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If you need to learn the various parts of flowering plants, the NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants is perfect. The NCERT Exemplar of this chapter explains everything regarding roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds, including how they can transform or develop. In the chapter, you will get detailed answers to all sorts of questions—MCQs, brief, short, and long answers. There are also lists of important topics and useful diagrams to make learning simple.
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This chapter is particularly helpful for students preparing for their CBSE Class 11 board exams or competitive entrance examinations like NEET. Utilising these NCERT solutions, you'll be able to study the external structure and diversity of flowering plants, emphasising every organ and its characteristic features. The descriptions are concise and simplify difficult concepts, and hence, you will be better able to comprehend plant morphology and feel confident while taking your exams.
The detailed answers to the MCQ solutions are given below:
Question:1
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) C, B, E, A, D
Explanation: The root cap is at the tip; followed by a zone of meristems. This is followed by the zone of elongation and then the root hair zone. Zone of maturation comes after all of them.
Question:2
Answer:
The answer is option (c), Distal
Explanation: Acropetal succession is an arrangement of flowers when the youngest flower is at the top of the floral axis.
Question:3
Answer:
The answer is option (a) Endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo during seed development
Explanation: During or after germination, the developing embryo derives its nourishment from the endosperm; that is why plants do not possess endosperm.
Question:4
Answer:
The answer is option (b) Adventitious roots
Explanation: Taproots and fibrous roots come out from the radicles nodular roots emerge from root nodules. Whereas adventitious roots generally emerge from the stems and sometimes from the leaves.
Question:5
Answer:
The answer is option (a) Veins and veinlets in a lamina
Explanation: The veins of the leaves which carry the food and water are designed in a complex net-like structure. This complex arrangement of veins in a leaf is called venation. Venation is of two types based on the arrangement of veins and veinlets.
Question:6
Answer:
The answer is option (c), Orchids
Explanation: The embryo in the orchid plant absorbs the endosperm during growth.
Question:7
Answer:
The answer is option (d), Fabaceae
Explanation: Leguminosae and pulses are referred to as Fabaceae and are also known as legumes.
Question:8
The placenta is attached to the developing seed near the
(a) Hilum
(b) Testa
(c) Micropyle
(d) Chalaza
Answer:
The answer is option (a) Hilum
Explanation: The scar on the seed coat through which the seed attaches it to the fruit is known as Hilum. Chalaza is the base of the ovule, Testa is the outer covering of the seed, and lastly, micropyle is a tiny opening in the seed coat through which water gets absorbed in the seed.
Question:9
Answer:
The answer is option (b) Indigofera
Explanation: Indigo is a blue colour. Indigofera is used for blue dye.
Question:10
Match the following and choose the correct option
Column I | Column II |
A. Aleurone layer | i. without fertilization |
B. Parthenocarpic fruit | ii. Nutrition |
C. Ovule | iii. Double fertilization |
D. Endosperm | iv. Seed |
Options:
a. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
b. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
c. A-iv, B-ii, C-i, D-iii
d. A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii
Answer: The answer is option (b) 'A- (ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D - (iii)'.
Explanation:
Question:1
Answer:
The plants which are growing in marshlands or swamps have vertical growths from their roots. These roots are hollow from within, and thus they make way for air to enter through these roots. These are known as pneumatophores. In consequence, pneumatophores assist the plants in swamps and marshland areas to acquire oxygen for root respiration.
Question:2
Answer:
Question:3
Answer:
Euphorbia is a large genus of flowering plants, also known as spurge. The stem of Euphorbia is fleshy and cylindrical in structure. The stem in this plant helps to carry out photosynthesis because of the presence of chlorophyll in the stem.
Question:4
Answer:
Pneumatophores, which help for root respiration.
Question:5
In aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia, leaves and roots are found near _____.
Answer:
Leaves and roots are found near the surface of the water.
Question:6
Reticulate and parallel venation are characteristic of _____ and _____ respectively.
Answer:
Monocot, dicot.
Question:7
Which parts in ginger and onion are edible?
Answer:
The underground stem in ginger is good for consumption, whereas the altered leaves are edible in the case of onion.
Question:8
In the epigynous flower, the ovary is situated below the _____.
Answer:
Thalamus
Question:9
Add the missing floral organs of the given floral formula of Fabaceae.
