence of or its recessive factor allele.

(ii)

It forms a complete functional enzyme that perfectly expresses it.

It forms an incomplete defective enzyme that fails to express itself when present with its dominant allele, i.e., in heterozygous condition.

2. Law of Segregation:

According to this law, alleles do not blends and both the characters are recovered during gametes formation as in F2 generation and it is mentioned in Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12th Notes.

NCERT class 12 Biology chapter 5 notes you will also study that in gamete formation traits segregate (separate) from each other and produce different kinds of gametes. Homozygous gametes produce similar kinds of gametes, whereas heterozygous gametes produce different kinds of gametes with different traits.

3. Incomplete dominance

  • It is a post-Mendelian discovery. The phenomenon of incomplete dominance occurs when neither of the two alleles is dominant, so the hybrid expression is a fine mixture or intermediate expression between the two alleles.

  • In snapdragon (Mirabilis jalapa), there are two types of pure breeding plants, red-flowered and white-flowered. On crossing the two, F1 plants possess pink flowers. On selfing them, F2 generation has 1red: 2 pink: 1white. The pink flower is due to incomplete dominance.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology

4. Co-dominance

  • Notes for class 12 Biology chapter 5 will make you aware that It is the phenomenon of two alleles lacking a dominance-recessive relationships and both expressing themselves in the organism.

  • Human beings, ABO blood grouping are controlled by gene I. The gene has three alleles IA, IB and i. Any person contains any two of three allele IA, IB are dominant over i.

  • The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is controlled by the gene.

  • When IA and IB are present together, both express their own types of sugars because of co-dominance. NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes

Incomplete Dominance

Co-Dominance

1.

The effect of one of the two alleles is more conspicuous.

1.

Effect of both the alleles are equally conspicuous.

2.

It produces a mixture of the expression of two alleles.

2.

There is no mixing of the effect of the two alleles.

3.

The F1 does not resemble either of the parents.

3.

The F1 resembles both the parents.

4.

E.g.: Flower colour in dog flower.

4.

E.g.: ABO blood grouping in humans,


Multiple Alleles

They are multiple forms of a mendelian factor or gene that occur on the same gene locus distributed in different organisms in the gene pool with an organism carrying only two alleles and a gamete only one allele. ABO blood grouping also provides a good example of multiple alleles.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Notes Class 12: INHERITANCE OF TWO GENES (Dihybrid Cross)

When a cross was made to study the simultaneous inheritance of two pairs of mendelian factors of genes.

Law of Independent Assortment:

In NCERT notes for class 12 Biology chapter 5 you will sudy that the law states that ‘when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters. In the Dihybrid cross two new combinations, round green & wrinkled yellow are formed due to an independent assortment of traits for seed shape i.e round, wrinkled, and seed color i.e, yellow and green.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology

Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology
The ratio of 9:3:3:1 can be derived as a combination series of:

3 yellow : 1 green, with 3 round : 1 wrinkled.

In class 12 Biology chapter 5 notes pdf you will read that this derivation can be written as follows:

(3 Round : 1 Wrinkled) (3 Yellow : 1 Green) = 9 Round, Yellow : 3 Wrinkled, Yellow: 3 Round, Green : 1 Wrinkled, Green

NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes:
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

  • Chromosome, as well as gene both, occurs in pairs. The two alleles of a gene pair are located on the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

  • Sutton and Boveri argued that the pairing and separation of a pair of chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a pair of factors (gene) they carried.

  • Sutton united the knowledge of chromosomal segregation with mendelian principles and called it the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology

Linkage and Recombination

  • When two genes in a Dihybrid cross were situated on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combination was much higher than the non-parental type. Morgan attributed this due to the physical association or the linkage of the two genes and coined the linkage to describe the physical association of genes on the same chromosome.

  • In class 12 Principles of Inheritance and Variation notes you will read that the generation of non-parental gene combinations during Dihybrid cross is called recombination. When genes are located on the same chromosome, they are tightly linked and show very low recombination.

