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This chapter explains the most important points of human health and types of diseases. It talks about different kinds of immunity, like innate and acquired immunity, and how the immune system battles infections. Frequent diseases such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan infections, along with their causes, symptoms, and prevention, are also explained.
It also discusses vaccination, antibiotics, and other measures for controlling diseases. Lifestyle diseases like cancer, drug addiction, and mental illness are also covered. NCERT Solutions present the topics in a clear and organized way, making it easier for students to understand them.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology provides explanations of solutions in a step-by-step, detailed manner so that students can easily answer any question of the chapters. These solutions also include immunity, prevention of disease, and management of health and are provided in an organised manner.
Students can download the complete questions with detailed answers in a PDF of this chapter for better learning:
Also Read,
NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease
The detailed answers to all the questions in this chapter are given below:
Answer:
Ques 2. In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
Answer:
The study of biology has contributed greatly to the prevention of diseases in various ways:
Ques 3. How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
A) Amoebiasis
Answer:
Amoebiasis - It is transmitted through the consumption of water and food contaminated by amoebic cysts.
B) Malaria
Answer:
Malaria - It transmits from one person to another by means of female Anopheles mosquito. When this mosquito bites a diseased person, along with blood, it takes the parasite along with blood, and when biting a healthy person, the parasite transfers to the healthy person.
C) Ascariasis
Answer:
Ascariasis - It is transmitted through food and water contaminated with eggs of the parasite.
D) Pneumonia
Answer:
Pneumonia - It transmits through droplet infection, i.e., through a sneeze, cough, sharing utensils, etc.
Ques 4. What measures would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
Answer:
Waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera are prevented by:
Ques 5. Discuss with your teacher what 'a suitable gene' means in the context of DNA vaccines.
Answer:
A suitable gene is a unique segment of DNA that is implanted in the body to make certain proteins. These proteins protect the body against dangerous disease-producing organisms.
Ques 6. Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
Answer:
Lymphoid organs help in making and activating immune cells:
Ques7: The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand well-known abbreviations
a) MALT
Answer:
MALT- Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
b) CMI
Answer:
CMI - Cell Mediated Immunity
c) AIDSAnswer:
AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
d) NACOAnswer:
NACO- National AIDS Control Organisation
e) HIVAnswer:
HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Ques8: Differentiate the following and give examples of each:
(a) Innate and acquired immunity
Answer:
Innate Immunity | Acquired Immunity |
Present from birth and provides general protection. | Develops when the body is exposed to specific infections. |
Lasts for a lifetime. | Temporary and specific to the disease. |
Passed down genetically. | Not inherited from parents. |
Answer:
Active Immunity | Passive Immunity |
The body produces its antibodies after infection or vaccination. | Antibodies are given from an external source (e.g., injection). |
Long-lasting protection. | Short-term protection. |
Takes time to develop. | Works immediately. |
Answer:
The well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule is as follows:
Ques 10. What are the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency virus takes place?
Answer:
HIV is transmitted in various ways:
Answer:
HIV causes a deficiency of the immune system in the following ways:
Ques 12. How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
Answer:
Differences between cancerous cells and normal cells
Cancerous Cells | Normal Cells |
Divide uncontrollably, forming tumours | Grow and divide at a normal rate |
Can spread to other tissues and organs | Stay in one place and perform normal functions |
Answer:
Metastasis is the condition when the cancer cells move from the primary location to other locations of the body through the blood or lymph. It is the terminal stage of cancer.
Answer:
Drug and alcohol abuse result in:
Answer:
Yes, peer pressure can result in drug or alcohol consumption. It can be prevented by:
Ques16. In your view, what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
Answer:
Teenagers can begin consumption of alcohol or drugs because of:
Prevention is achieved through:
Answer:
After a person begins to take drugs or alcohol, it is hard to quit because:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12- Subject-wise
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics |
Here are some important questions from this chapter that will help you understand the topic better and do well in your exam.
Question 1: Haemozoin is a
A. precursor of haemoglobin
B. the toxin released from Streptococcus infected cells
C. the toxin released from Plasmodium-infected cells
D. the toxin released from Haemophilus infected cells
Answer:
A dangerous byproduct generated by the parasite Plasmodium in malaria disease is haemozoin, which is a by-product of the ingestion of haemoglobin by the parasitic red cell.
Question 2: Name the substance produced by a cell in a viral infection that can protect other cells from further infection.
Answer:
Interferon is a protein that prevents a healthy cell from being infected by a virus. Interferon is produced by host cells in response to viral infections, signaling nearby cells to heighten their antiviral defenses.
Question 3: Smack is obtained from which of the substance?
