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NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry solutions chapter 13 Hydrocarbons deals with nothing but Hydrocarbons. The chapter revolves around different types of hydrocarbons along with its Nomenclature, properties etc. This chapter is very interesting for students who like studying chemistry in general and hydrocarbons in particular. After studying the NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry solutions chapter 13, you will know everything about hydrocarbons that is required to know from an academic point of view. Hydrocarbons as the name suggests are chemical compounds exclusively composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Energy resources like crude oil, natural gas, coal etc. have these naturally occurring compounds. Let’s probe deeper into hydrocarbons in this chapter.
Also, read - NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry
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Arrange the following in decreasing order of their boiling points.
(A) n–butane
(B) 2–methylbutane
(C) n-pentane
(D) 2,2–dimethylpropane
(i) A > B > C > D
(ii) B > C > D > A
(iii) D > C > B > A
(iv) C > B > D > A
Answer:
The answer is the option (iv) C > B > D > A
Explanation: We know that Boiling point α molar mass & Boiling point is α surface area.
It means that the boiling point will decrease on branching (surface area decreases on branching). Therefore, the highest boiling point is that of n-pentane and the lowest is of n-butane. The other two options have branches; therefore, 2-methyl butane has a higher boiling point than 2,2-dimethyl propane.
Question:2
Arrange the halogens , in order of their increasing reactivity with alkanes.
Answer:
The answer is the option
Explanation: Since electronegativity of halogens decreases down the group, Fluorine is the most electronegative. As electronegativity of Fluorine decreases their reactivity with alkanes also decreases. Thus, is highly reactive, whereas is the least reactive.
Question:3
The increasing order of reduction of alkyl halides with zinc and dilute HCl is
(i) R–Cl < R–I < R–Br
(ii) R–Cl < R–Br < R–I
(iii) R–I < R–Br < R–Cl
(iv) R–Br < R–I < R–Cl
Answer:
The answer is the option (ii) R-Cl < R-Br < R-I
Explanation: We know that reactivity of halogen decreases down the group; therefore, reduction of alkyl halides with Zn/HCl follow reverse order.
Reactivity of reduction 1bond strength of C-X
It also depends on the size of the halogen. Therefore, we can say that to increase the reactivity; the bond strength must be reduced.
Question:4
The correct IUPAC name of the following alkane is
(i) 3,6 – Diethyl – 2 – methyloctane
(ii) 5 – Isopropyl – 3 – ethyloctane
(iii) 3 – Ethyl – 5 – isopropyloctane
(iv) 3 – Isopropyl – 6 – ethyloctane
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) 3,6-Diethyl-2-methyloctane
Explanation: Since the alkane has 8 carbon atoms, it is octane, viz., the longest chain. There is a methyl group on carbon 2, ethyl groups on carbon 3 & 6. Since 2 ethyl groups are present, it will be diethyl, and alphabetically it comes before methyl. The lowest sum rule is followed by side chains present on the carbon atoms 2, 3 & 6. Hence, the option (i).
Question:5
The addition of HBr to 1-butene gives a mixture of products A, B and C
(C)
The mixture consists of
(i) A and B as major and C as minor products
(ii) B as major, A and C as minor products
(iii) B as minor, A and C as major products
(iv) A and B as minor and C as major products
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) A and B as major and C as minor products.
Explanation: According to Markovnikov’s rule, the major product is 2-Bromobutane, and the minor product is I-Bromobutane. Butane-1 is unsymmetrical. 2-Bromobutane has chiral carbon and hence exists in two enantiomers.
Thus, it is clear that the major products are A & B while the minor product is C.
Question:6
Which of the following will not show geometrical isomerism ?
Answer:
The answer is the option
Explanation: Alkenes show geometrical isomerism where the double-bonded carbons must have different atoms or groups.
Therefore, the structure in option (iv) does not show geometrical isomerism since the double-bonded carbons have 3 same groups and one different group.
