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NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Notes Human Reproduction
Class 12 NCERT Notes for Human Reproduction: Human Reproduction in Class 12 is a crucial step in understanding the complex processes that govern the continuation of the human species. These comprehensive notes provide valuable insights into reproductive anatomy, physiology, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. From gametogenesis to fertilization and embryonic development, these notes aim to equip students with a profound understanding of human reproduction. Through the NCERT notes for CBSE Class 12 biology Human Reproduction, you will be able to solve all the doubts and questions of this chapter. These NCERT class 12 Biology Human Reproduction notes will help you score good marks in the exams.
CBSE Biology Notes for Class 12 Human Reproduction
We know that humans are sexually reproducing and viviparous. The reproductive events in humans include the formation of gametes called gametogenesis, i.e., when the sperm in males transfer into the female genital tract, and fusion with the female gametes, which is called fertilisation, leads to the formation of zygote. This is followed by the formation and development of the blastocyst and its attachment to the uterine wall, which is called implantation; the gestation period, in which embryonic development takes place; and finally, the delivery of the baby, which is parturition.
Also check:
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Human Reproduction
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Given below are the parts Male Reproductive System:
1. | Primary sex organs | a pair of testes suspended in a scrotum |
2. | Secondary sex organs | a pair of ducts each differentiated into rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the associated glands |
3. | External genitalia | the penis, urethra, and scrotum |
Testes:
Situated outside the abdominal cavity in a pouch called the scrotum, which helps in maintaining the low temperature of testes necessary for the process called spermatogenesis.
Each testis has around 250 testicular lobules and each of them contains highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms are produced. Each seminiferous tubules is lined by two types of cells, spermatogonia (male germ cell) and Sertoli cells.
Leydig cells:
It is also called Interstitial cells. It is present around the seminiferous tubules that synthesize and secretes the hormone called androgen.
Ejaculatory duct:
Its work is to stores and transports the sperm from the testes to the outside through urethra that originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called as urethral meatus.
Penis:
It is male external genitalia. The enlarged end of the penis is called the glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called the foreskin.
Male accessory glands are:
paired seminal vesicles
prostate
paired bulbourethral glands
Secretion of these glands forms the seminal plasma which contains fructose, calcium, and enzymes, and secretion of bulbourethral glands also help in the lubrication of the penis.
Given below are the parts Female Reproductive System:
1. | Primary sex organ | a pair of ovaries |
2. | Secondary sex organ | duct system consisting of a pair of the fallopian tube, a uterus, cervix, and vagina |
3. | External genitalia | the opening of the birth canal, labia majora and labia minora, and clitoris |
4. | Mammary glands | located in the breasts and responsible for lactation |
Ovaries:
They are the primary female sex organ that produces female gamete; egg, and several other steroid hormones. Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium that encloses the ovarian stroma, which is divided into two parts that are a peripheral cortex and an inner medulla.
Fallopian tube:
The fallopian tube extends from the periphery of the ovary to the uterus. The part closer to the ovary is a funnel-shaped structure called infundibulum and also have a finger-like projection called fimbriae.
Infundibulum leads to ampulla and joins with uterus with the isthmus. The uterus is pear-shaped in structure and is also called as womb.
Uterus:
It opens the vagina through a narrow cervix. The cavity of the cervix (cervical canal) along with the vagina forms the birth canal.
The wall of the uterus has three layers of tissue:
Myometrium:
It is the middle thick layer of smooth muscles that exhibit strong contraction during delivery of the baby.
Endometrium:
line the uterine wall and undergo cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle.
Female external genitalia includes:
Mons pubis- It is a cushion of fatty tissues covered by skin and pubic hair.
Labia majora- It is a fleshy fold that surrounds the vaginal opening.
Labia Manora- It is a paired fold of tissue under labia majora.
The opening of the vagina is often partially covered by a membrane called the hymen. The tiny finger-like projection present at the upper junction of two labia manora above the urethral opening is called the clitoris.
Mammary glands:
They are paired structures that contain glandular tissues and variable fats. Each glandular tissue contains 15-20 mammary lobes containing alveoli that secrete milk. Mammary ducts join to form mammary ampulla.
