ALLEN Coaching
ApplyRegister for ALLEN Scholarship Test & get up to 90% Scholarship
NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 18 Body Fluids and Circulation are crafted by experts to help students prepare for their examinations. The solutions deal with Body fluids, also known as biofluids, which are liquids that constitute the human body. This chapter consists of topics like Blood, Plasma, Blood groups,the Heart and its Function, Human Circulatory system. By referring to NCERT Exemplar Solutions, students can improve their understanding of the chapter and quickly summarise key points before their final examinations.
New: Get up to 90% Scholarship on NEET/JEE Coaching from top Coaching Institutes
NEET Scholarship Test Kit (Class 11): Narayana | Physics Wallah | Aakash | ALLEN
Browse: NEET papers with solutions | Most scoring concepts for NEET
The solutions offer different kinds of questions on this chapter, including multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short answer questions, long answer questions and important diagrams. These NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Science are very important for scoring well in board exams and other entrance examinations.
Different forms of questions, like MCQs, short answers, and long answers with the required diagrams, are provided below. Practising these will help you understand the pattern and these concepts easily and effectively.
Question:1
Which of the following cells does not exhibit phagocytic activity?
(a) Monocytes
(b) Neutrophil
(c) Basophil
(d) Macrophage
Answer:
The answer is option (c) Basophil
Explanation: Basophils are involved in inflammatory reactions and the secretion of histamine, serotonin,
etc. It does not exhibit phagocytic activity.
Question:2
One of the common symptoms observed in people infected with Dengue fever is
(a) Significant decrease in RBC count
(b) Significant decrease in WBC count
(c) Significant decrease in platelets count
(d) Significant increase in platelets count
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) Significant decrease in platelets count
Explanation: Low platelet count is one of the ways to diagnose Dengue Fever. It attacks the platelets in our body, reducing them.
Question:3
Which among the followings is correct during each cardiac cycle?
(a) The volume of blood pumped out by the Rt and Lt ventricles is same.
(b) The volume of blood pumped out by the Rt, and Lt ventricle is different
(c) The volume of blood received by each atrium is different
(d) The volume of blood received by the aorta and pulmonary artery is different
Answer:
The answer is the option (a) The volume of blood pumped out by the Rt and Lt ventricles is same.
Explanation: After oxygenation, the volume of the blood entering the lung is the same as the volume of blood leaving it. In the case of varying volume, the heart is susceptible to heart failure due to different pressure.
Question:4
Cardiac activity could be moderated by the autonomous neural system.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) The parasympathetic system stimulates the heart rate and stroke volume
(b) The sympathetic system stimulates the heart rate and stroke volume
(c) The parasympathetic system decreases the heart rate but increases stroke volume
(d) The sympathetic system decreases the heart rate but increases stroke volume
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) The sympathetic system stimulates the heart rate and stroke volume
Explanation: Neural signals from the sympathetic nerves can increase the rate of heartbeat, the strength of the ventricular contraction in the heart, thereby stimulating heart rate and stroke volume.
Question:5
Mark the pair of substances among the following which is essential for coagulation of blood.
(a) Heparin and calcium ions
(b) Calcium ions and platelet factors
(c) Oxalates and citrates
(d) Platelet factors and heparin
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) calcium ions and platelets factors
Explanation- calcium ions and platelets facilitate the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin so that the blood can coagulate.
Question:6
ECG depicts the depolarisation and repolarisation processes during the cardiac cycle. In the ECG of a normal healthy individual one of the following waves is not represented.
(a) Depolarisation of atria
(b) Repolarisation of atria
(c) Depolarisation of ventricles
(d) Repolarisation of ventricles
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) Repolarisation of atria
Explanation: In a normal ECG, P-wave depolarization of atria, QRS complex-ventricular depolarization, T-wave repolarization of ventricles are depicted. Therefore, the repolarization of atria is not shown.
Question:7
Which one of the following types of cells lack nucleus in humans?
(a) RBC
(b) Neutrophils
(c) Eosinophils
(d) Erythrocytes
Answer:
The answer is option (a) RBC
Explanation- RBCs are the only mammalian cells that do not contain nucleus and mitochondria.