Question:7
Arrange the following hydrogen halides in order of their decreasing reactivity with propene.
(i) HCl > HBr > HI
(ii) HBr > HI > HCl
(iii) HI > HBr > HCl
(iv) HCl > HI > HBr
Answer:
The answer is the option (iii) HI > HBr > HCl
Explanation: The factors that affect the reactivity of hydrogen halides are bond strength and bond dissociation energy. We know that, in halogen halides the size of the halogen atom increases, the bond dissociation energy, as well as bond strength, decreases.
Hence, the option (iii) is the correct order.
Question:8
Arrange the following carbanions in order of their decreasing stability.
(i) A > B > C
(ii) B > A > C
(iii) C > B > A
(iv) C > A > B
Answer:
The answer is the option (ii) B > A > C
Explanation: CH3 group has +I effect, which decreases the stability of carbon anion and in C this effect direct to negatively charged carbon. +I effect is also present in A, but there is more distant from negatively charged carbon, and in B there is no +I effect
Question:9
Arrange the following alkyl halides in decreasing order of the rate of – elimination reaction with alcoholic KOH.
(B) (C)
(i) A > B > C
(ii) C > B > A
(iii) B > C > A
(iv) A > C > B
Answer:
The answer is the option (iv) A > C > B
Explanation: When alkyl halides are heated with alc. KOH, an alkene is formed by eliminating one molecule of halogen acid. Hydrogen is eliminated from the beta carbon atom. Order of reactivity is , hence option (iv). The rate of reaction is determined by the nature of alkyl groups.
Question:10
Which of the following reactions of methane is incomplete combustion:
Answer:
The answer is the option
Explanation: Insufficient supply of air or oxygen leads to incomplete combustion and carbon black is formed.
Hence,
Question:11
The answer is the option and
Explanation: When combustion takes place in an insufficient supply of oxygen or air, water and carbon black are formed. Therefore, alkanes are heated with a regular supply of oxygen or in a controlled way to give HCHO and .
Question:12
Which of the following alkenes on ozonolysis give a mixture of ketones only?
Answer:
The answer is the option (iii) and (iv)
Explanation: Depending on groups or atoms attached, alkenes give two molecules of carbonyl compounds on ozonolysis. Ketones are formed if the double-bonded carbon atoms have alkyl groups.
Question:13
Which are the correct IUPAC names of the following compound?
(i) 5– Butyl – 4– isopropyldecane
(ii) 5– Ethyl – 4– propyldecane
(iii) 5– sec-Butyl – 4– iso-propyldecane
(iv) 4–(1-methylethyl)– 5 – (1-methylpropyl)-decane
Answer:
The answer is the option (iii) 5-sec-Butyl-4-iso-propyldecane & (iv) 4-(1-methylethyl)-5-(1-mrthylpropyl)-decane
Explanation: The longest carbon chain has 10 atoms, hence ‘decane’. According to the lowest sum rule, side chains are on 4th(isopropyl group) & 5th(sec-butyl group) carbon atoms. Isopropyl is called 1-Methylethyl group and sec-butyl is called 1-Methylpropyl group in IUPAC. Hence the correct names are in option (iii) & (iv).
Question:14
Which are the correct IUPAC names of the following compound?
(i) 5 – (2′, 2′–Dimethylpropyl)-decane
(ii) 4 – Butyl – 2,2– dimethylnonane
(iii) 2,2– Dimethyl – 4– pentyloctane
(iv) 5 – neo-Pentyl decane
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) 5-(2’,2’-Dimethylpropyl)-decane & (iv) 5-neo-Pentyldecane
Explanation: The longest carbon chain has 10 carbon atoms, hence ‘decane’. Sidechain is present on 5th carbon atom, viz., neo-Pentyl or 2’,2’-Dimethylpropyl according to IUPAC. Hence option (i) & (iv).
Question:15
For an electrophilic substitution reaction, the presence of a halogen atom in the benzene ring _______.
