NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18 Neural Control and Coordination
Neural control and coordination are important for controlling body functions and giving a reaction to stimuli. The nervous system helps in receiving, processing, and passing on information by neurons, which makes the communication rapid. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18 Neural Control and Coordination provide clear answers that allow the students to understand how the brain and nervous system control all voluntary and involuntary actions, including muscle movement, reflexes, and organ functions. Going through the NCERT Solutions gives students a clear idea of this chapter, with better retention of the concepts.
- NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology: Neural Control and Coordination PDF Download
- Access Answers to NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18 - Neural Control and Coordination (Exercise)
- Approach to Solve Questions of Class 11 Chapter 18
- Important Question from Chapter 18
- What Extra Should Students Study Beyond the NCERT for NEET?
- NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology - Chapter Wise
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18 Neural Control and Coordination answers all your doubts. The chapter also describes the structure and functions of neurons, the human nervous system, and sensory organs, making it easier for you to learn how body coordination occurs. The structure of the human brain, including midbrain, forebrain, and hindbrain, is very well explained here in easy language, along with the well-labelled diagram provided by our subject experts. Students need to go through the NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology of this chapter thoroughly and understand the mechanism of how coordination occurs in our body.
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology: Neural Control and Coordination PDF Download
Given below is the PDF of this chapter after going through these, you must be able to understand all the answers to the following questions:
Also, Read
- NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Neural Control and Coordination
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Access Answers to NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18 - Neural Control and Coordination (Exercise)
The detailed solutions for in-text and exercise questions are provided below to make the concepts clear and to understand how the brain and nervous system work.
Q1. Briefly describe the structure of the brain.
Answer:
The brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. It is a part of the nervous system that controls and monitors every organ of the body.
It is well protected by cranial meninges, an outer layer called dura mater, a thin middle layer called arachnoid, and an inner layer called pia mater.
It is divided into three regions —
- Forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain
Forebrain:
It is the main thinking part of the brain. It consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
1. Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and constitutes about four-fifths of its weight. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres by a deep longitudinal cerebral fissure. These hemispheres are joined by a tract of nerve fibre known as the corpus callosum.
2. Thalamus: The Thalamus is the main centre of coordination for sensory and motor signalling. It is wrapped by the cerebrum.
3. Hypothalamus: The Hypothalamus lies at the base of the thalamus and contains several centres that regulate body temperature and the urge to eat and drink. Some regions of the cerebrum, along with the hypothalamus, are involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour and the expression of emotional reactions such as excitement, pleasure, fear, etc.
Midbrain:
It is located between the thalamus region of the forebrain and the pons region of the hindbrain. The dorsal surface of the midbrain consists of superior and inferior corpora bigemina and four round lobes called corpora quadrigemina.
Hindbrain:
It consists of three regions - the pons, the cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata.
- Pons is a band of nerve fibres that lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It connects the lateral parts of the cerebellar hemisphere.
- The cerebellum is a large and well-developed part of the hindbrain. It is located below the posterior sides of the cerebral hemispheres and above the medulla oblongata. It is responsible for maintaining the posture and equilibrium of the body.
- The medulla oblongata is the posterior and simplest part of the brain. It is located beneath the cerebellum. Its lower end extends in the form of the spinal cord and leaves the skull through the foramen magnum.
(a) Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Answer: The major difference between the Central nervous system (CNS) and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is discussed below in the table:
| Central Neural System (CNS) | Peripheral Neural System (PNS) |
| 1. The CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. | 1. PNS consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves. |
| 2. The brain is protected by the skull, and the spinal cord by the vertebral column. | 2. There are no protective structures for PNS. |
| 3. CNS does not have any subdivisions. | 3. PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. |
| 4. CNS processes the information and controls the response to impulses. | 4. Nerves of the PNS carry impulses to the CNS and responses from the CNS to different organs of the body. |
| 5. The group of neurons in the CNS is called nuclei. | 5. The group of neurons in the PNS is called ganglia. |
(b) Resting potential and action potential
Answer:
| Resting Potential | Action Potential |
| 1. It is the potential difference (difference in electric charge) across the membrane when the neuron is at the resting phase. | 1. It is the potential difference (difference in the electric charge) across the membrane when the neuron is stimulated or excited. |
| 2. The outer side of the neuron is positively charged and the interior of the neuron is negatively charged. | 2. The outer side of the neuron is negatively charged, and the interior of the neuron is positively charged. |
| 3. The plasma membrane of the neuron is more permeable to K + ions. | 3. The plasma membrane of the neuron is more permeable to Na+ ions. |
| 4. The sodium-potassium-ATPase pump is active and sends Na + ions outside the neuron to maintain the resting potential. | 4. The sodium-potassium-ATPase pump functions in a reverse manner and sends Na + ions into the neuron. |
(a) Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
Answer:
Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre:
When the nerve fibre is in the resting phase, it is said to be in the polarised state. In a polarised state, the membrane of the nerve fibre experiences a resting potential. The following steps take place during the process of polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre:
- When a depolarised region of a nerve fibre starts becoming polarised initially, there are more K + ions outside the nerve fibre and the axon membrane contains a large amount of Na + ions.
