NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Notes Animal Kingdom- Download PDF Notes

NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Notes: Animal Kingdom discusses the classification of animals on the basis of basic features like body organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, and segmentation. These NCERT notes present a brief and well-organized overview of important concepts, such as the basis of classification, various phyla, distinguishing features of different animal groups, and examples.

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1. NCERT Chapter 4 Class 11 Notes
2. Basis of Classification
3. Classification of Animals
4. Important Topics of Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom
5. Chapter-Wise NCERT Class 11 Notes Biology

These NCERT Class 11 Biology Notes break down tough topics into simple ones, which are easy to grasp and perfect for rapid revision before CBSE Board exams and competitive exams such as NEET. With NCERT Solutions and downloadable PDF notes, students can effectively solidify their understanding and save time while preparing for exams. For better learning, download the NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 PDF and learn anywhere, anytime. These Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 are also beneficial for covering the core concepts of the CBSE Biology Syllabus in Class 11 as well as for competitive exams such as AIPMT, AIIMS, NEET, and other similar exams.

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NCERT Chapter 4 Class 11 Notes

When you look around, you will notice various animals with varying structures and forms. With over a million animal species documented to date, the necessity for taxonomy becomes even more essential. The categorization also aids in the systematic placement of newly described species.

Basis of Classification

Despite changes in structure and shape, there are essential features shared by all animals in terms of cell arrangement, body symmetry, coelom type, and patterns of digestive, circulatory, or reproductive systems. These features are used as the basis of animal classification.

Levels of Organisation

Even though all members of Animalia are multicellular, they do not all have the same cell organisation pattern. Cells in sponges, for example, are grouped as loose cell aggregates indicating that they have a cellular level of organization. Among the cells, there is some division of labour (activities). The cell arrangement in coelenterates is more complicated. The cells that perform the same function are grouped together into tissues, which is referred to as the tissue level of organization.

Members of Platyhelminthes and other higher phyla exhibit a higher degree of organization, i.e., organ level, in which tissues are gathered together to form organs, each specialized for a certain function. Organs in animals such as Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Chordates have become associated with forming functional systems, each of which is concerned with a distinct physiological role. This arrangement is known as organ system level organization.

Symmetry

Animals can be classified based on their symmetry. Sponges are generally asymmetrical, which means that no plane that runs through the center divides them into equal halves. Radial symmetry arises when any plane passing through the body's central axis divides it into two identical halves. This is the body plan of coelenterates, ctenophores, and echinoderms. Animals with bilateral symmetry include annelids, arthropods, and others whose bodies may be divided into identical left and right halves in just one plane.

Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation

Diploblastic animals, such as coelenterates, have cells arranged in two embryonic layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. The mesoglea is an undifferentiated layer that exists between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Triploblastic animals are those in which the growing embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm, between the ectoderm and endoderm.

Coelom

In organism classification, the presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is important. Coelom refers to the body cavity lined by mesoderm. Coelomates are animals that have a coelom, such as annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates. In some species, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, but rather, the mesoderm is present as dispersed pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a bodily cavity is known as a pseudocoelom, and the creatures that have it are known as pseudocoelomates, such as aschelminthes. Acoelomates are animals that do not have a body cavity, such as platyhelminthes.

Segmentation

In certain species, the body is split into segments both externally and internally, with at least some organs repeated serially. The body of an earthworm, for example, has this pattern known as metameric segmentation, and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.

Notochord

The notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure that emerges on the dorsal side in some animals during embryonic development. Chordates are creatures that have a notochord, while non-chordates are animals that do not have one, such as porifera and echinoderms.

Classification of Animals

The figure below depicts the broad categorization of Animalia based on the common fundamental features stated in the preceding sections.

Phylum – Porifera

Sponge-like organisms are members of this phylum. They are mostly asymmetrical and live in the sea. These are primitive multicellular animals with cellular organization. Sponges have a canal system for transportation. Water enters the body wall through minute pores (ostia) into a central cavity, the spongocoel, from which it exits through the osculum.

This water transport pathway aids in food gathering, respiratory exchange, and waste removal. Choanocytes, also known as collar cells, line the spongocoel and canals. Digestion occurs intracellularly. A skeleton made of spicules or spongin fibers supports the body. Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite), which means that the same individual produces both eggs and sperm.