(i) deactivates the ring by inductive effect
(ii) deactivates the ring by resonance
(iii) increases the charge density at ortho and para position relative to meta position by resonance
(iv) directs the incoming electrophile to meta position by increasing the charge density relative to ortho and para position.
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) deactivates the ring by inducive effect & (iii) increases the charge density at ortho and para position relative to meta position by resonance.
Explanation: Presence of halogen atom on benzene ring direct electrophile on ortho and para positions and increases electron density on ortho and para positions. It also shows the +R effect. Due to -I effect halogen pulls an electron from benzene since they are more electronegative and decreases electron density. The electron density on ortho and para position is greater than meta-position due to resonance.
Question:16
In an electrophilic substitution reaction of nitrobenzene, the presence of nitro group ________.
(i) deactivates the ring by inductive effect.
(ii) activates the ring by inductive effect.
(iii) decreases the charge density at ortho and para position of the ring relative to meta position by resonance.
(iv) increases the charge density at meta position relative to the ortho and para positions of the ring by resonance.
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) deactivates the ring by inducive effect & (iii) decreases the charge density at ortho and para position of the ring relative to meta position by resonance.
Explanation: Meta position is attacked by an electrophile. Due to the -I effect nitro group deactivates the benzene ring and decreases electron density at ortho and para positions than meta position.
Question:17
Which of the following are correct?
(i) is more stable than
(ii) less table than
(iii) is more stable than
(iv) is more stable than
Answer:
The answer is the option is more stable than & (iii) is more stable than .
Explanation: is more stable than because +R effect of is greater than (stability of carbocation increases due to the +R effect).
(iii) We know that the resonance effect is stronger than +I effect. Here, is stabilised by resonance effect; whereas is stabilised by +I effect only . Hence, is more stable than .
Question:18
Four structures are given in options (i) to (iv). Examine them and select the aromatic structures.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) & (iii)
Explanation: The following conditions should be fulfilled by a compound in order to become aromatic-
electrons in the ring should be completely delocalised.
Planarity
Huckel Rule should be followed, viz., presence of electrons in the ring.
Now, analysing the given options:
(i) + n = 0, planar,
electrons = 2
(ii) electrons = 8, not planar,
n = not an integer
(iii) planar
electrons = (4n + 2) = 6 in each ring
(iv) lone pair is not in conjugation, hence it is non aromatic
n = not an integer
Hence, option (i) and (iii) are aromatic structure.
Question:19
The molecules having dipole moment are __________.
(i) 2,2-Dimethylpropane
(ii) trans-Pent-2-ene
(iii) cis-Hex-3-ene
(iv) 2, 2, 3, 3 – Tetramethylbutane
Answer:
The answer is the option (ii) trans-Pent-2-ene & (iii) cis-Hex-3-ene
Explanation: (ii) Because of different groups attached, trans-Pent-2-ene shows net dipole moment.
(iii) Here, both groups are inclined to each other at an angle of and hence has a resultant dipole moment. Thus, cis-Hex-3-ene shows a dipole moment.
Question:20
Both Alkenes and arenes are unsaturated and electron rich. In order to give a highly stable and saturated product, Alkenes undergo addition reaction to give more stable saturated product. Under this reaction hybridization transforms from sp2 to sp3.
Arenes are stabilized by resonance with delocalization of π electrons. On addition reaction to the double bond of arene, a product is obtained which is not resonance stabilized whereas on substitution the resonance stability of arene is maintained. Thus, arenes prefer to undergo substitution reaction while alkenes prefer to undergo addition reaction.
Question:21
Butene-2, where either both the methyl groups are on the same side or opposite side to show geometrical isomers, is formed on the reduction of 2-Butyne.
Question:22
Rotation around carbon-carbon single bond of ethane is not completely free. Justify the statement.
Answer:
(i)Alkanes have carbon-carbon sigma bond where the distribution of electron of sigma molecular orbit is symmetrical around the internuclear axis of C-C bond, viz., not distributed due to rotation about its axis.