- As the region of the membrane starts attaining the polarised state, the membrane becomes more permeable to K + ions and impermeable to Na + ions and negatively charged proteins.
- 3 Na + ions are sent outside the axon and 2 K + ions are sent into the axon by a sodium-potassium pump by active transport.
- The inner side of the membrane becomes electronegative (negatively charged) and the outer side becomes electropositive (positively charged) because of the movement of sodium and potassium ions. This makes the nerve fibre polarised.
Q3. Explain the following processes:
(b) Depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
Answer:
When the nerve fibre is stimulated, it is said to be in a depolarised state. In a depolarised state, the membrane of the nerve fibre experiences an action potential. The following steps take place during the process of depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre:
- In a polarised state, the axon has more concentration of K + ions and outside the axon, the concentration of Na + ions is more.
- When the nerve fibre gets excited by the stimulus, the permeability of the membrane for Na + ions and K + ions is reversed.
- The membrane becomes highly permeable for Na + ions.
- There is a rapid influx of Na + ions into the axon.
- This makes the inner side of the membrane positively charged and the outside of the membrane becomes negatively charged.
- This results in depolarisation of the membrane of the nerve fibre and it experiences an action potential.
Q3. Explain the following processes:
(c) Transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse
Answer:
A synapse is created by the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuron membranes and can be or not be divided by a gap known as the synaptic cleft. The pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons are always divided by this cleft in a chemical synapse. Upon arrival of an impulse at the axon terminal, calcium ions found in the synaptic cleft enter the synaptic knobs of the pre-synaptic neuron. This initiates the transport of synaptic vesicles towards the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. The emptied vesicles go back to the cytoplasm of the presynaptic neuron to be replenished. The released acetylcholine attaches to protein receptors on the plasma membrane of the post-synaptic neuron, allowing sodium ions to flow in and potassium ions to exit. This interaction creates an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane so that the impulse can be passed on to the subsequent neuron.
(b) Brain
Answer:
Brain-
Q5. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Neural coordination
Answer:
Coordination is a basic feature of living things, which allows various organs to communicate and supplement one another's functions. In humans and other higher animals, coordination occurs through neural coordination and chemical coordination. Neural coordination is performed by specialised cells referred to as neurons, which constitute a sophisticated network of point-to-point connections that function through nerve impulses.
This system guarantees a one-to-one correspondence between stimulus and response, involving receptors to sense stimuli and effectors to produce corresponding responses. Neural coordination regulates all the processes of the body, getting stimuli from organs such as the skin and relaying responses to muscles or glands. The neural system also remembers past stimuli in memory, aiding in learning and recollection. It is responsible for voluntary movements such as walking, running, writing, and speaking, as well as cognitive activities such as thinking, reasoning, and analysis. In addition, critical processes of breathing, regulation of heartbeat, and digestion are governed by neural coordination. Through the coordination of different metabolic processes, it ensures homeostasis, keeping the body running smoothly.
Q5. Write short notes on the following:
(b) Forebrain
Answer:
The forebrain is made up of three principal components: the Cerebrum, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus.
The Cerebrum makes up the greatest portion of the brain and handles higher-order functions. It is split lengthwise into two halves by a deep cleft, and each half is referred to as a cerebral hemisphere. The hemispheres are joined together by the corpus callosum, a group of nerve fibres that enables communication between them. Internally, the two cerebral hemispheres are empty, with an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cerebral cortex has neuron cell bodies, which makes it pale grey; thus, it is referred to as grey matter. Grey matter is full of many grooves (sulci) and folds (gyri), with an increase in the number of convolutions associated with increased intelligence. The cerebral cortex has motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas. The association areas, which are not sensory or motor, are involved in memory, communication, and intersensory associations. The inner part of the cerebrum, the cerebral medulla, is made up of nerve fibre axons, which make it whitish in colour, thus white matter. Further, deep within the cerebral hemispheres, the hippocampus and amygdala create a complicated structure known as the limbic system, which is related to emotions and memory. The cerebrum is responsible for intelligence, memory, consciousness, willpower, and voluntary actions.The Thalamus is a grey matter structure that lies above the midbrain. It functions as a relay centre, passing motor and sensory impulses to the cerebrum. It has an important role in emotional control as well as assisting in the recognition of sensations such as heat, cold, and pain.