Difference between crossing over and linkage

Crossing over

Linkage

1. It leads to the separation of linked genes

1. keeps the genes together

2. The process involves the exchange of segments between non-sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes.

2. It involves individual chromosomes.

3. The frequency of crossing over can never exceed 50%.

3. It is impossible for the number of linkage groups to exceed the number of haploid chromosomes.

4. It increases variability by forming new gene combinations.

4. It reduces variability.


CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation : Sex Determination

Henking in 1891 observed a trace of specific nuclear structure in few insects. Furthermore, he observed that this specific nuclear structure is only found in 50% of sperms. He called this as ‘x’ body. He was not able to explain its significance.

NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes: Later it was observed that the ovum that receives the sperms with x body becomes female and those not become males, so this x body was called a sex chromosome and other chromosomes are called autosomes.

  • In humans and other organisms XY types of sex determination is seen but in some insects like Drosophila XO type of sex determination is present.

  • In both types of sex determination, male produce two different types of gametes either with or without X chromosome or some with X chromosome and some with Y chromosomes. Such types of sex determination are called male heterogamety. Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 notes pdf download.

  • In birds ZW type of sex determination is present., two different types of gametes are produced by females in terms of sex chromosomes; this type of sex determination is called female heterogamety.

  • Sex determination in human beings XY type. Out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs are exactly the same in males and females called autosomes. A pair of X chromosomes is present in females and XY in males. During spermatogenesis, male produce two types of gametes (sperms), 50% carries Y chromosome and remaining 50% contain X chromosome. Females, produce only one kind of gamete (ovum) having X chromosomes only.

  • When sperm having a Y chromosome the sex of baby is male and when sperm carrying the X chromosome fertilise the egg, the sex of the baby is female.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 Notes Biology

A Mutation is a phenomenon that results in an alternation of DNA sequence and consequently results in the change in the genotype and phenotype of an organism. The mutations that arise due to due to change in single base pair of DNA are called point mutation e.g Sickle cell anemia.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Biology Class 12 Notes: Genetic Disorders

Pedigree Analysis

  • The analysis of traits in several generations of a family is called the pedigree analysis. The inheritance of a particular trait is represented in the family tree over several generations. It is used to trace the inheritance of a particular traits, abnormalities and diseases.

Broadly, genetic disorders may be grouped into two categories –

  1. Mendelian disorders

  2. Chromosomal disorders.

These disorders are transmitted as the affected individual is sterile. This is always dominant in nature.

Mendelian Disorders

Chromosomal disorders

These are due to alterations in a single gene.

They are caused by the presence or absence of one or more chromosomes or by the abnormal arrangement of one or more chromosomes.

Through Mendelian inheritance, they are transmitted from generation to generation.

They may be recessive or dominant in nature.

Examples: Colour blindness Pheffykenonia.

Examples: Downs syndrome, Turner’s syndrome

NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes: Mendelian disorder includes

  1. Haemophilia-

A sex-linked recessive disease in which, in an infected individual, a minor cut leads to non-stop bleeding. Heterozygous females (carriers) can transmit the disease to their son. Whether or not a female will become hemophilic is extremely unlikely because the mother would have to be at least carrier, while the father would have to be hemophilic (unviable in later years).

  1. Sickle cell anemia-

It is an autosomal recessive trait in which mutant hemoglobin molecules undergo polymerization under low oxygen tension, changing the shape of the red blood cell from a biconvex disc to an elongated sickle-like structure. It results from the substitution of Glutamic acid (Glu) by Valine (Val) at the sixth position of the beta-globin chain of the hemoglobin molecule. The single base substitution of GAG to GUG occurs at the sixth codon of the beta-globin gene.

  1. Phenylketonuria-

It is a inborn error of metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The affected individual lacks an enzyme that converts the amino acids phenylalanine to tyrosine. As a result of this phenylalanine is accumulated and converted into phenyl pyruvic acid and other derivatives that result in mental retardation.

CBSE Class 12 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Notes Biology : Chromosomal Disorders

Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division results in loss or gain of chromosome called aneuploidy.

The failure of cytokinesis leads to two sets of chromosomes called polyploidy.

  1. Down’s Syndrome–

This syndrome occurs due to the presence of additional copy of chromosome number 21. The affected individual is short-statured with a small rounded head, furrowed tongue, and partially opened mouth. Mental development is retarded.