Sponges reproduce asexually through fragmentation and sexually through gamete formation. Internal fertilization occurs, and development is indirect, with a larval stage that is morphologically distinct from the adult.

Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Freshwater Sponge), and Euspongia (Bath Sponge) are a few examples.

Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

They are radially symmetrical aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-swimming animals. The name cnidaria is derived from the presence of cnidoblasts or cnidocytes on the tentacles and body. Cnidoblasts are employed for prey capture, defence, and anchoring. Cnidarians are diploblastic and have a tissue level of organization. They have a single opening in the centre of their gastro-vascular cavity and their mouth is hypostome. Digestion occurs both extracellularly and intracellularly. Some cnidarians, such as corals, have a skeleton made of calcium carbonate. Cnidarians have two basic body forms: polyp and medusa.

The former, like Hydra, Adamsia, and others, are sessile and cylindrical, whereas the latter is umbrella-shaped and free-swimming, like Aurelia or jellyfish. Those cnidarians that exist in both forms display generational alternation (Metagenesis), which means that polyps create medusae asexually and medusae produce polyps sexually (e.g., Obelia). Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral) are some examples.

Phylum – Ctenophora

Ctenophores, often known as comb jellies or sea walnuts, are radially symmetrical, diploblastic animals with tissue-level organization and are entirely marine. On the outside of the body are eight rows of ciliated comb plates that aid in movement. Extracellular and intracellular digestion are both involved in digestion. Ctenophores have a lot of bioluminescence (the ability of a living creature to emit light). The sexes are not divided. Sexual reproduction is the only way to reproduce. Fertilization is done externally with indirect development. Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana are some examples.

Phylum – Platyhelminthes

Flatworms get their name from the fact that their bodies are flattened dorso-ventrally. These are mostly endoparasites that can be found in animals, including humans. Flatworms are animals with an organ-level organization that is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and acoelomate. In the parasitic forms, hooks and suckers are present. Some of them directly absorb nutrients from the host via their body surface. Flame cells are specialized cells that aid in osmoregulation and excretion. The sexes are not distinct. Internal fertilization occurs, and development takes place through several larval stages.

Taenia (Tapeworm), and Fasciola (Liver fluke) are some examples.

Phylum – Aschelminthes

The aschelminthes' body is circular in cross-section, thus the name roundworms. They might be free-living, aquatic, or terrestrial, or they can be parasitic in plants and animals. The body organization of roundworms is organ-system level. With a well-developed muscular pharynx, the alimentary canal is completed. Through the excretory pores, an excretory tube removes waste from the body cavity. Sexes are distinct (dioecious), i.e., males and females exist separately. Females are frequently longer than males. Internal fertilization occurs, and development can be direct (the young resemble the adult) or indirect.

Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), and Ancylostoma (Hookworm).

Phylum – Annelida

They can be aquatic (both marine and freshwater) or terrestrial free-living or parasitic. They have an organ-system level of body organization as well as bilateral symmetry. They are coelomate, triploblastic and metamerically segmented animals. Their body surface is divided into segments or metameres, giving rise to the phylum name Annelida (Latin, annulus: little ring). They have both longitudinal and circular muscles that aid in locomotion. Aquatic annelids, such as Nereis, have lateral appendages called parapodia that aid in swimming. There is a closed circulatory system set up. Nephridia (also known as nephridium) aids in osmoregulation and excretion.

The neural system is made up of paired ganglia (sing. ganglion) that are linked by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord. Earthworms and leeches are monoecious, whereas Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious. Reproduction is a sexual process.

Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm) and Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech) are some examples.

Phylum – Mollusca

This is the second most populous animal phylum. Molluscs are either terrestrial or aquatic (marine or freshwater) organisms with organ-system-level organization. They are triploblastic, coelomate animals with bilateral symmetry. The body is unsegmented and covered by a calcareous shell, with a distinct head, muscular foot, and visceral hump. A soft and spongy layer of skin creates a mantle over the visceral hump.

The mantle cavity, which contains feather-like gills, is located between the hump and the mantle. They can breathe and expel waste. Sensory tentacles can be found in the anterior head region. The radula is a file-like rasping organ found in the mouth that is used for feeding.

Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devilfish), Aplysia (Sea hare), Dentalium (Tusk shell) and Chaetopleura (Chiton).