Answer:
C1+2+(2) A (9+1)
Question:10
Name the body part modified for food storage in the following
(a) Carrot
(b) Colocasia
(c) Sweet potato
(d) Asparagus
(e) Radish
(f) Potato
(g) Dahlia
(h) Turmeric
(i) Gladiolus
(j) Ginger
(k) Portulaca
Answer:
(a) Tap Root
(b) Stem
(c) Adventitious Roots
(d) Root
(e) Tap Root
(f) Stem
(g) Adventitious Roots
(h) Stem
(i) Stem
(j) Stem
(k) Adventitious Roots
Some short answers to NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Morphology of Flowering Plants Chapter:
Question:1
Answer:
Adventitious roots are the term used when the roots develop from different plant parts in angiosperm. Two examples of adventitious roots are:
Prop Roots in Banyan: The roots of a banyan tree is an example for prop roots. These prop roots deeply penetrate the soil and help the tree to maintain the balance and support itself.
Stilt Roots in Maize: The roots in maize plants are an example for stilt roots.These roots enter the ground and are developed from the nodes just above the ground; they provide extra support to the maize plant.
Question:2
Answer:
As known by all, the basic function of roots is that of anchorage and absorption of water and minerals. Availability of water is not an issue for aquatic plants. That is why the roots are not properly grown in most of the aquatic plants. In these free-floating plants, the roots are very few in number and are in a structure of fine hairs. In the plants that are submerged, roots play the important role of anchorage.
Question:3
Draw diagrams of a typical monocot and dicot leave to show their venation pattern.
Answer:
Reticular Venation
Parallel Venation
Question:4
Answer:
The arrangement of four floral parts is as follows; starting from the periphery of the flower: Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
The calyx is the part of the flower which is made up of green leaf-like sepals. The corolla is the part of the flower which is composed of colourful petals. The androecium is the part of the flower which consists of stamens (filament and anther). The gynoecium is the part of the flower which is composed of carpel (stima, style and ovary).
Question:5
Answer:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Question:6
Answer:
These are some examples of exceptions to this generalisation:
Parallel venation in dicot: Calophyllum, Corymbium
Reticulate venation in monocot: Alocasia, Smilax
Question:7
The leaves of the pitcher plant are modified into a pitcher. The pitcher is facilitated with a lid which is developed from the tip of the lamina. The anterior part of the petiole, which is coiled like a little tendril. It helps to keep the pitcher in a vertical position.
Question:8
Answer:
The endosperm is the edible part of a coconut. The oily endosperm in the liquid form constitutes the milk of tender coconut. After some time, this milk becomes flesh as it gets deposited along the walls of the endocarp.
Question:9
How can you differentiate between free central and axile placentation?
Answer:
Placentation: It is regarded as free central when the septa is absent, and the ovules are born on the central axis.
Placentation: It is regarded as axile when the placenta is axial, and the ovules are attached to the placenta in a multilocular ovary.
Question:10
a. Cucumber
b. Peas
c. Pumpkins
d. Grapevine
e. Watermelons
Answer:
a. Cucumber – Stem tendrils
b. Peas – Leaf tendrils
c. Pumpkins – stem tendrils
d. Grapevines – stem tendrils
e. Watermelons – stem tendrils
Question:11
Why is maize grain usually called as a fruit and not a seed?
Answer:
The maize grain is generally known as a fruit and not a seed as it is a ripened ovary that contains the ripened ovule.
Question:12
Answer:
Tendrils of pumpkins are homologous to the tendrils of grapevines because both originate from the same part of the plan i.e., the stem despite having different functions. But the tendrils of grapevines and tendrils of pumpkins are analogous to that of a pea because the function of tendrils on pumpkin is to creep while in grapevines it is to climb.
Question:13
Answer:
The rhizome of ginger is like the roots of other plants that grow underground. Despite this fact, ginger is a stem and not a root. Ginger is not a root but stem as it has internodes and nodes that roots do not possess.
Question:14
a. Bract and Bracteole
b. Pulvinus and petiole
c. Pedicel and peduncle
d. Spike and spadix
e. Stamen and staminoid
f. Pollen and pollenium
Answer:
a. The bracteolate is found between the bract and flower, while a bract is found towards the base of the pedicle.
b. Petiole is a subcylindrical stalk that connects the lamina with the leaf base while Pulvinus is a swollen leaf base which is found in leguminous plants.
c. The Peduncle is a stalk of the whole inflorescence while a pedicle is the stalk of a flower.
d. Spadix is covered by several large bracts known as spates while in spike, sessile flowers are attached on an elongated peduncle.
e. Every stamen represents a male reproductive organ, and androecium is composed of stamens. The staminode is a sterile stamen.
f. Polonium is defined as the group of pollen grains, while a pollen is a male gametophyte of angiosperms.