  1. Klinefelter’s Syndrome–

This syndrome occurs due to the presence of an additional copy of X-chromosome (XXY). Such persons have overall masculine development however, the feminine development (development of breast, i.e., Gynaecomastia) is also expressed, and also they are sterile.

  1. Turner’s Syndrome-

This syndrome occurs due to the absence of one of the X chromosomes. So an individual will have 45 with XO, such females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary. They lack secondary sexual characters.

You can also read this Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 notes pdf and download them for free.

Subject wise NCERT Exampler solutions

Subject wise NCERT solutions

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. What is Test cross?

It is the cross between an individual with a dominant trait and a recessive organism in order to know whether the dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous.

2. In NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Notes, What does Law of dominance law states?

This law states that:

  • Characters are controlled by discrete units called factors.

  • Factors always occur in pairs.

  • In a dissimilar pair of factors, one member of the pair dominates the other.

3. What is Multiple Alleles?

They are multiple forms of a mendelian factor or gene that occur on the same gene locus distributed in different organisms in the gene pool with an organism carrying only two alleles and a gamete only one allele

4. What is meant by F1 and F2 generation?

The F1 generation refers to the first filial generation, resulting from the crossbreeding of two distinct parental organisms. The F2 generation is the second filial generation, produced by crossing members of the F1 generation.

5. What is the principle of inheritance and variation?

Chapter 5 of Class 12 Biology, "Principle of Inheritance," states that traits are passed from parents to offspring through genetic material. Variation occurs due to the combination of genetic information during reproduction, leading to diverse traits among individuals within a population. This process is governed by the principles of Mendelian genetics and molecular mechanisms such as DNA recombination.

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Get answers from students and experts

A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1)

0.34\; J

Option 2)

0.16\; J

Option 3)

1.00\; J

Option 4)

0.67\; J

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times.  Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated.  How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ?  Fat supplies 3.8×107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.  Take g = 9.8 ms−2 :

Option 1)

2.45×10−3 kg

Option 2)

 6.45×10−3 kg

Option 3)

 9.89×10−3 kg

Option 4)

12.89×10−3 kg

 

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1)

2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

Option 2)

200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

Option 3)

2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

Option 4)

20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

A particle is projected at 600   to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1)

K/2\,

Option 2)

\; K\;

Option 3)

zero\;

Option 4)

K/4

In the reaction,

2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

Option 1)

11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

Option 3)

33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

Option 4)

67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2} will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1)

0.02

Option 2)

3.125 × 10-2

Option 3)

1.25 × 10-2

Option 4)

2.5 × 10-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1)

decrease twice

Option 2)

increase two fold

Option 3)

remain unchanged

Option 4)

be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1)

Molality

Option 2)

Weight fraction of solute

Option 3)

Fraction of solute present in water

Option 4)

Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol-1) is

Option 1)

twice that in 60 g carbon

Option 2)

6.023 × 1022

Option 3)

half that in 8 g He

Option 4)

558.5 × 6.023 × 1023

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t2) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m2 , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is

Option 1)

less than 3

Option 2)

more than 3 but less than 6

Option 3)

more than 6 but less than 9

Option 4)

more than 9

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Gynaecologist

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

4 Jobs Available
Oncologist

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

3 Jobs Available
Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

3 Jobs Available
Hospital Administrator

The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.

2 Jobs Available
Actor

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

4 Jobs Available
Acrobat

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

3 Jobs Available
Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

3 Jobs Available
Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

3 Jobs Available
Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

2 Jobs Available
Videographer
2 Jobs Available
Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

2 Jobs Available
Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

2 Jobs Available
Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

5 Jobs Available
Journalist

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

3 Jobs Available
Publisher

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

3 Jobs Available
Vlogger

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

3 Jobs Available
Editor

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

3 Jobs Available
Linguist

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning). 

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian

2 Jobs Available
Public Relation Executive
2 Jobs Available
Travel Journalist

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Production Manager
3 Jobs Available
Merchandiser
2 Jobs Available
QA Lead

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment. 

2 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
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