The Hypothalamus lies below the thalamus and houses significant structures like the optic chiasm, where optic nerve fibres cross over, and the infundibulum, a greyish projection that is where the pituitary gland is located. The hypothalamus plays a critical role in keeping the body in a state of homeostasis since it controls the body temperature, blood pressure, hunger, thirst, sleep, fatigue, and emotions like anger, pleasure, and penance. It also includes neurosecretory cells that secrete hormones and releasing factors, which regulate the functioning of the pituitary gland. In addition, the hypothalamus, as well as the limbic system, regulates sexual behaviour.Q5. Write short notes on the following:
(c) Midbrain
Answer:
The midbrain has two large structures: the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina. The cerebral peduncles are stout, fibrous tracts that act as links between the cerebrum and cerebellum, with important functions in transferring sensory and motor impulses between the forebrain and hindbrain. There are two pairs of solid lobes on the dorsal side of the brain called the corpora quadrigemina, which are again split into the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi. The corpora quadrigemina controls the visual reflexes, i.e., manages head and eye movement upon stimuli. It also controls auditory reflexes, enabling the head to move towards a sound source for enhanced detection and localisation.
Q5 . Write short notes on the following:
(d) Hindbrain
Answer:
The hindbrain comprises three major structures: the cerebellum, pons Varolii, and medulla oblongata. The cerebellum lies at the back of the brain and contains an outer cerebellar cortex that is composed of grey matter and an inner cerebellar medulla that is composed of white matter. White matter comprises fibre tracts linking the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata and cerebrum. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating muscular activity and body balance.
While the urge to carry out a muscular activity comes from the cerebrum, the cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements to make them smooth. The pons Varolii, situated above the medulla oblongata, consists of a thick bundle of white nerve fibres. It operates by integrating the two lobes of the cerebellum and houses the pneumatic centre that controls breathing. The conical medulla oblongata, which is at the bottom of the skull, runs down into the spinal cord. It acts as a channel through which impulses are carried between the brain and spinal cord. Moreover, it regulates important functions of internal organs like heartbeat and breathing, thereby making it a crucial component of survival. Any damage to the medulla oblongata can prove to be fatal.
Q5. Write short notes on the following:
(e) Synapse
Answer:
Synapse:
- A synapse is formed by the membranes of the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron.
- A synapse may or may not be separated by a gap, which is called the synaptic cleft.
- There are two kinds of synapses-electrical synapses and chemical synapses.
Q6. Give a brief account of the Mechanism of synaptic transmission.
Answer:
The mechanism of synaptic transmission at the electrical synapse:
- In this case, the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic membranes are in proximity.
- Impulse in the form of an electric current directly flows from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron.
- Transmission is faster than the chemical synapse.
The mechanism of synaptic transmission at the chemical synapse:
- The pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons are separated by the synaptic cleft.
- When an impulse arrives at the axon terminal, the calcium ions present in the synaptic cleft enter the synaptic knobs present at the axon terminals of the pre-synaptic neuron.
- The synaptic vesicles present in the synaptic knobs present in the pre-synaptic neuron move towards the plasma membrane and fuse with it.
- The vesicles release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. (Empty synaptic vesicles return to the cytoplasm of the presynaptic neuron where they are refilled.)
- The molecules of acetylcholine bind to the protein receptors present on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neurons.
- This binding opens the channels, and sodium ions enter the post-synaptic neuron, while potassium ions leave the post-synaptic membrane.
- This generates an action potential in the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron, and hence, the impulse is transmitted to the post-synaptic neuron.
Q7. Explain the Role of Na+ in the generation of an action potential.
Answer:
Sodium ions diffuse from the outside to the intracellular fluid because of the electrochemical gradient. The potassium ions move out, and the membrane becomes negatively charged from the outside and positively charged from the inside. This sudden change in the membrane potential is called the action potential, and the membrane is said to be depolarised.
