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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Apr 14, 2025 05:47 PM IST | #CBSE Class 12th

This chapter explains the most important points of human health and types of diseases. It talks about different kinds of immunity, like innate and acquired immunity, and how the immune system battles infections. Frequent diseases such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan infections, along with their causes, symptoms, and prevention, are also explained.

This Story also Contains
  1. NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease PDF
  2. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Solved Exercise Questions
  3. Key Topics Covered in Human Health and Disease NCERT Solutions Class 12
  4. Human Health and Disease: Practice Questions
  5. Important diagrams of Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease
  6. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter wise
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease

It also discusses vaccination, antibiotics, and other measures for controlling diseases. Lifestyle diseases like cancer, drug addiction, and mental illness are also covered. NCERT Solutions present the topics in a clear and organized way, making it easier for students to understand them.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology provides explanations of solutions in a step-by-step, detailed manner so that students can easily answer any question of the chapters. These solutions also include immunity, prevention of disease, and management of health and are provided in an organised manner.

NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease PDF

Students can download the complete questions with detailed answers in a PDF of this chapter for better learning:

Download PDF

Also Read,

NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Solved Exercise Questions

The detailed answers to all the questions in this chapter are given below:

Ques1. What are the various public health measures which you would suggest as a safeguard against infectious diseases?

Answer:

  • To avoid infectious diseases, the following public health measures can be implemented:
  • Vaccination: Individuals should get vaccinated on time to prevent diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, and hepatitis.
  • Awareness: All should be informed about diseases to safeguard themselves.
  • Sanitation: Maintaining the environment clean, consuming clean water, and having hygienic food can prevent diseases.
  • Vector Control: The disease-carrying insects and pests must be eradicated by destroying their breeding grounds.

Ques 2. In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?

Answer:

The study of biology has contributed greatly to the prevention of diseases in various ways:

  • It makes us aware of the cause of diseases.
  • It helps in recognising how diseases are transmitted, e.g., if an individual develops diarrhea, the infection can spread through dirty food or water.
  • It helps in discovering medicine for treating infected individuals.
  • It helps in the formulation of vaccines for preventing diseases

Ques 3. How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?

A) Amoebiasis

Answer:

Amoebiasis - It is transmitted through the consumption of water and food contaminated by amoebic cysts.

B) Malaria

Answer:

Malaria - It transmits from one person to another by means of female Anopheles mosquito. When this mosquito bites a diseased person, along with blood, it takes the parasite along with blood, and when biting a healthy person, the parasite transfers to the healthy person.

C) Ascariasis

Answer:

Ascariasis - It is transmitted through food and water contaminated with eggs of the parasite.

D) Pneumonia

Answer:

Pneumonia - It transmits through droplet infection, i.e., through a sneeze, cough, sharing utensils, etc.


Ques 4. What measures would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?

Answer:

Waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera are prevented by:

  • Proper disposal of sewage and waste.
  • Periodic inspection and purification of water sources.
  • Only purified and clean water.

Ques 5. Discuss with your teacher what 'a suitable gene' means in the context of DNA vaccines.

Answer:

A suitable gene is a unique segment of DNA that is implanted in the body to make certain proteins. These proteins protect the body against dangerous disease-producing organisms.

Ques 6. Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

Answer:

Lymphoid organs help in making and activating immune cells:

  • Primary lymphoid organs: These are the bone marrow and thymus, where immune cells mature.
  • Secondary lymphoid organs: These are the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches in the intestine, and the appendix, where immune cells encounter infections.

Ques7: The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand well-known abbreviations

a) MALT

Answer:

MALT- Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue

b) CMI

Answer:

CMI - Cell Mediated Immunity

c) AIDS

Answer:

AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

d) NACO

Answer:

NACO- National AIDS Control Organisation

e) HIV

Answer:

HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Ques8: Differentiate the following and give examples of each:

(a) Innate and acquired immunity

Answer:

Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Present from birth and provides general protection.Develops when the body is exposed to specific infections.
Lasts for a lifetime.Temporary and specific to the disease.
Passed down genetically.Not inherited from parents.
(b) Active and passive immunity

Answer:

Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
The body produces its antibodies after infection or vaccination.Antibodies are given from an external source (e.g., injection).
Long-lasting protection.Short-term protection.
Takes time to develop.Works immediately.
Ques 9. Draw a well-labeled diagram of an antibody molecule.

Answer:

The well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule is as follows:

antibody

Ques 10. What are the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency virus takes place?