(ii) Hence, C-C single bond is permitted for free rotation which results in different spatial arrangements of atoms in space which can change into one another.
Such spatial arrangements of atoms are called conformations or rotamers or conformers.
(iii) Due to rotation around C-C bonds alkenes have infinite no. of conformations. However, rotation around C-C single bond is not completely free and is hindered by small energy barrier of1-20 kJ mol-1 because of weak repulsive interaction between adjacent bonds. It is called a torsional strain.
Question:23
(i) Sawhorse projections of ethane
(ii) Newman projections of ethane
Stability of conformation:
(i) There are minimum repulsive forces, minimum energy and maximum stability in the staggered form of ethane. Here, the electrons clouds of carbon-hydrogen bonds are as far as possible.
(ii) the electron clouds come closer when the staggered form changes to the eclipsed form. It results in increased electron cloud repulsions. Here, molecules will have more energy and lesser stability.
Therefore, the staggered form is more stable.
Question:24
Reactivity of hydrogen halides depends on the dissociation enthalpy of H-X. The order of reactivity of hydrogen halides is HI > HBr > HCl. They add up to alkanes to form alkyl halides.
Bond enthalpy of HI<HBr<HCl, hence reactivity in reverse order is:
HCl < HBr < HI
Question:25
What will be the product obtained as a result of the following reaction and why?
Answer:
When alkylation of Friedel-Crafts takes place with a higher alkyl halide in which primary carbocation is formed first and then converted into secondary carbocation, which is more stable. It is formed by rearrangement; therefore, the product is isopropyl benzene.
Primary carbocation-
Secondary carbocation-
Question:26
How will you convert benzene into
(i) p – nitrobromobenzene
(ii) m – nitrobromobenzene
Answer:
(i) Converting benzene into p-nitro bromobenzene:
(In presence of anhyd. ) →
→ p-nitrobromobenzene
(ii) Converting benzene into m-nitrobromobenzene:
→
(In presence of anhyd. ) → m-nitrobromobenzene
Question:27
The methoxy groupmakes anisole more reactive than benzene because it is an electron releasing group and increases the electron density of the benzene ring due to the +R effect.
Cl group is less reactive than methoxybenzene as it gives +R and -I effect. And, Chlorobenzene is more reactive than group since the gives -I and -R effect.
Question:28
Despite their – I effect, halogens are o- and p-directing in haloarenes. Explain.
Answer:
Halogens are ortho and para directing because they have +R and -I effect. Now, halogens present on benzene ring has these effects in which, the -I effect deactivates the ring and +R effect increases the electron density on ortho and para positions.
Question:29
Answer:
The benzene ring deactivated and the electron density decreases on the ortho and para positions as compared to the meta positions due to the presence of nitro group which has -I and -R effects.
Question:30
Suggest a route for the preparation of nitrobenzene starting from acetylene?
Answer:
Ethylene undergoes cyclic polymerisation when passed through red hot iron tube at 873 K and gives benzene from which
nitrobenzene can be obtained through nitration.
Question:31
Predict the major product (s) of the following reactions and explain their formation.
Answer:
(i)
Step 1: Homolysis of peroxide for forming free radicals
Step 2: Formation of Bromine free radical
Step 3: Hydrogen bromide reaction with an alkyl radical
(ii)
Question:32
Electrophiles can be defined as the electron seeking species or electron-deficient species. They can be either positively charged or neutral.
Therefore, the following species are electrophiles-
(iii)
electron rich species are called nucleophiles; they can be either negatively charged or neutral.
The following species are nucleophiles-
(ii)
Question:33
Answer:
There are 9 primary, 2 secondary and 1 tertiary hydrogen atoms in 2-methylbutane and the relative reactivity of hydrogen atoms towards chlorination is 1:3:8:5.
The relative amount of product after chlorination = no. of hydrogen atom X relative reactivity.