Q8. Differentiate between:
(a) Myelinated and non-myelinated axons
Answer: The major difference is discussed below:
| Myelinated Axons | Non-myelinated Axons |
| 1. Myelin sheath is present. | 1. Myelin sheath is absent. |
| 2. Nodes of Ranvier are present. | 2. Nodes of Ranvier are absent. |
| It is found in the grey matter of the brain, spinal cord, and autonomic nervous system. | 3. It is found in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord and autonomic nervous system. |
| 4. The conduction of nerve impulses is from node to node. | 4. The conduction of nerve impulses is smooth. |
| 5. The speed of conduction of the impulse is 50 times faster than in non-myelinated axons. | 5. The speed of conduction of the impulse is slow. |
Q8. Differentiate between:
(b) Dendrites and axons
Answer:
| Dendrites | Axons |
| 1. They are short processes. | 1. Axons are long processes. |
| 2. Dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body of the neuron. | 2. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body of the neuron. |
| 3. Dendrites are always branched. | 3. Axons may or may not be branched. |
| 4. Nissl's granules are present in the neuroplasm. | 4. Nissl's granules are absent in the neuroplasm. |
(c) Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Answer: The major difference is discussed below:
| Thalamus | Hypothalamus |
| 1. It is made of only grey matter. | 1. It is made of white and grey matter. |
| 2. The thalamus does not secrete any hormones. | 2. The hypothalamus secretes certain hormones which control the activity of the pituitary gland. |
| 3. It is situated superior to the midbrain. | 3. It is situated at the base of the thalamus. |
| 4. It contains the centres of sensations such as heat, cold and pain. | 4. It contains the centres which control body temperature, blood pressure and homeostasis. |
(d) Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Answer: The major difference is discussed below:
| Cerebrum | Cerebellum |
| 1. It is the largest part of the brain. | 1. It is the second-largest part of the brain. |
| 2. It is part of the forebrain. | 2. It is part of the hindbrain. |
| 3. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. | 3. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes: the central vermis and the two lateral cerebellar hemispheres. |
| 4. It is the site of memory and intelligence. | 4. It is the site of body equilibrium and posture. |
(a) Which part of the human brain is the most developed?
Answer:
The cerebrum is the most developed.
(b) Which part of our central neural system acts as a master clock?
Answer:
The hypothalamus of the central nervous system acts as a master clock.
Q10. Distinguish between:
(a) afferent neurons and efferent neurons
Answer: The major difference is discussed below:
| Afferent Neurons | Efferent Neurons |
| 1. They conduct sensory impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system. | 1. They conduct motor impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs, such as muscles. |
| 2. They are present in the sense organs. | 2. They are present in the brain and the spinal cord. |
| 3. They are sensory neurons. | 3. They are motor neurons. |
Q10. Distinguish between:
(b) Impulse conduction in a myelinated nerve fibre and an unmyelinated nerve fibre
Answer: The major difference is discussed below:
| Impulse Conduction in a Myelinated Nerve Fibre | Impulse Conduction in Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibre |
| 1. Impulse travels from node to node. | 1. Impulse travels along the length of the entire nerve fibre. |
| 2. The speed of conduction is 50 times faster than that of a non-myelinated nerve fibre. | 2. The speed of conduction is slower. |
| 3. Energy expenditure during impulse transmission is less. | 3. Energy expenditure during impulse transmission is higher. |
Q10. Distinguish between:
(c) cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
Answer: The major difference is discussed below:
| Cranial Nerves | Spinal Nerves |
| 1. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. | 1. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. |
| 2. They arise from the brain and extend to the other parts of the body. | 2. They arise from the spinal cord and extend to other parts of the body. |
| 3. They may be sensory, motor, or mixed. | 3. They are mixed nerves. |
NCERT Solutions for Class 11: Subject-wise
- NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths
- NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry
- NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics
Approach to Solve Questions of Class 11 Chapter 18
Provided below are some easy and effective strategies to help you solve questions from this topic with a better understanding and accuracy.
- For the first step, it's important to understand key terms like neurons, synapses, reflex arc, and neurotransmitters.
- By going through the textbook line by line, students can understand a lot of concepts.
- After understanding, use the NCERT Solutions to review how questions have been given in exams and gain confidence to answer them.
- It's necessary to make and practice diagrams of the brain, spinal cord, and reflex arc, as they are frequently asked in exams.
- Flowcharts for nerve impulse transmission and coordination can also be prepared for quick revision and to deepen the knowledge of this concept.
- Solving MCQs and previous year questions is crucial to do the self-assessment, and also to build speed and accuracy.