Answer:

HIV is transmitted in various ways:

  • By sharing contaminated needles.
  • Through unprotected sex with an infected individual.
  • From an infected mother to her child during pregnancy.
  • By receiving contaminated blood during a transfusion.

Ques 11. What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes a deficiency of the immune system of the infected person?

Answer:

HIV causes a deficiency of the immune system in the following ways:

  • It binds to helper T-cells and injects its genetic material.
  • It utilises the machinery of the cell to make more copies of itself.
  • The infected T-cells burst, spilling more virus particles.
  • With time, the T-cells reduce in number, weakening the body against infections.

Ques 12. How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?

Answer:

Differences between cancerous cells and normal cells

Cancerous Cells
Normal Cells
Divide uncontrollably, forming tumoursGrow and divide at a normal rate
Can spread to other tissues and organsStay in one place and perform normal functions
Ques 13 Explain what is meant by metastasis.

Answer:

Metastasis is the condition when the cancer cells move from the primary location to other locations of the body through the blood or lymph. It is the terminal stage of cancer.

Ques 14. List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.

Answer:

Drug and alcohol abuse result in:

  • Weakening of body tissues and organs.
  • Heart issues due to damage to the blood vessels.
  • Liver ailments such as cirrhosis.
  • Kidney failure due to overwork.
  • Infertility and other reproductive issues.
  • Damage to social life and family.
Ques 15. Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?

Answer:

Yes, peer pressure can result in drug or alcohol consumption. It can be prevented by:

  • Avoiding individuals who consume drugs or alcohol.
  • Developing self-discipline and willpower.
  • Learning about the dangerous impacts of addiction.
  • Seeking support from parents or teachers.
  • Seeking proper medical assistance should depression or emotional distress become present.

Ques16. In your view, what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?

Answer:

Teenagers can begin consumption of alcohol or drugs because of:

  • Pressure from peers.
  • Desire for thrill and curiosity.
  • Stress, depression, or emotional issues.
  • Media pressure, wherein films and celebrities glorify alcohol and drug consumption.

Prevention is achieved through:

  • Speaking to youth about the risks of addiction.
  • Open conversations with teachers and parents.
  • Healthy stress management.
  • Positive role models and activities.

Ques 17. Why is it that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.

Answer:

After a person begins to take drugs or alcohol, it is hard to quit because:

  • The brain becomes habitual to the effects and longs for more.
  • With time, the body is unable to function normally without it.
  • Withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, pain, and depression make quitting hard.
  • The individual can be socially dependent on alcohol or drugs.

Also, check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:

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As per latest 2024 syllabus. Maths formulas, equations, & theorems of class 11 & 12th chapters

Key Topics Covered in Human Health and Disease NCERT Solutions Class 12

Listed below are some of the most important topics:

Common Diseases in Humans

  • Discusses various infectious diseases due to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
  • Describes the transmission of diseases by air, water, food, or direct contact.
  • Discusses symptoms and prevention of infection.
  • Importance of the need for hygiene and vaccination.
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Immunity

  • Describes how the body protects itself from harmful microbes.
  • Two broad categories are innate immunity (natural defense) and acquired immunity (acquired over time).
  • The immune system generates antibodies to combat infections.
  • The function of vaccines in building immunity.

AIDS

  • It is caused by the HIV virus, which compromises the immune system.
  • Spread through unprotected sex, infected needles, and mother-to-child transmission.
  • Results in severe infections due to a compromised immune system.
  • Prevention involves safe practices, awareness, and periodic health check-ups.

Cancer

  • Results from uncontrolled body cell growth.
  • Describes various types of cancer, including lung cancer and breast cancer.
  • Risk factors such as smoking, radiation, and hereditary reasons.
  • Treatment techniques such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

Drugs and Alcohol Abuse

  • Explains the negative impacts of drugs and alcohol on the mind and body.
  • Discusses how addiction is formed and how it affects society and families.
  • Preventive aspects such as awareness programs and counselling.
  • Healthy lifestyle to stay away from substance abuse.

These are the key topics covered in the Human Health and Disease NCERT solutions for class 12, giving students a detailed knowledge of health and disease.

Human Health and Disease: Practice Questions

Regular practice of such questions will boost your concept clarity and prepare you better for school and competitive exams.

Question 1: The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is :

Option: 1 Trophozoites

Option: 2 Sporozoites

Option 3 Female gametocytes

Option 4: Male gametocytes

Answer:

Sporozoite is the infection stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body.

Hence, option(2) is correct.

Question 2 : (a) What is an “allergic reaction”?

(b) Name any two drugs used to quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.

(c) Why do more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma?

Answer:

(a) The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called an allergic reaction.