Gametogenesis:
It is the process of formation of male and female gametes in testes and ovary respectively is called as gametogenesis.
Gametogenesis is of two types:
Spermatogenesis- In males
Oogenesis- In females
Spermatogenesis:
It is the process through which sperm formation in males takes place. When testes are immature, male germ cells (spermatogonia) produce sperm that begins at the stage of puberty.
The spermatogonia present at the inner side of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in number. Each spermatogonium contains total of 46 chromosomes and then spermatogonia forms a spermatocyte that undergoes meiotic division to reproduce the secondary spermatocytes having 23 chromosomes.
The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by the process called spermiogenesis. The sperm heads remain embedded in Sertoli cells and are released from seminiferous tubules by the process of spermiation.
Hormonal control of spermatogenesis-
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to an increase in the secretion of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus.
An increase in GnRH act on the anterior pituitary and stimulate the secretion of two gonadotropins, LH and FSH.
LH acts on Leydig cells and stimulates them to secrete androgens.
FSH acts on Sertoli cells, stimulates the secretion of some factors which help in spermiogenesis.
Structure of sperm:
Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of a head, neck, middle piece, and tail. The sperm head contains an elongated haploid nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered by a cap-like structure acrosome.
Human male ejaculates about 200-300 million sperms during coitus. The seminal plasma along with the sperms constitutes the semen. The function of male sex secondary ducts and glands are maintained by androgen hormones.
Oogenesis:
It is the process of formation of mature female gametes is called oogenesis. It started during the embryonic development stage when millions of oogonia (gamete mother cells) are formed in each fetal ovary.
The gametes mother cells start division and enter into prophase-I of meiotic division and get temporally arrested at that stage called primary oocytes.
Each primary oocytes get surrounded by a layer of granulosa cell than it is called the primary follicle. At puberty, about 60,000- 80,000 primary follicles are left in each ovary.
The primary follicle gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells called secondary follicles that transform into tertiary follicles that contains fluid-filled cavities called the antrum.
The tertiary follicles further change into the mature follicle called Graafian follicle, which rapture to release secondary oocytes (ovum) from the ovary by the process of ovulation.
Menstrual cycle:
The reproductive cycle in female primates is called the menstrual cycle. It starts at puberty and is called menarche.
There are Four Phases of Menstrual Cycle (MC):
Menstrual Phase:
In 28 days menstrual cycle, the menses take place on a cycle of 3-5 days.
The production of LH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is reduced.
The withdrawal of this hormone causes degeneration of the corpus luteum and, therefore progesterone production is reduced.
Production of oestrogen is also reduced in this phase.
The endometrium of the uterus breaks down & menstruation begins.
The cells of endometrium secretions, blood & unfertilised ovum constitute the menstrual flow.
Follicular Phase:
This phase usually includes cycle days 6-13 or 14 in a 28 days cycle.
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogens.
Oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall.
The endometrium becomes thicker by rapid cell multiplication and this is accompanied by an increase in uterine glands & blood vessels.
Ovulatory Phase:
Both LH & FSH attain a peak level in the middle of the cycle (about the 14th day).
Oestrogen concentration in blood increases.
Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of graffian follicle and thereby the release of the ovum.
In fact, LH causes ovulation.
Luteal Phase:
Includes cycle days 15 to 28.
Corpus luteum secretes progestrone.
Endometrium thickens.
Uterine glands become secretory.
Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle:
(i) FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce oestrogens.
(ii) LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
(iii) Menstrual phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.
(iv) LH causes ovulation
(v) Proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.
(vi) Secretory phase is caused by increased production of progesterone.
Fertilisation and Implantation
The process of fusion of sperm with an ovum is called fertilisation.
During coitus (copulation) semen is released into the vagina. The motile sperms swim rapidly to reach the junction of the isthmus and ampulla of the fallopian tube. The ovum also reaches there and fusion of gametes takes place at the ampullary-isthmic junction.
In this acrosome of sperm undergoes an acrosomal reaction and releases certain sperm lysins which dissolve the egg envelopes locally and make the path for the penetration of sperm.