Relative | Amount |
halide | 9 × 1 = 9 |
halide | 2 × 3.8 = 7.6 |
halide | 1 × 5 = 5 |
Therefore, the total amount of monochloro product will be :
9 + 7.6 + 5 = 21.6
Now, monochloro product% = %
monochloro product % = %
monochloro product % = %
Question:34
Alkanes having double bonds are obtained when n-alkyl halide is treated with name talin in the presence of ether, products obtained are based on Wurtz reaction.
(2,5-dimethylHexane)
(2,4-dimethylbutane)
(2,4-dimethylpentane)
Question:35
Due to hyperconjugation and 9 hydrogen tertiary free radical is more stable and sit stabilised; whereas, free radical has 1 hydrogen and one hyper conjugative structure and hence is less stable.
Question:37
Answer:
1 | It is aromatic since the ring is planar, has complete delocalisation of electrons, also 6-electrons is there. | |
2 | It is non-aromatic because the ring is non-planar, has incomplete delocalisation of electrons, 6 electrons is present there. | |
3 | It is aromatic since the ring is planar, has complete delocalisation of electrons, also 6-electrons is there. | |
4 | It is non-aromatic because the ring is non-planar, has incomplete delocalisation of electrons, 4 electrons is present there. | |
5 | It is aromatic since the ring is planar, has complete delocalisation of electrons. Juckel rule is obeyed here | |
6 | It is aromatic since the ring is planar, has complete delocalisation of electrons. Huckel rule is obeyed here | |
7 | It is non-aromatic because the ring is planar, has incomplete delocalisation of electrons, 8 electrons is present there |
Question:38
Which of the following compounds are aromatic according to Huckel’s rule?
Answer:
It is non-aromatic and has 8 electrons. | |
It is aromatic since it has delocalised 6 electrons and follows Huckel rule. | |
It is nonaromatic since delocalised 6π electrons are not present in this compound. | |
It is aromatic since it has 10 delocalised electrons and obeys Huckel’s rule | |
It is aromatic since it obeys Huckel’s rule and has 8 electrons out of which 6 electrons are delocalised | |
It is aromatic since it follows Huckel’s rule, is planar and has 14 electrons which are in conjugation. |
Question:39
Suggest a route to prepare ethyl hydrogen sulphate starting from ethanol
Answer:
Preparing ethyl hydrogen sulphate starting from ethanol.
Step I-
Protonation of alcohol and formation of a carbocation.
Step II-
Attack of nucleophile
Question:40
Column I | Column II |
Answer:
(i) → (d); (ii) → (a); (iii) → (e); (iv) → (c); (v) → (b)
Explanation:
(i): Two carbonyl compounds are obtained on ozonolysis of alkene
(ii) : Propene gives and on reacting with in an acidic medium.
(iii) -: Alkaline is decolourised by propene
(iv) : Propanol-2 is obtained when is added to propene
(v) : Propanol-1 is obtained as a product
Question:41
Match the hydrocarbons in Column I with the boiling points given in Column II.
Column I | Column II |
(i) n–Pentane | (a) 282.5 K |
(ii) iso-Pentane | (b) 309 K |
(iii) neo-Pentane | (c) 301 K |
Answer:
Explanation:
(i) There are more Vander Waal’s forces in n-pentane, and its boiling point is also high since there is no branching and surface area.
(ii) The boiling point of iso-pentane is less because the molar mass is the same except there’s one brach which reduces the surface area.
(iii) The boiling point of neo-pentane is the lowest because it has two side chains which have the same molar mass.
Question:42
Match the following reactants in Column I with the corresponding reaction products in Column II.
Column I | Column II |
(i) Benzene + | (a) Benzoic acid |
(ii) Benzene + | (b) Methyl phenyl ketone |
(iii) Benzene + | (c) Toluene |
(iv) Toluene | (d) Chlorobenzene |
(e) Benzene hexachloride |
Answer:
Explanation:
Question:43
Match the reactions given in Column I with the reaction types in Column II.