Phylum – Echinodermata

The name Echinodermata comes from the fact that these animals have an endoskeleton made up of calcareous ossicles. All are marine and organized at the organ-system level. The name Echinodermata comes from the fact that these animals have an endoskeleton made up of calcareous ossicles. All are marine and organized at the organ-system level. Adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical, whereas larval echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical. They are coelomate and triploblastic animals. With the mouth on the lower (ventral) side and the anus on the upper (dorsal) side, the digestive system is complete.

The presence of a water vascular system in echinoderms aids in locomotion, food capture and transport, and respiration. An excretory system is not present. Sexes are distinct. The mode of reproduction is sexual. Fertilization is usually done externally. Asterias (Starfish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber) and Ophiura (Brittle star).

Phylum – Hemichordata

Hemichordates have a basic structure in the collar region termed the stomochord, which is analogous to the notochord. This phylum is made up of a tiny group of worm-like marine organisms that are organized on an organ-system level. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and coelomate creatures. The body is cylindrical and consists of an anterior proboscis, a collar, and a lengthy trunk.

The circulatory system is of the open kind. The gills are responsible for respiration. The excretory organ is the proboscis gland. Sexes are distinct. The mode of fertilization is external. Development occurs indirectly.

Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus are examples of hemichordates.

Phylum – Chordata

A notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits distinguish Chordata animals. These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and coelomate organ-system cells. They have a postanal tail and a closed circulatory system.

Classification of Phylum Chordata

Urochordata or Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata are the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata. Both the subphylums Urochordata and Cephalochordata are marine and are frequently referred to as protochordate. The notochord is only present in the larval tail of Urochordata, whereas it extends from the head to the tail region in Cephalochordata and is present throughout their lives.

During the embryonic period, members of the subphylum Vertebrata have a notochord. In adults, the notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column. As a result, all vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates. Vertebrates contain a two-, three-, or four-chambered ventral muscular heart, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation and paired appendages that can be fins or limbs, in addition to the fundamental chordate traits.

Classification of Subphylum Vertebrata

Class – Cyclostomata

Members of the class Cyclostomata who are still alive are parasitic ectoparasites on some fish. They have an elongated body with 6-15 pairs of gill slits that allow them to breathe. Cyclostomes have a sucking mouth and no jaws. Scales are missing from their bodies, and their fins are paired.The cranium and vertebral column are made up of cartilage. The circulation system is closed.

Cyclostomes are marine creatures that migrate to freshwater for spawning. They die a few days after spawning. After metamorphosis, their larvae return to the ocean.

Examples are Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).

Class – Chondrichthyes

They are streamlined marine animals with a cartilaginous endoskeleton. The mouth is located ventral. The notochord remains constant throughout life. Gill slits are distinct and lack an operculum (gill cover). The skin is tough and covered in small placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales that are oriented backwards. Their jaws are extremely powerful. These creatures are predators. Because they lack an air bladder, they must swim constantly to avoid sinking.

The heart is divided into two chambers (one auricle and one ventricle). They are cold-blooded creatures (poikilotherms), i.e. they can’t control their body temperature. Sexes are distinct. Males have claspers on their pelvic fins. Their mode of fertilization is internal and most of them are viviparous.

Examples are Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Stingray).

Class – Osteichthyes

It includes both freshwater and marine fish with a bony endoskeleton. Their physique is streamlined. The mouth is primarily terminal (Figure 4.20). They have four pairs of gills on each side, which are covered by an operculum. Cycloid/ctenoid scales cover the skin. There is an air bladder present that regulates buoyancy. The heart is divided into two chambers (one auricle and one ventricle). They are cold-blooded creatures. The sexes are distinct. Fertilization is typically done externally. They are generally oviparous and have direct development.

Marine examples are Exocoetus (Flying fish), and Hippocampus (Sea horse).

Freshwater examples include Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), and Clarias (Magur).

Aquarium examples are Betta (Fighting fish), and Pterophyllum (Angel fish).

Class – Amphibians

Amphibians can live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The majority of them have 2 pairs of limbs. The body is divided into two parts: the head and the trunk. Some creatures may have a tail. The amphibian's skin is wet (without scales). Eyelids are present in the eyes. A tympanum is a representation of the ear. The alimentary canal, urinary tract, and reproductive tract all connect to a common chamber called the cloaca, which opens to the outside. Respiration is done via the gills, lungs, and skin.

