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This chapter explains the most important points of human health and types of diseases. It talks about different kinds of immunity, like innate and acquired immunity, and how the immune system battles infections. Frequent diseases such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan infections, along with their causes, symptoms, and prevention, are also explained.
It also discusses vaccination, antibiotics, and other measures for controlling diseases. Lifestyle diseases like cancer, drug addiction, and mental illness are also covered. NCERT Solutions present the topics in a clear and organized way, making it easier for students to understand them.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology provides explanations of solutions in a step-by-step, detailed manner so that students can easily answer any question of the chapters. These solutions also include immunity, prevention of disease, and management of health and are provided in an organised manner.
Students can download the complete questions with detailed answers in a PDF of this chapter for better learning:
Also Read,
NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease
The detailed answers to all the questions in this chapter are given below:
Answer:
Ques 2. In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
Answer:
The study of biology has contributed greatly to the prevention of diseases in various ways:
Ques 3. How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
A) Amoebiasis
Answer:
Amoebiasis - It is transmitted through the consumption of water and food contaminated by amoebic cysts.
B) Malaria
Answer:
Malaria - It transmits from one person to another by means of female Anopheles mosquito. When this mosquito bites a diseased person, along with blood, it takes the parasite along with blood, and when biting a healthy person, the parasite transfers to the healthy person.
C) Ascariasis
Answer:
Ascariasis - It is transmitted through food and water contaminated with eggs of the parasite.
D) Pneumonia
Answer:
Pneumonia - It transmits through droplet infection, i.e., through a sneeze, cough, sharing utensils, etc.
Answer:
Waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera are prevented by:
Ques 5. Discuss with your teacher what 'a suitable gene' means in the context of DNA vaccines.
Answer:
A suitable gene is a unique segment of DNA that is implanted in the body to make certain proteins. These proteins protect the body against dangerous disease-producing organisms.
Ques 6. Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
Answer:
Lymphoid organs help in making and activating immune cells:
Ques7: The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand well-known abbreviations
a) MALT
Answer:
MALT- Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
b) CMI
Answer:
CMI - Cell Mediated Immunity
c) AIDSAnswer:
AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
d) NACOAnswer:
NACO- National AIDS Control Organisation
e) HIVAnswer:
HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Ques8: Differentiate the following and give examples of each:
(a) Innate and acquired immunity
Answer:
Innate Immunity | Acquired Immunity |
Present from birth and provides general protection. | Develops when the body is exposed to specific infections. |
Lasts for a lifetime. | Temporary and specific to the disease. |
Passed down genetically. | Not inherited from parents. |
Answer:
Active Immunity | Passive Immunity |
The body produces its antibodies after infection or vaccination. | Antibodies are given from an external source (e.g., injection). |
Long-lasting protection. | Short-term protection. |
Takes time to develop. | Works immediately. |
Answer:
The well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule is as follows:
Answer:
HIV is transmitted in various ways:
Answer:
HIV causes a deficiency of the immune system in the following ways:
Ques 12. How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
Answer:
Differences between cancerous cells and normal cells
Cancerous Cells | Normal Cells |
Divide uncontrollably, forming tumours | Grow and divide at a normal rate |
Can spread to other tissues and organs | Stay in one place and perform normal functions |
Answer:
Metastasis is the condition when the cancer cells move from the primary location to other locations of the body through the blood or lymph. It is the terminal stage of cancer.
Answer:
Drug and alcohol abuse result in:
Answer:
Yes, peer pressure can result in drug or alcohol consumption. It can be prevented by:
Answer:
Teenagers can begin consumption of alcohol or drugs because of:
Prevention is achieved through:
Answer:
After a person begins to take drugs or alcohol, it is hard to quit because:
Also, check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:
Listed below are some of the most important topics:
Common Diseases in Humans
Cancer
These are the key topics covered in the Human Health and Disease NCERT solutions for class 12, giving students a detailed knowledge of health and disease.
Regular practice of such questions will boost your concept clarity and prepare you better for school and competitive exams.
Question 1: The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is :
Option: 1 Trophozoites
Option: 2 Sporozoites
Option 3 Female gametocytes
Option 4: Male gametocytes
Answer:
Sporozoite is the infection stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body.
Hence, option(2) is correct.
Question 2 : (a) What is an “allergic reaction”?
(b) Name any two drugs used to quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.
(c) Why do more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma?
Answer:
(a) The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called an allergic reaction.
(b) Adrenalin and Steroids.
(c) Due to air quality/sensitivity to the environment/allergens/lowering of immunity due to modern day of life style (which could be due to the protected environment provided largely in life).
Question 3: Mention one application for each of the following :
(a) Passive immunization
(b) Antihistamine
(c) Colostrum
(d) Cytokinin-barrier
Answer:
(a) Passive immunization - it provides performed antibodies/antitoxins for quick response in case of infection by deadly microbes or snake bite.
(b) Antihistamine reduces symptoms of allergy.
(c) Colostrum provides passive immunity, antibodies, IgA to newborn.
(d) Cytokinin-barrier helps in the protection of non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Question 4: Write the functions of bone marrow as the primary lymphoid organ and lymph nodes as the secondary lymphoid organs.
Answer:
The bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ (primary) where all blood cells, including lymphocytes are produced. Both bone marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
The lymph nodes are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens, which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid. Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes present there and cause the immune response.
Question 5: Give reasons for the following :
(a) Antibody mediated immunity is called humoral immunity.
(b) How is a child protected from a disease for which he/she is
vaccinated ?
(c) Name the type of cells the AIDS virus enters after getting into the
human body.
Answer:
a) Antibody-mediated immunity is called humoral immunity because it is mediated by antibodies, macromolecules in the extracellular fluid, and complement proteins present in the blood.
b) In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) is introduced into the body. The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would neutralize the pathogenic agents during actual infection. The vaccines also generate memory – B and T-cells that recognize the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with a massive production of antibodies.
c) HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates, and produces progeny viruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes. This is repeated, leading to a progressive decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body of the infected person.
Question 6: (a) Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immune response.
(b) Why is a patient who has undergone an organ transplant put on immunosuppressants? Explain.
Answer:
a)
HUMORAL IMMUNITY | CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
1. It is mediated by B-lymphocytes. 2. Antibodies are produced in the blood in response to an antigen. 3. The onset is rapid. | 1. It is mediated by T-lymphocytes. 2. T-cells help B-cells in producing Antibodies. T-cells secrete cytokines. 3. The onset is delayed. |
b). A patient who has undergone organ transplant is put on immune-suppressants so as to prevent T- cells from recognizing the foreign tissue ( any organ that is transplanted like heart, kidney, liver etc.) and rejecting it and killing it. Thus, to prevent host graft rejection, the patient is put on immunosuppressants.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Mathematics Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Physics Solutions |
Diagrams help us understand tough topics in an easy way. Given below are some important diagrams of this chapter:
Life cycle of Plasmodium
Replication of Retrovirus
Below mentioned are the Chapter-wise solutions:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease are important for understanding human health concepts. Through the proper study of these solutions, students are able to achieve a solid knowledge base in biology, which is important for achieving academic success as well as a successful career in the health sciences field. This chapter is also vital for NEET preparation, as it covers key topics frequently asked in competitive medical entrance exams.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12- Subject-wise
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics |
The key topics covered in NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 are different types of diseases, immunity, vaccines, and the role of the immune system in fighting infections. It also discusses AIDS, cancer, drug abuse, and public health measures.
NCERT solutions of this chapter can be found in standard books, study websites, and online educational resources like careers360. These solutions are used to understand the concepts and prepare for exams.
Innate Immunity | Acquired Immunity |
Natural defence is present from birth. | Immunity develops over time after infections or vaccinations. |
Non-specific, works against a wide range of pathogens. | Specific to a particular pathogen. |
Memory does not improve with repeated exposure. | Has memory, and provides stronger protection on re-exposure. |
Immediate response. | Takes time to develop after infection or vaccination. |
Skin, mucus, white blood cells, stomach acid. | Antibodies, vaccines, memory cells. |
Vaccines are made of weakened or dead disease-causing germs. When they are put into the body, they make the immune system produce antibodies. This makes the body able to recognise and attack the infection in the future.
The chapter Human Health and Disease explains two types of immunity:
The class 12 chapter Human Health and Disease explains different diseases, such as bacterial, viral, protozoal, and fungal. A few of them are malaria, pneumonia, amoebiasis, typhoid, dengue, and HIV/AIDS.
The immune system makes white blood cells and antibodies to fight and kill dangerous microorganisms. It also contains memory cells that enable it to recognise and combat the same infection if it re-enters the body.
AIDS results from the HIV virus, which affects the immune system. The symptoms include weight loss, fever, tiredness, recurring infections, and inflamed lymph nodes.
Interferons are proteins that are released from cells as a response to viral infections. They protect surrounding cells from the virus and improve the immune system's response.
Cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the body. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug therapy.
Allergies develop when the immune system reacts extremely to harmless agents such as pollen, dust, or food. This results in symptoms such as sneezing, rashes, itching, and difficulty in breathing.
Application Date:24 March,2025 - 23 April,2025
Admit Card Date:04 April,2025 - 26 April,2025
Changing from the CBSE board to the Odisha CHSE in Class 12 is generally difficult and often not ideal due to differences in syllabi and examination structures. Most boards, including Odisha CHSE , do not recommend switching in the final year of schooling. It is crucial to consult both CBSE and Odisha CHSE authorities for specific policies, but making such a change earlier is advisable to prevent academic complications.
Hello there! Thanks for reaching out to us at Careers360.
Ah, you're looking for CBSE quarterly question papers for mathematics, right? Those can be super helpful for exam prep.
Unfortunately, CBSE doesn't officially release quarterly papers - they mainly put out sample papers and previous years' board exam papers. But don't worry, there are still some good options to help you practice!
Have you checked out the CBSE sample papers on their official website? Those are usually pretty close to the actual exam format. You could also look into previous years' board exam papers - they're great for getting a feel for the types of questions that might come up.
If you're after more practice material, some textbook publishers release their own mock papers which can be useful too.
Let me know if you need any other tips for your math prep. Good luck with your studies!
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I hope this information helps you.
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Scholarship Details:
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