Important Question from Chapter 18
Understanding how our body senses, processes, and responds to stimuli is key to understanding this chapter. The question below focuses on the most critical concepts that often appear in exams and require a clear vision.
Question 1: Match List I with List II :
| List I | List II | ||
| A | Pons | I | Provides additional space for Neurons, and regulates posture and balance. |
| B | Hypothalamus | II | Controls respiration and gastric secretions. |
| C | Medulla | III | Connects different regions of the brain. |
| D | Cerebellum | IV | Neurosecretory cells |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
1. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
2. A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
3, A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
4. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
Answer:
A. Pons → III. Connects different regions of the brain: The pons facilitates signal transmission and connections between various brain regions.
B. Hypothalamus → IV. Neurosecretory cells: The hypothalamus contains cells that produce hormones and regulate vital bodily processes like appetite and body temperature.
C. Medulla → II. Controls respiration and gastric secretions: The medulla aids in digesting and regulates breathing.
D. Cerebellum → I. Provides additional space for Neurons, and regulates posture and balance: The cerebellum helps with balance and movement, and gives space for brain cells to work.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2)A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I.
Also, check the NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:
- NCERT Books Class 11 Biology
- NCERT Syllabus Class 11 Biology
- NCERT Books Class 11
- NCERT Syllabus Class 11
What Extra Should Students Study Beyond the NCERT for NEET?
To prepare well for NEET, it’s good to go a little beyond NCERT. Some questions need a deeper understanding that comes from extra study.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology - Chapter Wise
Below are the Chapter-wise solutions for easy access and quick revision:
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
The benefits of NCERT solutions of Class 11 Biology chapter 18 are listed below:
- NCERT is the base of your learning.
- You will get all the answers to neural control and coordination ncert and neural control and coordination ncert pdf will help you to score good marks in the exam.
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- To score well in the examination, follow the NCERT syllabus and solve the exercise given in the NCERT Book. To practice more problems, students must refer to NCERT Exemplar.
These are the important topics of NCERT solutions for class 11 biology chapter 18:
- Neural System
- Human Neural System
- Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
- Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse
- Transmission of Impulses
- Central Neural System
- Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
- Sensory Reception and Processing
- Eye
- The Ear
- forebrain,
- midbrain
- hindbrain
| Dendrites | Axons |
| 1. They are short processes. | 1. Axons are long processes. |
| 2. Dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body of the neuron. | 2. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body of the neuron. |
| 3. Dendrites are always branched. | 3. Axons may or may not be branched. |
| 4. Nissl's granules are present in the neuroplasm. | 4. Nissl's granules are absent in the neuroplasm. |
Synapses are points of interconnection between two neurons where impulses are communicated. They are important in neural coordination because they enable the transfer of communication between neurons in the form of chemical or electrical signals. This facilitates the efficient functioning of the nervous system by enabling the regulation of response and reflexes.
The anatomy of a neuron is optimized for its job of conducting nerve impulses. Dendrites gather information from other neurons, the cell body analyzes the data, and the axon conducts the impulse to the next neuron or target cell. The myelin sheath, which covers the axon, accelerates the transmission of the impulse, making for effective communication within the nervous system.
Sensory neurons receive stimuli from the environment and send signals to the central nervous system (CNS). Interneurons, which are in the CNS, process and analyze these signals, making connections between sensory and motor neurons. Motor neurons send commands from the CNS to muscles or glands, which results in a response. This coordination enables the body to respond appropriately to stimuli. All of these neurons work together to facilitate perception, reflexes, and voluntary movements.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary bodily functions such as heartbeat, digestion, and breathing. It has the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which function in opposition to each other to ensure balance. The sympathetic division readies the body for emergencies or stress, whereas the parasympathetic division induces relaxation and conservation of energy. They work together to provide homeostasis and normal organ function.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals across synapses between neurons. They are released by the presynaptic neuron and attach to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a response. Excitatory neurotransmitters facilitate signal transmission, and inhibitory ones decrease neural activity. This process maintains nerve cell communication and governs different body functions.
Myelinated nerve fibres possess a fatty sheath (myelin) covering the axon, with a possibility of quicker conduction of nerve impulses via saltatory conduction. The fibres that do not have a sheath are non-myelinated and transmit impulses more slowly and continuously. Myelinated fibres exist in the peripheral and central nervous systems, which provide quick responses. Non-myelinated fibres are in the autonomic nervous system, regulating involuntary functions. The disparity in speed of conduction influences reaction times and coordination.
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