These sperm lysins contain a lysing enzyme hyaluronidase which dissolves the hyaluronic acid polymers in the intercellular spaces which hold the granulosa cells of corona radiata together; corona penetrating enzyme that dissolves the corona radiata and acrosin which dissolves the zona pellucida. Then it dissolves the zona pellucida.
Cortical reaction:
(a) Immediately after the entry of sperm into the egg, the latter shows a cortical reaction to check the entry of more sperm.
(b) In this reaction, the cortical granules present beneath the egg’s plasma membrane release chemical substances between the ooplasm and the plasma membrane vitelline membrane.
(c) These substances raise the vitelline membrane above the egg surface. The elevated vitelline membrane is called the fertilization membrane.
(d) The increased space between the ooplasm and the fertilization membrane and the chemical present in it effectively check the entry of other sperm.
(e) If polyspermy occurs, that is more than one sperm enters the secondary oocyte, the resulting cell has too much genetic material to develop normally
The haploid gametes fuse together to form a diploid zygote. As the zygote moves towards the uterus, the mitotic division starts and forms cleavage to change into 2, 4,8,16 celled blastomeres.
The blastomeres with 8 to 16 cells are called the morula. Morula divides to change into blastocysts.
The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called the trophoblast and an inner group of cells attached to the trophoblast called the inner cell mass.
The outer layer of the blastocyst is called the trophoblast that attach with the endometrium of the uterus, called implantation that leads to pregnancy.
Pregnancy and embryonic development:
The finger-like projections on trophoblasts after implantation called is called chronic villi that along with the uterine wall form a functional unit between the developing embryo and maternal body called the placenta.
The placenta is attached with fetus with an umbilical cord that transports food and oxygen to the embryo.
Hormones hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
hPL (human placental lactogen)
Relaxin
They are produced in women only during pregnancy by the placenta.
After implantation, the inner cell mass; embryo differentiates into an outer layer called ectoderm and an inner layer called endoderm. A mesoderm soon appears between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
These three layers give rise to all tissues; organs in adults. It is important to note that the inner cell mass contains certain cells called stem cells which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.
In humans, after one month of pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is formed. By the end of 2nd-month limbs and digits are formed. By the end of 12 months, major organs and external genital organs are well developed.
The first movement of foetus is observed in 5 months. By the end of 24 weeks, the body is covered with fine hair, eyelids, and eyelashes are formed. At the end of 9 months fetus is fully developed.
Parturition And Lactation
- Parturition is the process of delivery of a fully developed foetus is called parturition.
- Signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and placenta inducing mild uterine contractions called Foetal ejection reflex.
- It triggers the release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary.
- The mammary glands of females, start producing milk, to the end of pregnancy by the process of lactation.
- The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum, which contains several antibodies.
Subject wise NCERT Exampler solutions
Subject wise NCERT solutions
Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)
It is the process of formation of male and female gametes in testes and ovary respectively is called gametogenesis. Gametogenesis is of two types:
Spermatogenesis- Occurs in males
Oogenesis- Occurs in females
In CBSE class 12 Biology chapter 3 notes, you will study that the reproductive cycle in female primates is called the menstrual cycle and which starts at puberty and is called menarche and occur after every 28-30 days till the age of menopause.
Yes, oogenesis is the process of formation of mature female gametes is called oogenesis. NCERT Class 12 Biology chapter 3 notes say that it get started during the embryonic development stage when millions of oogonia (gamete mother cells) are formed in each fetal ovary.
The main parts of the female reproductive system include the ovaries (produce eggs and hormones), fallopian tubes (transport eggs to the uterus), uterus (supports fetal development), cervix (which connects the uterus to the vagina), vagina (birth canal and menstrual passage), and external genitalia (vulva).
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Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
Editor
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Reporter
Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.
Corporate Executive
Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.
Multimedia Specialist
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
Welding Engineer
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
Quality Controller
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
Product Manager
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
QA Lead
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
Structural Engineer
A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.
Process Development Engineer
The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.
AWS Solution Architect
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
Azure Administrator
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
Computer Programmer
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
Product Manager
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Information Security Manager
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
Automation Test Engineer
An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.
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