Column I | Column II |
(i) | (a) Hydrogenation |
(ii) | (b) Halogenation |
(iii) | (c) Polymerization |
(iv) | (d) Hydration |
(e) Condensation |
Answer:
Explanation:
(i) Hydration refers to the addition of water molecule
(ii) Addition of H2 in the presence of a catalyst is called as Hydrogenation
(iii) Addition of halogens means halogenation
(iv) When a no. of smaller molecules come together to give one bigger molecule, it is known as polymerisation.
Question:44
In the following questions a statement of assertion (A) followed by a statement of reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A) : The compound cyclooctane has the following structural formula :
It is cyclic and has conjugated 8-electron system but it is not an aromatic compound.
Reason (R) : electrons rule does not hold good and ring is not planar.
(i) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) Both A and R are not correct.
(iv) A is not correct but R is correct.
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
There are some characteristics possessed by compounds which show aromaticity:
Complete delocalisation of electrons in the ring
Planarity of the compound
Huckel Rule, viz., presence of electrons where n is an integer.
Question:45
In the following questions a statement of assertion (A) followed by a statement of reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A) : Toluene on Friedel Crafts methylation gives o– and p–xylene.
Reason (R) : group bonded to benzene ring increases electron density at o– and p– position.
(i) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) Both A and R are not correct.
(iv) A is not correct but R is correct.
Answer:
The answer is the option (i) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: group is an electron-withdrawing group. It activates the benzene ring due to hyperconjugation effect. Toluene has - group attached to the benzene ring. This group also increases the electron density at ortho and para positions for electrophile attacks.
Question:46
In the following questions a statement of assertion (A) followed by a statement of reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A) : Nitration of benzene with nitric acid requires the use of concentrated sulphuric acid.
Reason (R) : The mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid produces the electrophile, .
(i) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) Both A and R are not correct.
(iv) A is not correct but R is correct.
Answer:
(i) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: During nitration, benzene is treated with the nitrating mixture, viz., Conc. and . helps in furnishing the electrophile, i.e., .
Question:47
In the following questions a statement of assertion (A) followed by a statement of reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A) : Among isomeric pentanes, 2, 2-dimethylpentane has highest boiling point.
Reason (R) : Branching does not affect the boiling point.
(i) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) Both A and R are not correct.
(iv) A is not correct but R is correct.
Answer:
The answer is the option (iii) Both A and R are not correct.
Explanation: 2,2-dimethylpentane has the lowest boiling point among isomeric pentanes, and its boiling point decreases further on branching.
Question:48
To identify A, B, C and D, the reactions involved are-
All the compounds above must be straight-chain as hydrogenation of alkyne (D) gives straight-chain alkane. It is clear that D is terminal alkyne as alkyne gives sodium alkenyde.
Question:49
To calculate molar mass of hydrocarbon A it is given that 896 ml of Hydrocarbon ACxHy weighs 3.28 g at STP.
22400 ml of has ACxHy mass =
= 83.1 g/mol.
Thus, the molar mass of A = 83.1 g/mol
Element | C | H |
Percentage | 87.8% | 12.19% |
Atomic mass | 12 | 1 |
Relative ratio | 7.31 | 12.19 |
Relative no. of atoms | 1 | 1.66 |
Simplest ratio | 3 | 4.98 = 5 |
We know that empirical formula =
Empirical formula with weight =
Molecular formula = (empirical formula) n, where n = mol mass/empirical mass =
Molecular formula =
Now, determining the structure of (A) and (B)-
is obtained when hydrogenation of happens with two moles of H2. The structure is methylpentane.
(which gives positive iodoform test) is obtained when hydration of (A) takes place in the presence of dil. H= and .
Thus, the structure of (4-methyl pent-yne) and (B) is 4-methyl pentanone-2.
Question:50
Two molecules of hydrogen add on ‘A’ this shows that ‘A’ is either an alkadiene or an alkyne.
On ozonolysis compound A gives
Hence, the structure of A(Its IUPAC name will be 2-methyl octa 2,6 diene) is,
Question:51
Answer:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Since the H-Cl bond is stronger than H-Br bond, peroxide effect is observed only in the case of HBr. It is not observed in the case of HI as well.
H-Br has lesser bond energy than H-Cl; thus, H-Cl bond is not cleaved by the free radical, whereas the H-I bond is weaker and iodine free radicals combine to form dimer iodine molecules.
Students can acquire NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry solutions chapter 13 by simply going on the official website and clicking on the download option. This link will directly give you access to NCERT exemplar class 11 Chemistry solutions chapter 13 pdf download. The chapter is important to score well in 11 grade as well as for candidates to aspire to appear for competitive exams like JEE Main, etc.
A. Classification
B. Alkanes
i. Nomenclature And Isomerism
ii. Preparation
iii. Properties
iv. Conformations
C. Alkenes
i. Structure Of Double Bond
ii. Nomenclature
iii. Isomerism
iv. Preparation
v. Properties
D. Alkynes
i. Nomenclature And Isomerism
ii. Structure Of Triple Bond
iii. Preparation
iv. Properties
E. Aromatic Hydrocarbon
i. Nomenclature And Isomerism
ii. Structure Of Benzene
iii. Aromaticity
iv. Preparation Of Benzene
v. Properties
vi. Directive Influence Of A Functional Group In Monosubstituted Benzene
F. Carcinogenicity And Toxicity
What will students learn from NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry solutions chapter 13?
The students will learn everything about Hydrocarbons and its properties. NCERT Exemplar class 11 Chemistry chapter 13 solutions deals with the concept of hydrocarbons in detail. This in turn renders the students with complete information necessary in order to comprehend the chapter easily.
Hydrocarbons are easy to understand when studied with alertness and perseverance. NCERT solutions are designed in such a way that it covers most important topics without complicating it. Here are some topics that are studied in Class 11 Chemistry NCERT Exemplar solutions chapter 13.
o Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes are explained in detail along with its Nomenclature, preparation, properties and conformations. This makes understanding of each of these easy.
o Alkanes are single bonded organic compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbons which is discussed in the NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry solutions Chapter 13. The chapter delves into its isomerism, properties etc.
o Alkenes are organic compounds that have double bonds of carbon and carbon. This term is used for hydrocarbons having more than one bond. The chapter takes care of each and every detail of alkenes.
o Alkynes are organic compounds having triple bonds. In order to understand these concepts better you have to study the solution provided in NCERT book.
o Aromatic hydrocarbons, Carcinogenicity And Toxicity are other concepts covered in NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry solutions Chapter 13.
Chapter-1 - Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Chapter-2 - Structure of Atom
Chapter-3 - Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Chapter-4 - Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Chapter-5 - States of Matter
Chapter-6 - Thermodynamics
Chapter-7 - Equilibrium
Chapter-8 - Redox Reaction
Chapter-9 - Hydrogen
Chapter-10 - The S-Block Elements
Chapter-11 - The P-Block Elements
Chapter-12 - Organic chemistry- some basic principles and techniques
Chapter-14 - Hydrocarbons
Chapter-15 - Environmental Chemistry
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A: In total, 25 questions are solved in the simplest manner. The pattern of solving these questions is approved by CBSE.
A: The important topics covered include types of hydrocarbons such as Alkenes, Alkynes, Alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and Carcinogenicity And Toxicity etc.
A: NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry solutions Chapter 13 can be obtained by downloading it in PDF format from the official website’s solution page.
A: The NCERT Exemplar solutions for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 13 are prepared by the team of our experts which include chemistry teachers and scholars of the subject.
Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.
The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.
A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.
GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.
If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy, IIT Kharagpur, JMI New Delhi.
Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.
Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.
Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.
Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.
A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.
Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.
A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.
A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.
A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.
Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.
Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.
Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.
A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.
Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.
The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.
An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.
Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.
For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.
Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.
Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.
Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.
Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.
A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.
The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.
A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.
Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.
An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.
They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.
In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.
Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.
The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.
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