Question:8
Which one of the following blood cells is involved in antibody production?
(a) B-Lymphocytes
(b) T-Lymphocytes
(e) RBC
(d) Neutrophils
Answer:
The answer is option (a) B-Lymphocytes
Explanation- The primary function of B-Lymphocytes is to create antibodies against soluble antigens in the human body.
Question:9
(a). SA Node | AV Node | Purkinje fiber | A V Bundle |
(b). SA Node | Purkinje fiber | AV Node | A V Bundle |
(c). SA Node | AV Node | AV Bundle | Purkinje fiber |
(d). SA Node | Purkinje fiber | AV Bundle | AV Node |
Answer:
The answer is option (c)
SA Node | AV Node | AV Bundle | Purkinje fiber |
Explanation: The contraction starts in the SA Node; the wave of contraction reaches the AV Node then via the AV Bundle the impulse of contraction is spread, and finally, the Purkinje Fiber stimulates the heartbeat.
Question:10
Agranulocytes responsible for the immune response of the body are
(a) Basophils
(b) Neutrophils
(c) Eosinophils
(d) Lymphocytes
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) Lymphocytes
Explanation- Lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies and immune response.
Question:11
The second heart sound (dubb) is associated with the closure of
(a) Tricuspid valve
(b) Semilunar valves
(c) Bicuspid valve
(d) Tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) Semilunar valve
Explanation: The bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and both together are associated with the first heart sound, and the semilunar valve is associated with the second.
Question:12
Which of the following correctly explains a phase/ event in the cardiac cycle in a standard electrocardiogram?
(a) QRS complex indicates atrial contraction.
(b) QRS complex indicates ventricular contraction.
(c) The time between S and T represents atrial systole.
(d) P-wave indicates the beginning of ventricular contraction.
Answer:
The answer is option (b) QRS complex indicates ventricular contraction
Explanation: The QRS wave starts with a downward deflection and continues as an upright triangular wave with downward waves as its base. It indicates ventricular depolarization or contraction.
Question:13
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) A person of ‘O’ blood group has anti ‘A’ and anti ‘B’ antibodies in his blood plasma.
(b) A person of ‘B’ blood group can’t donate blood to a person of ‘A’ blood group.
(c) Blood group is designated based on the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma.
(d) A person of AB blood group is a universal recipient.
Answer:
The answer is the option (c) Blood group is designated on the basis of the presence of antibodies in the blood Plasma.
Explanation: Blood group is based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on RBCs and presence or absence of two natural antibodies present in plasma.
Question:14
(a) 360 mL
(b) 3600 mL
(c) 7200 mL
(d) 5000 mL
Answer:
The answer is option (b), 3600 mL
Explanation:
Cardiac output= Stroke volume X heart rate
=50×72=3600mL
Question:15
Column A | Column B |
A. Lymphatic system | (i) Carries oxygenated blood |
B. Pulmonary vein | (ii) Immune response |
C. Thrombocytes | (iii) To drain back the tissue fluid to the circulatory system |
D. Lymphocytes | (iv) Coagulation of blood |
Options:
(a) A – (ii), B – (i), C – (iii), D – (iv)
(b) A – (iii), B – (i), C – (iv), D – (ii)
(c) A – (iii), B – (i), C – (ii), D – (iv)
(d) A – (ii), B – (i), C – (iii), D – (iv)
Answer:
The answer is the option (b) A – (iii), B – (i), C – (iv), D – (ii)
Explanation:
Column I | Column II |
A. Lymphatic system | To drain back the tissue fluid to the circulatory system |
B. Pulmonary vein | Carries oxygenated blood |
C. Thrombocytes | Coagulation of blood |
D. Lymphocytes | Immune response |
Question:16
Read the following statements and choose the correct option
Statement 1: Atria receive blood from all parts of the body, which subsequently flows to ventricles.
Statement 2: Action potential generated at the sino-atrial node passes from atria to ventricles.
a) Action mentioned in Statement 1 is dependent on action mentioned in Statement 2
b) Action mentioned in Statement 2 is dependent on action mentioned in Statement 1
c) Action mentioned in Statements 1 and 2 is independent of each other.
d) Action mentioned in Statements 1 and 2 is synchronous.