(b) Adrenalin and Steroids.

(c) Due to air quality/sensitivity to the environment/allergens/lowering of immunity due to modern day of life style (which could be due to the protected environment provided largely in life).

Question 3: Mention one application for each of the following :

(a) Passive immunization

(b) Antihistamine

(c) Colostrum

(d) Cytokinin-barrier

Answer:

(a) Passive immunization - it provides performed antibodies/antitoxins for quick response in case of infection by deadly microbes or snake bite.

(b) Antihistamine reduces symptoms of allergy.

(c) Colostrum provides passive immunity, antibodies, IgA to newborn.

(d) Cytokinin-barrier helps in the protection of non-infected cells from further viral infection.

Question 4: Write the functions of bone marrow as the primary lymphoid organ and lymph nodes as the secondary lymphoid organs.

Answer:

The bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ (primary) where all blood cells, including lymphocytes are produced. Both bone marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.

The lymph nodes are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens, which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid. Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes present there and cause the immune response.

Question 5: Give reasons for the following :
(a) Antibody mediated immunity is called humoral immunity.
(b) How is a child protected from a disease for which he/she is
vaccinated ?
(c) Name the type of cells the AIDS virus enters after getting into the
human body.

Answer:

a) Antibody-mediated immunity is called humoral immunity because it is mediated by antibodies, macromolecules in the extracellular fluid, and complement proteins present in the blood.

b) In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) is introduced into the body. The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would neutralize the pathogenic agents during actual infection. The vaccines also generate memory – B and T-cells that recognize the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with a massive production of antibodies.

c) HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates, and produces progeny viruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes. This is repeated, leading to a progressive decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body of the infected person.

Question 6: (a) Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immune response.
(b) Why is a patient who has undergone an organ transplant put on immunosuppressants? Explain.

Answer:

a)

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

1. It is mediated by B-lymphocytes.

2. Antibodies are produced in the blood in response to an antigen.

3. The onset is rapid.

1. It is mediated by T-lymphocytes.

2. T-cells help B-cells in producing Antibodies. T-cells secrete cytokines.

3. The onset is delayed.


b). A patient who has undergone organ transplant is put on immune-suppressants so as to prevent T- cells from recognizing the foreign tissue ( any organ that is transplanted like heart, kidney, liver etc.) and rejecting it and killing it. Thus, to prevent host graft rejection, the patient is put on immunosuppressants.

NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions:

Important diagrams of Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease

Diagrams help us understand tough topics in an easy way. Given below are some important diagrams of this chapter:

Life cycle of Plasmodium

plasmodium

Replication of Retrovirus

retrovirus

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter wise

Below mentioned are the Chapter-wise solutions:


NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease are important for understanding human health concepts. Through the proper study of these solutions, students are able to achieve a solid knowledge base in biology, which is important for achieving academic success as well as a successful career in the health sciences field. This chapter is also vital for NEET preparation, as it covers key topics frequently asked in competitive medical entrance exams.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12- Subject-wise


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the key topics covered in NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7?

The key topics covered in NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 are different types of diseases, immunity, vaccines, and the role of the immune system in fighting infections. It also discusses AIDS, cancer, drug abuse, and public health measures.

2. Where can I find NCERT solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7?

NCERT solutions of this chapter can be found in standard books, study websites, and online educational resources like careers360. These solutions are used to understand the concepts and prepare for exams.

3. What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?
Innate ImmunityAcquired Immunity
Natural defence is present from birth.Immunity develops over time after infections or vaccinations.
Non-specific, works against a wide range of pathogens.Specific to a particular pathogen.
Memory does not improve with repeated exposure.Has memory, and provides stronger protection on re-exposure.
Immediate response.Takes time to develop after infection or vaccination.
Skin, mucus, white blood cells, stomach acid.Antibodies, vaccines, memory cells.




4. How do vaccines help in disease prevention?

Vaccines are made of weakened or dead disease-causing germs. When they are put into the body, they make the immune system produce antibodies. This makes the body able to recognise and attack the infection in the future.

5. What are the different types of immunity explained in NCERT Chapter 7?

The chapter Human Health and Disease explains two types of immunity:

  • Innate Immunity – Natural immunity from birth.
  • Acquired Immunity – Gained over a period of time due to infection or vaccines.
6. What are the common diseases mentioned in Class 12 Biology Chapter 7?

The class 12 chapter Human Health and Disease explains different diseases, such as bacterial, viral, protozoal, and fungal. A few of them are malaria, pneumonia, amoebiasis, typhoid, dengue, and HIV/AIDS.