Question:1
Answer:
Gynoecium Characteristics | Solanaceae | Liliaceae | Fabaceae | |
Ovules | Many in each locular | Trilocular | Margin in two alternate rows | |
Placentation | Axile | 2-many ovules in each locules | Marginal | |
Ovary | Superior bilocular(2-4locular in tomato) | Superior | Superior unilocular | |
Carpels | BicarpellarySyncarpous | Tricarpellarysyncarpous | Monocarpellary free, single | |
Style | Simple | Simple but may be united or separate | Bent, single | |
The economic importance of Fabaceae can be specified as follows: -
Source of pulses
Medicine
Edible oil
Dye
Fibres
Fodder
Ornamental
Question:2
Describe various stem modifications associated with food storage,climbingand protection.
Answer:
The various stem modifications that are associated with food storage climbing and protection are as follows: -
For storage of food, underground stems of ginger, turmeric, potato, and colocasia are modified. These stems also perform the function of organs of perennation that helps get over unfavourable growth conditions.
Developed from axillary buds, stem tendrils are dare spirally coiled and are slender which helps the plants to climb. Some examples include grapevines, pumpkins, cucumber, and watermelon etc.
It is also possible for axillary buds of the stems to be modified into straight, woody and pointed thorns. Some of the famous examples are Citrus and Bougainvillea. Thorns help to protect the plants from animals.
Question:3
Answer:
Offset | Stolon | Rhizome |
It is a lateral branch that has short intermodes. Each node bears a tuft of roots and rosette of leaves which are often found in aquatic plants. For eg: - Eichhornia and Pistia | This form of stem is a creeper. Which is in the form of thicker internodes and a long distance runner with horizontal branches arising from the internodes, For e.g.: - Strawberry | It is an underground stem which grows parallel to the surface of the soil. For e.g., Ginger and Turmeric. |
Question:4
Answer:
Question:5
Answer:
The placenta is flattened, soft pillow-like tissue on which the ovules get attached. The placenta supplies the developing embryo with nutrients.
Question:6
Sunflower is not a flower. Explain.
Answer:
Ans. Sunflower is actually not a flower, but a bunch of flowers, altogether. Inflorescence is the term used for a bunch of exceedingly small flowers, for what it appears to be a single flower. These flowers are put on a receptacle in a special arrangement. This type of inflorescence of flowers is called a capitulum.
These are some characteristics of capitulum: -
There are many tiny, sessile florets present on the receptacle.
The youngest florets are present at the center, while the oldest florets are at the periphery.
The receptacle is flattened.
There are two kinds of florets in a sunflower, viz., ray florets and disc florets.
Ray florets are present on the rim of the receptacle. These are of yellow colour.
Disc florets are present in the center. They are bisexual in nature and are actinomorphic.
Question:7
Answer:
Epigeal Germination | Hypogeal Germination |
Epigeal germination is described as the type of germination when the hypocotyl grows initially. It then pushes the cotyledons and other parts of the seed out from the soil. | Hypogeal germination is described as the type of germination when the epicotyl grows first and only the plumule is pushed out from the soil. But the other parts including the cotyledons remain under the soil. |
This type of germination takes place in Onion, Castor, Mustard etc. | This type of germination takes place in Monocots and some dicots. |
Question:8
Answer:
Reasons for seed dormancy:
The seed coat is hard, and the impermeable layers of the seeds prevent uptake of water, which inhibits growth and delays the process of germination. In some cases, the seeds have undeveloped embryos, which is the reason for the delay in germination.
Methods to break seed dormancy:
Seed dormancy can be broken by changes in temperature of the environment and other conditions. Physical dormancy can also be broken when the seed goes through the gut of an animal that has consumed it. Mechanical dormancy is broken with the help of some external factors. Example: An animal might break the hard coat of the seed.
Also, read the NCERT solutions subject-wise
Some major subtopics of the morphology of flowering plants:
Types of Roots – Taproot, Fibrous Root, Adventitious Root
Root Modifications – Storage, Breathing, Climbing Roots
Structure and Modifications of Stem – Underground, Aerial, and Subaerial
Types of Leaves – Simple and Compound Leaves
Venation – Parallel and Reticulate
Phyllotaxy – Alternate, Opposite, and Whorled
Types of Inflorescence – Racemose and Cymose
Floral Formula and Floral Diagram
Structure and Types of Fruits – Dry, Fleshy, and Aggregate Fruits
Monocot and Dicot Seed Structure
Important Plant Families – Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae
NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Solutions
Begin by carefully reading the chapter to get the exterior features and structural range of flowering plants, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.
Also, check the NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here
Question:
Roots that develop from parts of the plant other than the radicle are called:
a) Taproots
b) Fibrous roots
c) Adventitious roots
d) Lateral roots
Answer: c) Adventitious roots
Explanation:
Adventitious roots are roots that arise from any part of the plant other than the radicle (the embryonic root). They may develop from stems, leaves, or old woody roots, and are common in many monocots and some dicots. These roots help in vegetative propagation and provide extra support to the plant. In contrast, taproots develop directly from the radicle, fibrous roots are a mass of similarly sized roots (common in grasses), and lateral roots branch off from the main root. Thus, adventitious roots are unique in their origin from non-radicle plant parts.
Must Read NCERT Notes subject-wise
The chapter-wise links are given below:
The chapter covers the external features and structure of flowering plants, including roots, stems, leaves (types, venation, phyllotaxy), inflorescence, flowers (parts and whorls), fruits, seeds, floral formulae, and the description of important plant families like Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae.
The correct sequence from the tip upwards is: Root cap zone, Zone of meristems, Zone of elongation, Root hair zone, and Zone of maturation.
Floral formulae and diagrams use symbols and numbers to represent the structure, symmetry, sex, and arrangement of floral organs. They help in the systematic identification and classification of plant families.
Morphology forms the foundation for understanding plant diversity and classification. It is a key topic in board exams and competitive exams like NEET, as questions often test the ability to identify, describe, and compare plant structures and adaptations.
NCERT Exemplar provides conceptual questions, diagrams, and exercises to strengthen understanding. It enhances analytical thinking by including application-based and higher-order questions, helping students grasp the structural adaptations and modifications of plants effectively.
This chapter covers the morphology of flowering plants, including root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed. It also discusses modifications, venation, phyllotaxy, placentation, and floral formulae for plant classification.
Root modifications include taproot modifications (e.g., carrot for storage), adventitious roots (e.g., prop roots in banyan for support), and respiratory roots (e.g., pneumatophores in mangroves for gaseous exchange). These adaptations help plants survive in varied environments.
NCERT Exemplar provides conceptual questions, diagrams, and exercises to strengthen understanding. It enhances analytical thinking by including application-based and higher-order questions, helping students grasp the structural adaptations and modifications of plants effectively.
Stems undergo modifications for various functions like food storage (potato tuber), support (tendrils in grapes), protection (thorns in Bougainvillea), and vegetative propagation (runners in strawberry). These adaptations help plants thrive in diverse ecological conditions.
Root modifications include taproot modifications (e.g., carrot for storage), adventitious roots (e.g., prop roots in banyan for support), and respiratory roots (e.g., pneumatophores in mangroves for gaseous exchange). These adaptations help plants survive in varied environments.
Venation refers to the arrangement of veins in a leaf. It is of two types: Reticulate venation (net-like pattern, e.g., dicots like mango) and Parallel venation (parallel veins, e.g., monocots like grass). It helps in mechanical support and transport.
In pinnate compound leaves, leaflets are arranged along a common axis (e.g., neem). In palmate compound leaves, leaflets arise from a single point like fingers from a palm (e.g., silk cotton). Both increase surface area for photosynthesis.
Inflorescence types include racemose (flowers develop in an acropetal manner, e.g., mustard) and cymose (flowers develop in a basipetal manner, e.g., jasmine). Special inflorescences like hypanthodium (fig) are also discussed.
Stems undergo modifications for various functions like food storage (potato tuber), support (tendrils in grapes), protection (thorns in Bougainvillea), and vegetative propagation (runners in strawberry). These adaptations help plants thrive in diverse ecological conditions.
A floral formula represents a flower’s structure using symbols and numbers, indicating symmetry, sex, number of floral organs, and their arrangement. It helps in identifying plant families systematically, e.g., Brassicaceae: ⊕ K4 C4 A6 G(2).
Venation refers to the arrangement of veins in a leaf. It is of two types: Reticulate venation (net-like pattern, e.g., dicots like mango) and Parallel venation (parallel veins, e.g., monocots like grass). It helps in mechanical support and transport.
In pinnate compound leaves, leaflets are arranged along a common axis (e.g., neem). In palmate compound leaves, leaflets arise from a single point like fingers from a palm (e.g., silk cotton). Both increase surface area for photosynthesis.
Exam Date:22 July,2025 - 29 July,2025
Exam Date:22 July,2025 - 28 July,2025
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