Answer:
The answer is the option (d) Action mentioned in Statements 1 and 2 are synchronous.
Explanation:
Right atria receive blood from the superior vena cava and the left atria from the lungs. The blood then flows into the ventricles. The contraction in Atria moves from SA nodes to AV nodes and then the Purkinje Fibers thereby making the two statements synchronous.
The detailed answers to the Very Short Answer questions are given below:
Question:1
Name the blood component which is viscous and straw coloured fluid.
Answer:
Plasma.
Question:2
Complete the missing word in the statement given below:
(a) Plasma without __________ factors is called serum.
(b) __________and monocytes are phagocytic cells.
(c) Eosinophils are associated with__________ reactions.
(d) ___________ions play a significant role in clotting.
(e) One can determine the heartbeat rate by counting the number of __________ in an ECG.
Answer:
(a) blood Clotting
(b) Neutrophils
(c) allergic
(d) Calcium
(e) QRS
Question:4
Name the vascular connection that exists between the digestive tract and liver.
Answer:
Hepatic portal system
Question:5
Given below are the abnormal conditions related to blood circulation. Name the disorders.
(a) Acute chest pain due to failure of O2 supply to heart muscles
(b) Increased systolic pressure
Answer:
(a) Angina Pectoris
(b) Hypertension or blood pressure
Question:6
Which coronary artery disease is caused due to narrowing of the lumen of arteries?
Answer:
Atherosclerosis
Question:7
Define the following terms and give their location?
(a) Purkinje fibre
(b) Bundle of His
Answer:
(a) The conducting fibres which stimulate impulses are called Purkinje fibres. They are present in the ventricular myocardium.
(b) Bundle of His are special fibres including the Purkinje fibre originating from the AV node. It is found in the well of the right atrium.
Question:8
State the functions of the following in blood
(a) Fibrinogen
(b) Globulin
(c) Neutrophils
(d) Lymphocytes
Answer:
(a) Fibrinogen helps in converting fibrin for blood clotting.
(b) They help in immunity.
(c) They help in destroying foreign materials.
(d) They are responsible for stimulating immune responses.
Question:9
What physiological circumstances lead to erythroblastosis foetalis?
Answer:
Erythroblastosis foetalis is caused by Rh incompatibility or mismatching, which is observed between the Rh-negative blood of a pregnant mother with Rh +ve blood of the fetus. This could cause anaemia or even the death of the fetus. The mother can also be at equal risk.
Question:10
Explain the consequences of a situation in which blood does not coagulate.
Answer:
If blood does not coagulate, it can lead to excessive loss of blood, leading to Hemorrhage.
Question:11
Answer:
It allows the relaxation of the ventricles, which leads to a decrease in ventricular pressure causing the semilunar valves to close and hence prevents the blood from backflowing into the ventricles.
Question:12
How will you interpret an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which time taken in QRS complex is higher?
Answer:
If QRS complex is higher, it will be an indication of myocardial infarction or heart attack.
The detailed answers to the Short Answer questions are given below:
Question:1
The walls of ventricles are much thicker than atria. Explain.
Answer:
The walls of ventricles are much thicker as they exert more pressure in the pumping of blood to most of the body parts. The left ventricle has three times thicker walls than the right. The atria is a collecting chamber and is thus thin-walled.
Question:2
Differentiate between
(a) Blood and Lymph
(b) Basophils and Eosinophils
(c) Tricuspid and bicuspid valve
Answer:
(a)
Blood | Lymph |
(i)Connective tissue with RBCs | (i) Connective tissue without RBCs. |
(ii) The flow of blood is through blood vessels. | (ii) The flow of lymph is through lymphatic system. |
(b)
Basophils | Eosinophils |
(i) Consists of the 3-lobed nucleus and a lesser number of coarse granules. | (i) Consists of the bilobed nucleus and coarser granules. |
(ii) The composition is 0 – 1% of the blood volume. | (ii) The composition is 1 – 6% of the blood volume. |
(c)
Tricuspid valve | Bicuspid valve |
(i) Located between the right auricle and right ventricle. | (i) Located between the left auricle and left ventricle. |
(ii) It consists of three flaps. | (ii) It consists of two flaps. |
(iii) It also called the right atrioventricular valve. | (iii) It is also called the mitral valve. |
Question:3
Briefly describe the followings:
(a) Anaemia
(b) Angina Pectoris
(c) Atherosclerosis
(d) Hypertension
(e) Heart failure
(f) Erythroblastosis foetalis
Answer:
(a) Decrease in the total number of RBCs which is less than normal causes anaemia. Another cause for it is the lesser than normal quantity of haemoglobin.