The heart is made up of three chambers (two auricles and one ventricle). These are cold-blooded creatures. The sexes are distinct. Fertilization is done externally. They are oviparous and develop indirectly. Examples are Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).

Class – Reptilia

They are usually terrestrial animals with dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales, or scutes covering their bodies. They have no external ear holes.A tympanum is a representation of the ear. When limbs are present, they are in two pairs.Heart is generally three-chambered but crocodiles have a four-chambered heart. Poikilotherms are reptiles. Lizards and snakes shed their scales in the form of skin cast.The sexes are distinct. Internal fertilization occurs. They are oviparous and develop directly.

Examples are Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator). Hemidactylus (Wall lizard).

Poisonous snakes such as Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), and Vipera (Viper) are also included in reptiles.

Class – Aves

The presence of feathers distinguishes Aves (birds) and most of them can fly, except flightless birds (e.g., Ostrich). They have a beak. The forelimbs have been transformed into wings. Scales cover the hind limbs, which are modified for walking, swimming, and grasping tree branches. Except for an oil gland at the base of the tail, the skin is dry and gland-free. The long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic) and the endoskeleton is entirely ossified (bony). The crop and gizzard are extra chambers in the digestive tract of birds. The heart has four chambers.

They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals, which means they can keep their body temperature constant. The lungs are responsible for respiration. Respiration is supplemented by air sacs connected to the lungs. The sexes are distinct. Internal fertilization occurs. They are oviparous and development is instantly.

Examples are Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).

Class – Mammalia

They can be found in a wide range of environments, including arctic ice caps, deserts, mountains, woods, grasslands, and subterranean caves. Some of them have developed the ability to fly or live in water. The existence of milk-producing glands (mammary glands) that nourish the young is the most distinctive mammalian feature. They have two pairs of limbs that allow them to walk, run, climb, burrow, swim, or fly. Mammalian skin is remarkable in that it has hair. There are external ears called pinnae. The jaw has many types of teeth. The heart has four chambers.

These creatures are homoiothermic. The lungs are responsible for respiration. Sexes are separate and fertilization is done internally. With a few exceptions, they are viviparous, and the manner of development is direct.

Examples are Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus); Viviparous - Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).

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Important Topics of Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

The topics included in the chapter are:

1. Basis of Classification

2. Classification of Animals

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Most Important Questions of Class 11 Biology Chapter 4

Below are a few solved questions:

Q1. The body cavity is the cavity present between the body wall and the gut wall. In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm. What are such animals called?

Answer:

Animals classified as pseudocoelomates have a fluid-filled bodily cavity known as a pseudocoelom that is not entirely lined by mesoderm tissue.

Q2. What are oviparous animals?

Answer:

Animals that reproduce by laying eggs and have their offspring develop outside of their mother's body are referred to be oviparous. The platypus is a primitive mammal that shows many characteristics of their reptilian descent, such as oviparity.

Q3. What is radial symmetry?

Answer:

A symmetry in which the body can be divided into two equal, identical halves from any plane passing through the central axis. Asterias shows a type of symmetry called radial symmetry.

Q4. What are some characteristics of mammals? Give a few examples.

Answer:

Mammals possess the following features:
(i) Milk-producing mammary glands.
(ii) Two pairs of limbs.
(iii) Presence of external ears.
(iv) Viviparity.
(v) Skin possessing hair.

Monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans belong to a single taxonomic group.

Q5. *In some animal groups, the body is divided into compartments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. This characteristic feature is called?

Answer:

The body in some animals is externally as well as internally separated into fragments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. This is called Metamerism. In other words, Metamerism is the condition of being constructed of a linear series of repeating
parts. For example, in the earthworm, the body shows Metamerism. If we talk about Metagenesis, is the reproduction cycle of an organism alternating between sexual and asexual modes. Metamorphosis is the process through which animals such as amphibians, insects, and a few aquatic animals experience extreme physical changes after birth.

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Approach to solve questions of Class 11 Biology Chapter 4

The students should first create flow charts for the classification hierarchy levels, like phylum, class, and order must be thoroughly understand them. They should focus on the key characteristics of each phylum, like body symmetry, level of organisation, presence of a coelom, segmentation, and special features. They should pay attention to examples like Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Arthropoda, and Chordata, as questions are asked around their differentiating features. They should practise writing answers and use diagrams wherever needed, and solve questions as much as possible to improve accuracy during the exam.