7. How does the immune system fight infections?

The immune system makes white blood cells and antibodies to fight and kill dangerous microorganisms. It also contains memory cells that enable it to recognise and combat the same infection if it re-enters the body.

8. What are the causes and symptoms of AIDS?

AIDS results from the HIV virus, which affects the immune system. The symptoms include weight loss, fever, tiredness, recurring infections, and inflamed lymph nodes.

9. What is the role of interferons in immunity?

Interferons are proteins that are released from cells as a response to viral infections. They protect surrounding cells from the virus and improve the immune system's response.

10. How do antibiotics and antiviral drugs work against infections?
  • Antibiotics kill or inhibit bacteria but have no effect on viruses.
  • Antiviral medications help in slowing down or preventing the viruses from replicating within the body.
11. What is cancer, and how is it treated?

Cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the body. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug therapy.

12. How do allergies develop in the human body? give each answer in simple sentences

Allergies develop when the immune system reacts extremely to harmless agents such as pollen, dust, or food. This results in symptoms such as sneezing, rashes, itching, and difficulty in breathing.

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Questions related to CBSE Class 12th

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Changing from the CBSE board to the Odisha CHSE in Class 12 is generally difficult and often not ideal due to differences in syllabi and examination structures. Most boards, including Odisha CHSE , do not recommend switching in the final year of schooling. It is crucial to consult both CBSE and Odisha CHSE authorities for specific policies, but making such a change earlier is advisable to prevent academic complications.

Hello there! Thanks for reaching out to us at Careers360.

Ah, you're looking for CBSE quarterly question papers for mathematics, right? Those can be super helpful for exam prep.

Unfortunately, CBSE doesn't officially release quarterly papers - they mainly put out sample papers and previous years' board exam papers. But don't worry, there are still some good options to help you practice!

Have you checked out the CBSE sample papers on their official website? Those are usually pretty close to the actual exam format. You could also look into previous years' board exam papers - they're great for getting a feel for the types of questions that might come up.

If you're after more practice material, some textbook publishers release their own mock papers which can be useful too.

Let me know if you need any other tips for your math prep. Good luck with your studies!

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Possible steps:

  1. Re-evaluate Your Study Strategies:

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  2. Consider Professional Help:

    • Tutoring: A tutor can provide personalized guidance and support.
    • Counseling: If you're feeling overwhelmed or unsure about your path, counseling can help.
  3. Explore Alternative Options:

    • Retake the Exam: If you're confident in your ability to improve, consider retaking the chemistry compartment exam.
    • Change Course: If you're not interested in pursuing chemistry further, explore other academic options that align with your interests.
  4. Focus on NEET 2025 Preparation:

    • Stay Dedicated: Continue your NEET preparation with renewed determination.
    • Utilize Resources: Make use of study materials, online courses, and mock tests.
  5. Seek Support:

    • Talk to Friends and Family: Sharing your feelings can provide comfort and encouragement.
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Remember: This is a temporary setback. With the right approach and perseverance, you can overcome this challenge and achieve your goals.

I hope this information helps you.







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hope this helps.

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A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1)

0.34\; J

Option 2)

0.16\; J

Option 3)

1.00\; J

Option 4)

0.67\; J

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times.  Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated.  How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ?  Fat supplies 3.8×107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.  Take g = 9.8 ms−2 :

Option 1)

2.45×10−3 kg

Option 2)

 6.45×10−3 kg

Option 3)

 9.89×10−3 kg

Option 4)

12.89×10−3 kg

 

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1)

2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

Option 2)

200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

Option 3)

2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

Option 4)

20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

A particle is projected at 600   to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1)

K/2\,

Option 2)

\; K\;

Option 3)

zero\;

Option 4)

K/4

In the reaction,

2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

Option 1)

11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

Option 3)

33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

Option 4)

67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2} will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1)

0.02

Option 2)

3.125 × 10-2

Option 3)

1.25 × 10-2

Option 4)

2.5 × 10-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1)

decrease twice

Option 2)

increase two fold

Option 3)

remain unchanged

Option 4)

be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1)

Molality

Option 2)

Weight fraction of solute

Option 3)

Fraction of solute present in water

Option 4)

Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol-1) is

Option 1)

twice that in 60 g carbon

Option 2)

6.023 × 1022

Option 3)

half that in 8 g He

Option 4)

558.5 × 6.023 × 1023

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t2) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m2 , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is

Option 1)

less than 3

Option 2)

more than 3 but less than 6

Option 3)

more than 6 but less than 9

Option 4)

more than 9

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