(b) Pain emerging in the chest region due to insufficient oxygen supply to the hearts is called angina pectoris.
(c) It is a disease in which there is a deposition of plaque due to high cholesterol levels. It blocks the coronary arteries leading to various heart diseases.
(d) It is a disorder in which the blood pressure is higher than normal, which is 120/80.
(e) Heart failures occur when the heart is congested and is unable to pump blood to meet the needs of the body. It is different from a heart attack.
(f) Erythroblastosis foetalis is caused by Rh incompatibility or mismatching, which is observed between the Rh-negative blood of a pregnant mother with Rh +ve blood of the fetus. This could cause anaemia or even the death of the fetus. The mother can also be at equal risk.
Question:4
Answer:
It results in complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which leads to double circulation (systemic and pulmonary circulation), allowing the more efficient supply of oxygen into the cells and not mixing the two blood.
Question:5
What is the significance of the hepatic portal system in the circulatory system?
Answer:
Significance of the Hepatic Portal System:
(a) Drugs that are metabolized by the liver are enhanced by the hepatic portal system.
(b) It helps in removing harmful materials like ammonia by converting it into urea from the body.
(c) It helps in the transportation of proteins that are produced by the liver
Question:6
Explain the functional significance of the lymphatic system?
Answer:
Significant functions of the lymphatic system:
(a) It helps in collecting the interstitial fluid from tissues.
(b) Lymph nodes produce WBC and antibodies that are essential for immunity of the human body.
(c) It transports many important digested fats, hormones, fat-soluble vitamins etc.
(d) The lymphatic system plays an essential role in the absorption of fat.
Question:7
Write the features that distinguish between the two
(a) Plasma and Serum
(b) Open and closed circulatory system
(c) Sino-atrial node and Atrio-ventricular node
Answer:
Plasma | Serum |
(i) Fluid lacking blood corpuscles is called plasma. | (i) The fluid lacking clotting elements is called serum. |
(ii) Clotting materials are present. | (ii) Clotting materials are not present. |
(iii) Plays essential role in blood clotting. | (iii) Does not help in blood clotting. |
Open circulatory system | Closed circulatory system |
(i) Blood is directly flown in target organs. | (i) Blood is supplied to organs by a closed system of vessels. |
(ii) The respiratory pigment is not present in most of the cases | (ii) The respiratory pigment is present in all of the cases. |
(iii) It is found in arthropods and molluscs. | (iii) Can be found in all vertebrates, annelids, some molluscs. |
Sino-atrial Node | Atrio-ventricular Node |
(i) Located on the upper side of the right auricle. | (i) Located at the junction of the right auricle and right ventricle. |
(ii) Helps in initiating the heartbeat. | (ii) It receives an impulse from the SA node and forwards it further. |
Question:8
Thrombocytes are essential for the coagulation of blood. Comment.
Answer:
Thrombocytes or platelets play an essential role in blood coagulation. Thrombocytes forms the bulk of the blood clot. They coalesce together to form the clot. Fibrin develops a mesh around the cluster of platelets. Therefore, along with fibrin, platelets are also essential for blood coagulation.
Question:9
Answer the following
(a) Name the major site where RBCs are formed.
(b) Which part of the heart is responsible for initiating and maintaining its rhythmic activity?
(c) What is specific in the heart of crocodiles among reptilians?
Answer:
(a) In adults- bone marrow and in embryos- liver.
(b) Sino-Atrial Node
(c) Most of the reptiles have three-chambered hearts, but crocodiles have four-chambered hearts
The detailed answers to the Long Answer questions are given below:
Question:1
Explain Rh-incompatibility in humans.