Answer:
Heroin, commonly referred to as smack, is a chemically modified opioid known as diacetylmorphine, a white, odorless, and bitter crystalline substance. It is synthesized through the acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from the latex of the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.
Question 4: Mention the antibody present in colostrum that protect the newborn from certain diseases.
Answer:
The antibodies present in colostrum, the first milk produced by mammals after birth, are primarily of the IgA (Immunoglobulin A) class. Colostrum is rich in these antibodies, which play a critical role in protecting the newborn from infections. IgA antibodies help to protect the mucosal surfaces (such as the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system) from pathogens by preventing their attachment and entry into the body.
Question 5: (a) Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immune response.
(b) Why is a patient who has undergone an organ transplant put on immunosuppressants? Explain.
Answer:
a)
HUMORAL IMMUNITY | CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
1. It is mediated by B-lymphocytes. 2. Antibodies are produced in the blood in response to an antigen. 3. The onset is rapid. | 1. It is mediated by T-lymphocytes. 2. T-cells help B-cells in producing Antibodies. T-cells secrete cytokines. 3. The onset is delayed. |
b) A patient who has undergone organ transplant is put on immunosuppressants so as to prevent T- T-cells from recognizing the foreign tissue ( any organ that is transplanted, like heart, kidney, liver, etc.) and rejecting it and killing it. Thus, to prevent host graft rejection, the patient is put on immunosuppressants.
Also, check the NCERT Books and the NCERT Syllabus here:
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Maths formulas, equations, & theorems of class 11 & 12th chapters
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Mathematics Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Physics Solutions |
For better NEET preparation, students can explore some extra topics beyond NCERT. The table below lists key areas to focus on.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease are important for understanding human health concepts. Through the proper study of these solutions, students are able to achieve a solid knowledge base in biology, which is important for achieving academic success as well as a successful career in the health sciences field. This chapter is also vital for NEET preparation, as it covers key topics frequently asked in competitive medical entrance exams.
Below are the Chapter-wise solutions:
The key topics covered in NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 are different types of diseases, immunity, vaccines, and the role of the immune system in fighting infections. It also discusses AIDS, cancer, drug abuse, and public health measures.
NCERT solutions of this chapter can be found in standard books, study websites, and online educational resources like careers360. These solutions are used to understand the concepts and prepare for exams.
Innate Immunity | Acquired Immunity |
Natural defence is present from birth. | Immunity develops over time after infections or vaccinations. |
Non-specific, works against a wide range of pathogens. | Specific to a particular pathogen. |
Memory does not improve with repeated exposure. | Has memory, and provides stronger protection on re-exposure. |
Immediate response. | Takes time to develop after infection or vaccination. |
Skin, mucus, white blood cells, stomach acid. | Antibodies, vaccines, memory cells. |
Vaccines are made of weakened or dead disease-causing germs. When they are put into the body, they make the immune system produce antibodies. This makes the body able to recognise and attack the infection in the future.
The chapter Human Health and Disease explains two types of immunity:
The class 12 chapter Human Health and Disease explains different diseases, such as bacterial, viral, protozoal, and fungal. A few of them are malaria, pneumonia, amoebiasis, typhoid, dengue, and HIV/AIDS.
The immune system makes white blood cells and antibodies to fight and kill dangerous microorganisms. It also contains memory cells that enable it to recognise and combat the same infection if it re-enters the body.
AIDS results from the HIV virus, which affects the immune system. The symptoms include weight loss, fever, tiredness, recurring infections, and inflamed lymph nodes.
Interferons are proteins that are released from cells as a response to viral infections. They protect surrounding cells from the virus and improve the immune system's response.
Cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the body. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug therapy.
Allergies develop when the immune system reacts extremely to harmless agents such as pollen, dust, or food. This results in symptoms such as sneezing, rashes, itching, and difficulty in breathing.
Changing from the CBSE board to the Odisha CHSE in Class 12 is generally difficult and often not ideal due to differences in syllabi and examination structures. Most boards, including Odisha CHSE , do not recommend switching in the final year of schooling. It is crucial to consult both CBSE and Odisha CHSE authorities for specific policies, but making such a change earlier is advisable to prevent academic complications.
Hello there! Thanks for reaching out to us at Careers360.
Ah, you're looking for CBSE quarterly question papers for mathematics, right? Those can be super helpful for exam prep.
Unfortunately, CBSE doesn't officially release quarterly papers - they mainly put out sample papers and previous years' board exam papers. But don't worry, there are still some good options to help you practice!
Have you checked out the CBSE sample papers on their official website? Those are usually pretty close to the actual exam format. You could also look into previous years' board exam papers - they're great for getting a feel for the types of questions that might come up.
If you're after more practice material, some textbook publishers release their own mock papers which can be useful too.
Let me know if you need any other tips for your math prep. Good luck with your studies!
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