Answer:
Rh grouping of blood is based on the presence and absence of the Rh factor in the blood. If it is present, blood is said to be Rh-positive, if not, it is said to be Rh-negative. If the Rh factor is present, then the blood group is said to be Rh-positive; otherwise, it is called Rh-negative.
Rh incompatibility or mismatching is observed between the Rh-negative blood of a pregnant mother with Rh +ve blood of the fetus. It is known as Erythroblastosis Foetalis. This could cause anaemia or even the death of the fetus. The mother can also be at equal risk.
Question:2
Describe the events in the cardiac cycle. Explain “double circulation”.
Answer:
The cardiac cycle comprises one heartbeat, which can also be understood as the contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles per cycle. The contraction phase of atria and ventricles is called the systole, and the relaxation is called the diastole. The stages are as follows-
Atrial systole: The contraction wave contracts the atria stimulated by the SA node, and the blood is moved into the ventricles as the bicuspids and tricuspids are open.
Ventricular systole: The beginning of the ventricular systole is stimulated by the AV node. The bicuspid and tricuspid valves close, making the first heart sound. The complete ventricular contraction occurs, the semilunar valves open, and the blood is forced into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
Beginning of ventricular diastole: The ventricles relax, and as the semilunar valves close, the second heart sound is created.
Joint diastole: As the ventricles relax, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are forced open, and the blood can now move freely to the ventricles.
Double Circulation: In a cardiac cycle, blood flows through the heart twice, and this circulation is called double circulation. It results in complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which leads to the systemic and pulmonary circulation, allowing the more efficient supply of oxygen into the cells and not mixing the two blood.
Question:3
Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility by making a table.
Answer:
Blood group | Antigens | Antibodies | Can receive blood fromDonor group | Can give blood to |
A | A | Anti-B | A, O | A and AB |
B | B | A | B, O | B and AB- |
AB (Universal Recipient) | A, B | Nil | A, B, AB, O | AB Only |
O (Universal Donor) | Nil | A, B | O Only | A, AB, B, and O |
Question:4
Write a short note on the following
(a) Hypertension
(b) Coronary Artery Disease
Answer:
(a) Hypertension is increased blood pressure. It is a disorder in which the blood pressure is higher than normal, which is 120/80 mm Hg. The first denomination indicates systolic blood pressure and the lower one is diastolic blood pressure. If the blood pressure is more than 140/90 mm Hg or more, then the person is said to have a blood pressure problem or hypertension. It can have adverse effects on the heart, kidneys, liver and even brain.
(b) Atherosclerosis is related to coronary arteries. It reduces the volume of the blood that is supplied to the cardiac muscles. This condition is also known as coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD can lead to heart attacks and even heart failures.
Also, read the NCERT Solution subject-wise
To solve the Body Fluids and Circulation questions effectively, follow these simple steps:
The chapter Body Fluids and Circulation in Class 11 Science discusses the structure, functions, and flow of essential body fluids such as blood and lymph. Blood is a connective tissue made up of plasma (liquid matrix) and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets), which deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials. Lymph is a transparent fluid that helps in immune functions and the delivery of fats and proteins. The chapter also describes the human circulatory system, which is closed and energy-driven by a four-chambered heart. It discusses the regulation of cardiac activity by specialized nodes (SA and AV nodes) and points out disorders such as hypertension and coronary artery disease.
Must Read NCERT Notes subject-wise
The important topics present in the chapter are given below:
Lymph (Tissue Fluid) |
Disorders of the Circulatory System |
Also, check the NCERT Books and the NCERT Syllabus here
The major subtopics include:
Formed Elements |
ABO Grouping |
Rh Grouping |
Human Circulatory System |
Electrocardiograph (ECG) |
Here are some extra questions along with their answers to help you practice and strengthen your understanding of the chapter Body Fluids and Circulation:
Which of the following cells does not exhibit phagocytosis activity?
a) Monocyte
b) Neutrophil
c) Basophil
d) Macrophage
Answer: c) Basophil
One of the common symptoms observed in people infected with Dengue fever is
a) Significant decrease in RBC count
b) Significant decrease in WBC count
c) Significant decrease in platelets count
d) Significant increase in platelets count
Answer: c) Significant decrease in platelets count
Which among the following is correct during each cardiac cycle?
a) The volume of blood pumped out by the right and left ventricles is same
b) The volume of blood pumped out by the right and left ventricles is different
c) The volume of blood received by each atrium is different
d) The volume of blood received by the aorta and pulmonary artery is different
Answer: a) The volume of blood pumped out by the right and left ventricles is same
Which of the following is the most commonly used body fluid?
a) Blood
b) Plasma
c) Lymph
d) Serum
Answer: a) Blood
How much percentage of plasma is present in the blood?
a) 35%
b) 45%
c) 50%
d) 55%
Answer: d) 55%
Here are some important diagrams from "Body Fluids and Circulation":
Diagram of Blood Components
This diagram illustrates the various components of blood, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It helps in understanding the composition and functions of blood.
Structure of the Heart
This diagram depicts the anatomy of the human heart, highlighting its four chambers (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle) and major blood vessels. It is essential for understanding the circulatory system.
Cardiac Cycle
This diagram represents the phases of the cardiac cycle, including systole and diastole. It is crucial for grasping how the heart functions during each beat and how blood is pumped throughout the body.
NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Solutions
In NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology solutions, students will learn about plasma and also the details about the different elements present in the blood such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. It also contains a diagrammatic representation of formed elements in the blood.
Learning extra subjects other than the NCERT syllabus for NEET, from Body Fluids and Circulation, is important since NEET tends to have questions that need more conceptual understanding and application, at times touching upon areas not elaborated in regular textbooks. Learning these extra topics makes you thoroughly prepared for any unexpected questions in the exam, makes your base stronger, and helps you score better.
Topic | Why Important for NEET? |
---|---|
Blood coagulation pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic) | NEET may ask about detailed clotting mechanisms |
Lymph composition and functions | Questions often test comparison with blood |
Cardiac output and factors affecting it | Application-based questions are common |
Electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation | NEET may include reading and analysing ECGS |
Blood pressure regulation mechanisms | Understanding of hormonal and neural control |
Disorders: Thrombosis, Embolism, Anaemia | Clinical scenario questions frequently appear |
Heart sounds and their significance | Can be asked in assertion-reason or MCQs |
Blood group inheritance (genetics) | Sometimes linked with genetics questions |
Pulse and heart rate differences | Conceptual clarity is needed for tricky questions |
Comparative circulation (fish, amphibians, mammals) | NEET sometimes covers comparative physiology |
NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter Wise
The chapterwise links are given below:
According to NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology solutions , blood is an essential aspect of our human body. It provides our heart with the essential nutrients along with oxygen for its proper functioning, and our four-chambered heart, the right side of which receives the blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
Key topics include:
Structure and functions of the circulatory system.
Components of blood and blood vessels.
Cardiac cycle, blood pressure, and circulation types.
Disorders of the circulatory system.
Lymphatic system and its role.
Blood circulates through two circuits:
Pulmonary circulation: Deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs for oxygenation and returned to the heart.
Systemic circulation: Oxygenated blood is distributed to body tissues, and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart
Open system: Blood flows freely in body cavities (e.g., arthropods).
Closed system: Blood is confined within vessels (e.g., humans)
Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Capillaries: Facilitate exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues
Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma or binds to hemoglobin for transport
Plasma: Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste.
Red blood cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen via hemoglobin.
White blood cells (WBCs): Fight infections.
Platelets: Help in clotting
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to tissues via systemic circulation and sends deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary circulation
The cardiac cycle includes systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), ensuring rhythmic pumping of blood through arteries and veins
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls. It is controlled by heart rate, vessel elasticity, and kidney function
Disorders include hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, anemia, and varicose veins
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream, aiding immunity
Blood groups (A, B, AB, O) are based on antigens on RBCs. They are crucial for safe transfusions and organ transplants
Register for ALLEN Scholarship Test & get up to 90% Scholarship
Get up to 90% Scholarship on Offline NEET/JEE coaching from top Institutes
This ebook serves as a valuable study guide for NEET 2025 exam.
This e-book offers NEET PYQ and serves as an indispensable NEET study material.
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Physics formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Chemistry formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters