NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Edited By Sumit Saini | Updated on Aug 22, 2022 09:22 AM IST

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques- In this NCERT chapter, students will get to know about some basic principles and techniques of analysis which are required for understanding the properties and formation of organic compounds. The NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques are prepared by our subject experts to help students in understanding the basic concepts of organic chemistry in a holistic manner.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques


Q 12.1 (i) What are hybridization states of each carbon atom in the following compounds? CH_2 = C = O

Answer:

(i)\; CH_{2}=C=O
c1 c2

Here C_1 carbon is sp^2 hybridised and the C_2 carbon is sp hybridised.

Q 12.1(ii) What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?

(ii)\; CH_{3}CH=CH_{2}

Answer:

(ii)\; CH_{3}CH=CH_{2}
c1 c2 c3

Here C_1 caron is sp^3 hybridised, C_2 carbon is sp^2 and the third carbon C_3 atom is sp^2 hybridise

Q 12.1(iii) What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?

(iii)\; (CH_{3})_{2}CO

Answer:
Here is the structure

1650540855701 Here C_1 and C_3 carbon atom is in sp^3 hybridistaion and the C_2 carbon is sp^2

Q 12.1 (iv) What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?

(v)\; C_{6}H_{6}

Answer:
In benzene, all the six carbon atoms are sp^2 hybridised.


Q 12.1(v) What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?

(vi)CH_{2}=CHCN

Answer:

CH_{2}=CH-CN
1 2 3

Here, in the above compound the C_1 carbon atom is sp^2 hybridised, C_2 carbon atom is sp^2 hybridised and the C_3 carbon is sp hybridiesd

Q 12.2(i) Indicate the \sigma and \pi bonds in the following molecule :

(i)\; C_{6}H_{6}

Answer:

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There are six C-C sigma bonds, six C-H sigma bonds and three \pi -bonds between the carbon atom in the benzene.

Q 12.2(ii) Indicate the \sigma and \pi bonds in the following molecule :

(ii)\; C_{6}H_{12}

Answer

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In C_{6}H_{12} , there are six sigma bond between C-Cand twelve sigma bond between C-H bonds in the given compound.

Q 12.2(iii) Indicate the \sigma and \pi bonds in the following molecule :

(iii)\; CH_{2}Cl_{2}

Answer:

In CH_{2}Cl_{2} ,
1650540886373 There are two sigma C-H bonds and two C-Cl sigma bonds.


Q 12.2 (iv) Indicate the \sigma and \pi bonds in the following molecule :

(iv) \; CH_{2}=C=CH_{2}


Answer:

1650540914961 In this compound, there are two C-C sigma bonds, four C-H sigma bonds and two \pi bonds between carbon atoms.

Q 12.2(v) Indicate the \sigma and \pi bonds in the following molecule :

(v) \; CH_{3}NO_{2}

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There are three C-H sigma bonds, one C-N sigma bond, one N-O sigma bond and one N-O \pi -bonds.

Q 12.2(vi) Indicate the \sigma and \pi bonds in the following molecule :

(vi)\; HCONHCH_{3}


Answer:

tgrfsed
Two C-N sigma bonds, four C-H sigma bonds, one N-H sigma bonds and one C=O \pi -bond in the above compound.

Q 12.3 Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethylbutanal, Heptan-4- one.

Answer:

Bond line formula of following compounds-

Isopropyl alcohol
sdfgf
2, 3-Dimethyl butanal
jdthsdgrfs
Heptan-4-one
hrtgsfds


Q 12.4(a) Give the IUPAC names of the following compound :

eards


Answer:

gsdfxbd
The IUPAC name of the above compound is 1-phenylpropane

Q 12.4(c) Give the IUPAC names of the below compound :

ggr

Answer:

1650540952156 The IUPAC name of the above structure is 2, 5-dimethyl heptane.

Q 12.4(f) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds :

(e) \; Cl_{2}CHC\! H_{2}OH


Answer:

(e) \; Cl_{2}CHC\! H_{2}OH
The IUPAC name of the compound is 1, 1-dichloro-2-ethanol

Q 12.5 Which of the following represents the correct IUPAC name for the compounds concerned?

(a) 2,2-Dimethylpentane or 2-Dimethylpentane

(b) 2,4,7- Trimethyloctane or 2,5,7-Trimethyloctane

(c) 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane or 4-Chloro-2-methylpentane

(d) But-3-yn-1-ol or But-4-ol-1-yne .

Answer:

(a) The prefix di in the IUPAC nomenclature is indicating two identical substituent group in the parent chain. Since two methyl group present at C_2 of the parent chain. So, the correct IUPAC name is 2, 2-dimethylpentane.

(b) In IUPAC nomenclature the sum of locant number should be minimum. Here the sum of 2,4,7 (=13)is less than the sum of 2, 5, 7 (=14). Thus the correct IUPAC name is 2,4,7- Trimethyloctane

(c) In IUPAC nomenclature, if the substituent group acquires the equivalent position of the parent chain then the lower number is given to one that comes first in alphabetical order. Hence 2-Chloro-4-methyl pentane is the correct IUPAC name of the compound.

(d) If the two functional groups are present in the parent chain then the suffix of the IUPAC name depends on the principal functional group. Here alcohol is the principal function group so the suffix should be -ol and alkyne group considered as a substituent group. Therefore the correct IUPAC name of the compound is But-3-yn-1-ol.

Q 12.6(a) Draw formulas for the first five members of each homologous series beginning with the following compound.

(a)\; H-COOH

Answer:


the first five members of each homologous series beginning with the following compound are shown as-

(a)\; H-COOH ---methanoic acid

  • ethanoic acid
    CH_{3}-COOH
  • propanoic acid
    CH_{3}-CH_{2}-COOH
  • butanoic acid
    CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH
  • pentanoic acid
    CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH

Q 12.6 (b) Draw formulas for the first five members of each homologous series beginning with the following compound.
(b) CH_{3}COCH_{3}


Answer:

the first five members of each homologous series beginning with the following compound are shown as-
(b) CH_{3}COCH_{3}
(propanone)

  • Butanone
    CH_{3}-CO-CH_{2}CH_{3}
  • Pentan-2-one
    CH_{3}-CO-CH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{3}
  • hexan-2-one
    CH_{3}-CO-CH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{3}
  • Hept-2-one
    CH_{3}-CO-CH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{3}

Q 12.6 (c) Draw formulas for the first five members of each homologous series beginning with the following compound.

(c)\; H-CH=CH_{2}

Answer:

The first five members of each homologous series beginning with the following compound are shown as-
(c)\; H-CH=CH_{2} ..........(Ethene)

  • Propene
    CH_{3}-CH=CH_{2}
  • 1-Butene
    CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH=CH_{2}
  • 1-Pentene
    CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH=CH_{2}
  • 1-Hexene
    CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH=CH_{2}

Q 12.7(b) Give condensed and bond line structural formulas and identify the functional group(s) present, if any, for :
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid

Answer:

The condensed formula of 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
(COOH)CH_{2}C(OH)(COOH)CH_{2}(COOH)

The bond line structure -

sferdgf

Q 12.7(c) Give condensed and bond line structural formulas and identify the functional group(s) present, if any, for :
Hexanedial

Answer:

the condensed formula of hexanedial

(CHO)(CH_{2})_4(CHO)

The bond line structure is-
1650541037679

Q 12.8 Identify the functional groups in the following compounds

aedsfa gerwfdes uuyutdyrd


Answer:

sdfedaxzs
The functional groups in the above structure are-

  1. Aldehyde ( -CHO )
  2. HYdroxyl ( -OH )
  3. Methoxy ( -OMe )
  4. C=C double bond

(b)
1650541078949 The following functional groups are presents-

  1. Amino, primary amine ( -NH_{2} )
  2. Ester ( -O-CO- )
  3. Tertiary amine ( -NR_2 ) R = ethyl group

sdfxcv
Here,

  1. Nitro group ( -NO_{2} )
  2. C=C double bond

Q 12.9 Which of the two: O_{2}NCH_{2}CH_{2}O^{-} or CH_{2}CH_{2}O^{-} is expected to be more stable and why ?

Answer:

Since Nitro group is an electron withdrawing group. So, it shows -I effect, By reducing the electron negative charge of the compound, it stabilises the compound. On the other hand, the methyl group is an electron donor group so it shows +I effect. This increases the negative charge on the compound and destabilises the compound.

Hence O_{2}NCH_{2}CH_{2}O^{-} is more stable than the CH_{2}CH_{2}O^{-} .

Q 12.10 Explain why alkyl groups act as electron donors when attached to a \pi  system.

Answer:

When an alkyl group is attached to the \pi system, it acts as an electron donor group by the property of hyperconjugation.
for example in propene,
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In figure, you can see that the sigma electrons of C-H bonds of the alkyl group are delocalised because of the partially overlapping of the sp^3-s sigma bond orbital with the empty p orbital of the \pi bond of the adjacent carbon atom. It is also known as no-bond resonance.
sdd

Q 12.11(a) Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(a)\; C_{6}H_{5}OH

Answer:

The resonating structure of the phenol-
The lone pair of electron starts shifting to Oxygen - carbon bond and form a double bond character and \pi electron of C-C bond shift to next C-C single bond.

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Q 12.11 (b) Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(b)\; C_{6}H_{5}NO_{2}

Answer:

The resonating structure of the nitrobenzene-

Here the electrons of N-O bonds shifts to Oxygen atom (more electronegative) and then the \pi electron of carbon-carbon double bonds starts delocalising towards the N atom.

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Q 12.11(c) Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(c)CH_{3}CH=CHCHO

Answer:

The resonating structure of the But-2-ene-1-al-
Here the \pi electrons of C-O bonds shifts to Oxygen atom (more electronegative) and then the \pi electron of carbon-carbon double bonds starts shifting towards the next C-Cbond, introducing a partial double bond character.
1650541150092

Q 12.11(d) Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(d)C_{6}H_{5}-CHO

Answer:

The resonating structure of the Benzaldehyde-
Here the \pi electron of carbon-oxygen double bond starts shifting towards the electronegative oxygen atom and the \pi -electrons of C-C double bonds shifting towards carbonyl group (as shown in figures).
1650541199113

Q 12.11(e) Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(e)C_{6}H_{5}-CH_{2}

Answer:

The resonating structure of Benzyl carbocation-
The \pi -electrons of C-C double bond shift towards the C-C^+ bond to minimise the deficiency of electron density and the rest of the \pi -electrons follow the same process.
1650541233612

Q 12.11(f) Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(f)CH_{3}CH=CHCH_{2}

Answer:

The resonating structure of But-2-ene-1-yl carbocation-
The \pi -electrons of C-C double bond shift towards the C-C^+ bond to minimise the deficiency of electron density at CH_2^+ . So, this way only one resonant is possible.
1650541262927

Q 12.12 What are electrophiles and nucleophiles ? Explain with examples.

Answer:

Electrophile- It is an electron deficient species, which seeking for an electron pair. This reagent takes away an electron pair. It is denoted as E^{+} . For example, carbocationised CH_{3}CH_{2}^+ neutral molecule having functional groups such as carbonyl group are an example of the electrophile.

A nucleophile is a reagent that brings an electron pair. In other words, it is nucleus- seeking reagent called nucleophile.
For examples- -OH, -NC and carbanions ( R_{3}C^- ) etc. Ammonia and water also act as a nucleophile due to the presence of lone pair of electron.

Q 12.13 Identify the reagents shown in bold in the following equations as nucleophiles or electrophiles:

(a)CH_{3}COOH+HO^{-}\rightarrow CH_{3}COO^{-}+H_{2}O

(b) CH_{3}COCH_{3}+CN \rightarrow (CH_{3})_{2}C(CN)(OH)

(c)C_{6}H_{6}+CH_{3}CO\rightarrow C_{6}H_{5}COCH_{3}

Answer:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species and can be seeking for an electron pair. On the other hand, the nucleophile is electron rich reagents and they can electron donor(nucleus seeking).

Therefore,
(a) OH^- have one lone pair of an electron, electron rich species. So, it is a nucleophile

(b) C^-N acts as a nucleus seeking reagent and act as a nucleophile

(c) CH_{3}C^+O , it is an electron deficient species, So, it is electrophile.


Q 12.14.(a) Classify the following reactions in one of the reaction type studied in this unit.

(a)\; CH_{3}CH_{2}Br+HS^{-}\rightarrow CH_{3}CH_{2}SH+Br^{-}


Answer:

(a)\; CH_{3}CH_{2}Br+HS^{-}\rightarrow CH_{3}CH_{2}SH+Br^{-}
It is a substitution reaction as in this above equation the bromine group is replaced by the -SH group.


Q 12.14.(b) Classify the following reactions in one of the reaction type studied in this unit.

(b)\; (CH_{3})_{2} C= CH_{2}+HCl\rightarrow (CH_{3})_{2}ClC-CH_{3}

Answer:

(b)\; (CH_{3})_{2} C= CH_{2}+HCl\rightarrow (CH_{3})_{2}ClC-CH_{3}

The given reaction is an example of an addition reaction because in this reaction the two reactant molecule combined to form a single product. Also, we can say that the Hydrogen and chlorine of HCl is added in the two different carbon atom of the same compound.

Q 12.14(c) Classify the following reactions in one of the reaction type studied in this unit.

(c)CH_{3}CH_{2}Br+HO^{-}\rightarrow CH_{2}=CH_{2}+H_{2}O+Br^{-}

Answer:

(c)CH_{3}CH_{2}Br+HO^{-}\rightarrow CH_{2}=CH_{2}+H_{2}O+Br^{-}

In this reaction, the hydrogen and bromine are removed from the original compound and formed ethene. So, this is an elimination reaction.

Q 12.14(d) Classify the following reactions in one of the reaction type studied in this unit.

(d)(CH_{3})_{3}C-CH_{2}OH+HBr\rightarrow (CH_{3})_{2}CBrCH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{3}+H_{2}O

Answer:

(d)(CH_{3})_{3}C-CH_{2}OH+HBr\rightarrow (CH_{3})_{2}CBrCH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{3}+H_{2}O

In the above reaction, the substitution takes place between the two reactants , followed by the rearrangement of atoms and the groups of atoms.

Q 12.15 What is the relationship between the members of following pairs of structures ? Are they structural or geometrical isomers or resonance contributors ?

erfeads

Answer:

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These are pairs are structural isomers.
Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are called structural isomers. The above compounds have the same molecular formula but the structures are different due to the difference in the position of the carbonyl group.
In structure one -CO group is present at C_3 position and in second the -CO group is present at C_2 position.

Q 12.16 (a) For the following bond cleavages, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify each as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

(a) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES

Answer:

Bond cleavage by using curved-arrows to show the electron flow of the given reaction can be represented as
1650541439122 It is an example of homolysis because the two electrons are equally divided into the products.(see in fig)

Q 12.16(b) For the following bond cleavages, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify each as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

1650541480519

Answer:

Bond cleavage by using curved-arrows to show the electron flow of the given reaction can be represented as;
1650541503670 It is an example of heterolytic cleavage as the bond breaks in such a manner that electron pair will remain with the carbon of propanone. The reaction intermediate is carbanion.

Q 12.16(c) For the following bond cleavages, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify each as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

1650541539381

Answer:

Bond cleavage by using curved-arrows to show the electron flow of the given reaction can be represented as;

1650541562384 It is heterolysis as shared pair of an electron is distributed to only bromine ion. Here the reaction intermediate is carbocation.

Q 12.16(d) For the following bond cleavages, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify each as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

1650541607370

Answer:

Bond cleavage by using curved-arrows to show the electron flow of the given reaction can be represented as

1650541626097 The reaction intermediate is carbocation. It is a heterolytic cleavage as the bonds break in such a manner that shared&nbnbsp;electron pair will remain with the one species.

Q 12.17. Explain the terms Inductive and Electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids?

(a) Cl_{3}CCOOH> Cl_{2}C\! H\! \, COOH> ClC\! H_{2}COOH

(b) CH_{3}CH_{2}COOH> (CH_{3})_{2}CHCOOH> (CH_{3})_{3}C.COOH

Answer :

Inductive effect- The permanent displacement of sigma ( \sigma ) electrons along the saturated chain, whenever an electron donating or withdrawing group is present, is known as the inductive effect. It could be +I/-I effect.

Electromeric effect- The complete transfer of the shared pair of \pi -electrons to one of the atoms linked by multiple bonds on the demand of attacking reagent. It is a temporary effect. It may be +E(electrons transferred towards attacking reagent) or -E effect(electron transferring away from the attacking reagent).

(a) The order of acidity can be explained by the negative inductive effect ( -I ). As the no. of chlorine atom increases, the -I effect also increases and so, the acidic strength also increases.
Cl_{3}CCOOH> Cl_{2}C\! H\! \, COOH> ClC\! H_{2}COOH


(b) This can be explained by the +I effect of the alkyl group. As the number of electron donor group increases, +I effect will also increase. With the increases in +I effect, the acidic character decreases accordingly.
CH_{3}CH_{2}COOH> (CH_{3})_{2}CHCOOH> (CH_{3})_{3}C.COOH

Q 12.18 (a) Give a brief description of the principles of the following techniques taking an example in each case.

Crystallisation

Answer:

Crystallisation-
It is one of the most commonly used techniques for the purification of solid organic compounds. Its principle is based on the difference in the solubilities of the compounds and the solvent's impurities. The impure compounds are dissolved in solvent but they are sparingly soluble at room temperature but soluble at the higher temperature. On cooling the compound, the pure compounds get crystallise and removed by filtration.
For example - pure aspirin is obtained by recrystallising crude aspirin. Around 2 - 4 g of crude aspirin is dissolved in 20 mL of ethyl alcohol and the solution is heated for complete dissolution. Then after crystal formation, they can filter out and dried.

Q 12.18 (b) Give a brief description of the principles of the following techniques taking an example in each case.

Distillation

Answer:

Distillation-
This method is used for the purification of liquids from non-volatile impurities. It is based on the fact that fluids of having different boiling points vaporise at different temperatures. The impure liquid is boiled in a flask, and initially, the vapours of lower boiling points component are formed. The vapours are condensed by using a condenser, and the liquid is collected in a receiver.
For example- Organic liquids such as benzene, toluene, xylene etc can be purified by this method.

Q 12.18 (c) Give a brief description of the principles of the following techniques taking an example in each case.

Chromatography

Answer:

Chromatography-
It is one of the extensive methods for the separation and purification of organic compounds. It is based on the difference in the movements of components of mixtures through the stationary phase under the influence of the mobile phase. The stationary phase can be solid or liquid. While the mobile phase is only liquid or gas.
For example- This technique can separate a mixture of blue and red ink.

Q 12.19 Describe the method, which can be used to separate two compounds with different solubilities in a solvent S.

Answer:

Fractional distillation can be used to separate the two compounds with different solubilities in a solvent S. The following steps are carried out in this process-

  1. The powdered mixture is taken in a flask, and the solvent is added into it and stirred simultaneously. We have to prepare a saturated solution and then heat it.
  2. After heating, this hot saturated solution can be filtered with filter paper in a china dish.
  3. Now the solution is allowed to cool. The less soluble compounds crystalise first, and more soluble compounds remain in the solution. After removing these crystals, the latter is concentrated once again. The hot solution is allowed to cool, and then the crystals of the more soluble compound are obtained.
  4. The last step is isolation and drying of crystals from the mother liquor.

Q 12.20 What is the difference between distillation, distillation under reduced pressure and steam distillation ?

Answer:

The difference between distillation, distillation under reduced pressure and steam distillation are-

Distillation
Distillation under reduced pressure
Steam Distillation
1. Used for the purification of the compounds that are non-volatile impurities or liquids, which don't decompose on boiling.

1. Used to purify liquids, which tends to decompose on boiling. Under the condition of reduced pressure.

1.Used to purify the organic compounds, which is steam volatile and immiscible with water.

SImply, to separate the volatile liquids from non-volatile impurities. Or a mixture of liquids having sufficient Boiling point difference.
The liquid will boil at low temperature than its boiling points, therefore, it does not decompose.
The mixture of water and aniline can be separated by this method.

The mixture of petrol and kerosene is separated by this method.
Glycerol is purified by this method.

Q 12.21. Discuss the chemistry of Lassaigne’s test.

Answer:

Lassaigne’s test.-
This test is used to detect the presence of nitrogen, sulphur, halogens and sulphur in organic compounds. These elements are present in the covalent form in an organic compound. So, they are converted into the ionic form by fusing the compound with the sodium metal.
\\Na+C+N\rightarrow NaCN\\ 2Na+S\rightarrow Na_2S\\ Na+X\rightarrow NaX (X = Cl, Br, I)

Cyanide, sulphide or halide of sodium are extracted from the fused mass by boiling it with distilled water. This Is known as sodium extract method or Lassaigne's extract.

Q 12.22(i) Differentiate between the principle of estimation of nitrogen in an organic compound by

Dumas method

Answer:

In the Dumas method, Nitrogen containing organic compound is heated with the copper oxide in carbon dioxide atmosphere, yields free nitrogen in addition to CO_{2} and water.

C_xH_yN_z+(2x+\frac{y}{2})CuO\rightarrow xCO_{2}+\frac{y}{2}H_{2}O+\frac{z}{2}N_2+(2x+\frac{y}{2})Cu
Traces of nitrogen oxides can also be formed in the reaction, which can be reduced to nitrogen by passing the gaseous mixture over the heated copper gauge. The produced mixture of gases is collected over by an aqueous solution of KOH , it absorbs CO_{2} . Nitrogen is collected in the upper part of the graduated tube.

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Q 12.22(ii) Differentiate between the principle of estimation of nitrogen in an organic compound by

Kjeldahl’s method.

Answer:

In Kjeldahl’s method, the nitrogen-containing organic compound is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid. Nitrogen is converted into ammonium sulphate. It is then passed into the known volume of sulphuric acid. The amount of ammonia produced can be estimated by the amount of H_{2}SO_{4} consumed in the reaction.
\\O.C+ H_{2SO_{4}}\rightarrow (NH_{4})_2SO_{4}\\ (NH_{4})_2SO_{4} + 2NaOH\rightarrow Na_2SO_{4}+2NH_{3}+2H_{2}O\\ 2NH_{3}+H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow (NH_{4})_2SO_{4}
It is done by estimating the amount of unreacted H_{2}SO_{4} left after the absorption of ammonia by titrating it with a standard alkali solution. This method is not applicable for the compound contain nitrogen in -nitro form or nitrogen present in the ring structure.
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Q 12.23 Discuss the principle of estimation of halogens, sulphur and phosphorus present in an organic compound.

Answer:

Estimation of halogen is done by Carius method. In this method, a known quantity of organic compound is heated with fuming HNO_{3} (nitric acid) with the presence of silver nitrate, contained in a hard glass tube, known as carius tube. C and H present in the compound are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water. And halogens are into to form AgX and then it is filtered, dried, and weighed.

Let the mass of the organic compound be m gram.
Mass of AgX formed = m_1 gram
1 mol of AgX contains 1 mol of X.
Therefore, Mass of halogen inm1 g of AgX = (Atomic mass of X*m_1 ) / (Molecular mass of AgX )

Thus, % of halogen will be = (Atomic mass of X(m_1\times 100)/ mo l. wt of AgX*(m)

Estimation of sulphur- In this method, Organic compound is heated either fuming nitric acid or sodium peroxide in a hard glass tube called carius tube. Sulphur present in the compound is oxidised to form sulphuric acid. It is precipitated by as barium sulphate by adding barium chloride solution in water. Then ppt is filtered, washed and weighed.

Let the mass of organic compound taken = m g
and the mass of barium sulphate formed = m_1 g

1 mol of BaSO_{4} = 233 g BaSO_{4} = 32 g sulphur

m_1 g BaSO_{4} contains = \frac{32\times m_1}{233} g sulphur
Percentage (%)of sulphur =
\frac{32\times m_1\times 100}{233\times m}

Estimation of phosphorus- In this process, a known mass of an organic compound is heated with fuming nitric acid and the phosphorus gets oxidised to phosphoric acid. By adding ammonia and ammonium molybdate, phosphorus can be precipitated as ammonium phosphomolybdate, (NH_4)_3PO_4.12MoO_{3} . It can be also estimated as by precipitating it as MgNH_{4}PO_{4} by adding magnesia mixture which on ignition yields Mg_2P_2O_{7} .

Let the mass of organic compound taken = m g and mass of ammonium phosphomolybdate = m_1 g

Molar mass of (NH_4)_3PO_4.12MoO_{3}=1877 g
Percentage(%) of phosphorus = \frac{31\times m_1\times 100}{1877\times m}

If phosphorus is estimated as Mg_2P_2O_{7} ,
Percentage(%) of phosphorus = \frac{62\times m_1\times 100}{222\times m} %

Q 12.24 Explain the principle of paper chromatography.

Answer:

In paper chromatography, chromatography paper is used. It contains water trapped in it, which acts as the stationary phase. The solution of the mixture is spotted on this base of chromatography paper. The strip of paper is suspended in a suitable solvent, which is the mobile phase. Due to capillary action, the solvent rises up in the paper and it flows over the spot. The spots of the different component travel with the mobile phase to a different level of heights. The obtained paper is called chromatogram.
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Q 12.25 Why is nitric acid added to sodium extract before adding silver nitrate for testing halogens?

Answer:

Nitric acid added to sodium extract before adding silver nitrate for testing halogens to decompose the NaCN to HCN and Na_2S to H_2S and to expel these gases. If any ampount of nitrogen and sulphur are present in the form of NaCN and Na_2S , then they are removed.

\\NaCN+HNO_{3}\rightarrow NaNO_{3}+HCN\\ Na_{2}S+HANO_{3}\rightarrow 2NaNO_{3}+H_{2}S

Q 12.26 Explain the reason for the fusion of an organic compound with metallic sodium for testing nitrogen, sulphur and halogens.

Answer:

In Organic compounds, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens are covalently bonded. To detect them, they have to convert into ionic form. This is done by the fusing of an organic compound by the sodium metal. This is known as Lassaigne's test.
The following chemical reactions are-
\\Na+C+N\rightarrow NaCN\\ Na+S+C+N\rightarrow NaSCN\\ 2Na+S\rightarrow Na_2S\\ Na+X\rightarrow NaX
Here X = halogen atoms

Q 12.27. Name a suitable technique of separation of the components from a mixture of calcium sulphate and camphor.

Answer:

To separate a mixture of calcium sulphate and camphor, we use sublimation method. In this method, the sublimable compound is converted to vapour state from the solid state without achieving its liquid states. Here camphor is sublimable compound and calcium sulphate is not.

Q 12.28. Explain, why an organic liquid vaporises at a temperature below its boiling point in its steam distillation ?

Answer:

In steam distillation, Organic liquid starts boiling when the total sum of the vapour pressure of an organic liquid (P') and the of water (P'') becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure (P),
it means P = P' + P''. since P'< P'', the orgnic liquid will vaporise at a lower temperature than its boiling point.

Q 12.29. Will CCl_{4} give white precipitate of AgCl on heating it with silver nitrate? Give reason for your answer.

Answer:

No, CCl_{4} does not give white ppt of AgCl on heating with the silver nitrate. This is because the chlorine atoms are covalently bonded with the carbon atom. To get ppt, it should be present in ionic form.

Q 12.30. Why is a solution of potassium hydroxide used to absorb carbon dioxide evolves during the estimation of carbon present in an organic compound?

Answer:

Carbon dioxide is acidic in nature and KOH is a strong base. Thus, carbon dioxide reacts with the potassium hydroxide by acid-base reaction and form a salt known as potassium carbonate and water as a by-product.

KOH+CO_{2}\rightarrow K_{2}CO_{3}+H_{2}O

Thus, due to the increase in KOH the mass of U-tube is also increases. This increased mass of the tube gives the mass of carbon dioxide produced. From its mass, the % of carbon in the Organic compound can be estimated.

Q 12.31 . Why is it necessary to use acetic acid and not sulphuric acid for acidification of sodium extract for testing sulphur by lead acetate test?

Answer:

It is necessary to use acetic acid and not sulphuric acid for acidification of sodium extract for testing sulphur by lead acetate test because in case of sulphuric acid the complete ppt formation of lead sulphate does not take place. While the addition of acetic acid will ensure a complete ppt. formation of sulphur in the form of lead sulphate due to the common ion effect.

Q 12.32. An organic compound contains 69% carbon and 4.8% hydrogen, the remainder being oxygen. Calculate the masses of carbon dioxide and water produced when 0.20 g of this substance is subjected to complete combustion.

Answer:

Given,
Percentage of carbon = 69%
% of Hydrogen = 4.8%, and
% of Oxygen = 26.2 %

So, 0.2 g of OC have (0.2\times 0.69) g of Carbon = 0.138g
we know that,
molecular weight of CO_{2} = 44 g
12 g of C is present in 44 g of CO_{2}

Therefore, 0.138 g of C present in 0.138\times \frac{44}{12} = 0.506 g of CO_{2}

Hence, from 0.2 g of OC 0.506 g of CO_{2} will be produced.

Similarly,
100 g of OC contains 4.8 g of H
So, 0.2 g of OC contains (0.2\times 0.048) = 0.0096 g of H
We know the mol. wt. of water = 18 g

Therefore 0.0096 g of H will present in \frac{18\times 0.0096}{2} = 0.0864 g of water

Hence 0.2 gram of OC will produce 0.0864 g of water on complete combustion of


Q 12.33. A sample of 0.50 g of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl’s method. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50 ml of 0.5 M H_{2}SO_{4} . The residual acid required 60 mL of 0.5 M solution of NaO\! H for neutralisation. Find the percentage composition of nitrogen in the compound.

Answer:

Given that,
total mass of organic compound = 0.50 g
60 mL of 0.5 M solution of NaOH required for neutralisation by residual acid.

60 mL of 0.5 M NaOH solution = \frac{60}{2} mL of 0.5M H_{2}SO_{4} = 30 mL of 0.5 M H_{2}SO_{4}

Therefore,
Acid consumed in absorption of evolved ammonia is (50-30) mL = 20 mL

Again, 20 mL of 0.5 M H_{2}SO_{4} = 40 mL of 0.5 M NH_3

Also, since 1000 mL of 1 M NH_3 contains 14 g of nitrogen,
So, 40 mL of 0.5 M NH_3 will contain = \frac{14\times 40\times 0.5}{1000} = 0.28 g of Nitrogen

Therefore, percentage(%) of nitrogen in 0.50 g of organic compound = (0.28/0.5)\times 100 = 56 %

Q 12.34. 0.3780 g of an organic chloro compound gave 0.5740 g of silver chloride in Carius estimation. Calculate the percentage of chlorine present in the compound.

Answer:

Given that,
Mass of organic compound = 0.3780 g.
Mass of AgCl formed = 0.5740 g

It is known that,
1 mol of AgCl contains 1 mol of Cl.

Thus, mass of chlorine in 0.5740 g of AgCl

\\=\frac{35\times 0.5740}{143.32}

= 0.1421 g

∴ Percentage(%) of chlorine = =\frac{0.1421}{0.3780}\times 100 = 37.59%

Hence, the percentage of chlorine present in the given organic compound is 37.59%.

Q 12.35. In the estimation of sulphur by Carius method, 0.468 g of an organic sulphur compound afforded 0.668 g of barium sulphate. Find out the percentage of sulphur in the given compound.

Answer:

Given data,

Total mass of the OC = 0.468 g
Mass of barium sulphate formed = 0.668 g

We know that,

1 mol of BaSO 4 = 233 g of BaSO_{4} = 32 g of sulphur
Thus, 0.668 g of BaSO_{4} contains = \frac{32\times 0.668}{233} g of sulphur = 0.0917 g of sulphur

Therefore, the percentage(%) of sulphur
= \frac{0.0197}{0.468}\times 100
= 19.59 %

Hence, the percentage of sulphur in the given compound is 19.59 %.

Q 12.36. In the organic compound C\! H_{2}=C\! H-C\! H_{2}-C\! H_{2}- C\equiv \! CH , the pair of hydridised orbitals involved in the formation of: C_{2}-C_{3} bond is:

&nbnbsp; (a) sp-sp^{2} (b) sp-sp^{3} (c) sp^{2}-sp^{3} (d) sp^{3}-sp^{3}

Answer:

In the organic compounds-
C\! H_{2}=C\! H-C\! H_{2}-C\! H_{2}- C\equiv \! CH
1 2 3 4 5

In C_2 and C_3 carbon atom the hybridisation is sp^2-sp^3
So, the correct option is (c)

Q 12.37. In the Lassaigne’s test for nitrogen in an organic compound, the Prussian blue colour is obtained due to the formation of:

\; (a)\; N\! a_{4}\! \left [ F\! \! \, e(\! C\! N\! )_{6} \right ] (b)\; F\! e_{4}\left [ F\! e(C\! N)_{6} \right ]_{3} (c)\; F\! e_{2}\! \left [ F\! e(C\! N)_{6} \right ] (d) \; F\! e_{3}\left [ F\! e(C\! N)_{6} \right ]_{4}

Answer:

The Prussian blue colour is due to the formation of Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3.xH_{2}O in Lassaigne's test.

6CN^-+Fe^{2+}\rightarrow [Fe(CN)_6]^{4-}

3[Fe(CN)_6]^{4-}+4Fe^{3+}\rightarrow Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3.xH_{2}O

So, the correct option is (b)


Q 12.38. Which of the following carbocation is most stable ?

(a)\; (CH_{3})_{3}C.C\, H_{2} (b)\; (C\! H_{3})_{3}C (c)\; C\! H_{3}C\! H_{2}C\! H_{2} (d)\; CH_{3}\, C\! H C\! H_{2}C\! H_{3}
Answer:

We know the stability of carbocation order is-
3^o>2^o>1^o>CH_3^+ (It is due to the tendency of the methyl group to electron release and stabilise the carbocation)

So, the correct option is (b)

Q 12.39. The best and latest technique for isolation, purification and separation of organic compounds is:
(a) Crystallisation (b) Distillation (c) Sublimation (d) Chromatography

Answer:

Chromatography is the latest technique of separation and purification of organic compounds.
So, the correct option is (d)

Q 12.40. The reaction:
C\! H_{3}C\! H_{2}I+K\! O\! H(aq)\rightarrow C\! H_{3}C\! H_{2}O\! H+K\! I is classified as :

(a) electrophilic substitution (b) nucleophilic substitution (c) elimination (d) addition

Answer:

C\! H_{3}C\! H_{2}I+K\! O\! H(aq)\rightarrow C\! H_{3}C\! H_{2}O\! H+K\! I
Here, OH^- attacks on ethyl iodide and substitute the iodide ion ion. OH^- having a lone pair of an electron, so it acts as a nucleophile. Hence it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
So, the correct option is (b)

NCERT solutions for class 11 chemistry
Chapter 1
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Chapter-11
Chapter-12
Organic chemistry some basic principles and techniques
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Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques More About Class 11 Chemistry NCERT Chapter

Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques is an important chapter for a chemistry student from the perspective of getting hold of basic concepts of organic chemistry which will eventually help in subsequent chapters. Since this is a theoretical chapter and many concepts and facts will be learnt from exercise questions directly, hence It is must to go through NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 . In this chapter, there are a total of 40 questions in the exercise.
This chapter along with NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques discusses some basic concepts in the reactivity and structure of organic compounds which are formed due to the covalent bonding, IUPAC nomenclature and classification of organic compounds, electromeric effect, inductive effect, hyperconjugation, and resonance. All related information about the heterolytic fission and homolytic fission of a covalent bond- carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, nucleophiles, and electrophiles is discussed in the later part of the NCERT syllabus chapter.

Organic compounds are essential for sustaining life's on the earth and include complex molecules like protein and DNA that constitutes important compounds of our blood, skin, and muscles. Some important areas of application of organic compounds are medicines, dyes, fuels, polymers, and clothing. These compounds can be classified on the basis of their functional group or the structure.

What is Functional Group?

A functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms bonded together in a specific manner, which gives the chemical and physical properties of the organic compounds and they are the centres of the chemical reactivity.

Some important points of Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques of Class 11 Chemistry-

1. Organic compounds are formed due to covalent bonding.

2. According to orbital hybridization concept carbon can have sp^3,\:sp^2,\: and sp hybridized orbitals.

3. The 3D representation of organic compounds on paper can be drawn by dash and wedge formula.

4. Compounds having the same molecular formula but differ in their physical and chemical properties are known as isomers and the phenomenon is called isomeris m.

5. Addition, substitution, elimination and rearrangement reactions are the types of organic reaction.

Topics of NCERT Syllabus Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques

12.1 General Introduction

12.2 Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds

12.3 Structural Representations of Organic Compounds

12.4 Classification of Organic Compounds

12.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

12.6 Isomerism

12.7 Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism

12.8 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds

12.9 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds

12.10 Quantitative Analysis

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Also Check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the important topics NCERT class 11 chemistry chapter 12 ?

- classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

- Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

- Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles

- Types of organic reactions.

2. Where can I find complete solutions of NCERT class 11 Chemistry?

For complete solutions of NCERT, students can refer to this link: https://school.careers360.com/ncert/ncert-solutions-class-11-chemistry 

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official website of NCERT: http://www.ncert.nic.in/ 

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A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1)

0.34\; J

Option 2)

0.16\; J

Option 3)

1.00\; J

Option 4)

0.67\; J

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times.  Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated.  How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ?  Fat supplies 3.8×107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.  Take g = 9.8 ms−2 :

Option 1)

2.45×10−3 kg

Option 2)

 6.45×10−3 kg

Option 3)

 9.89×10−3 kg

Option 4)

12.89×10−3 kg

 

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1)

2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

Option 2)

200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

Option 3)

2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

Option 4)

20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

A particle is projected at 600   to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1)

K/2\,

Option 2)

\; K\;

Option 3)

zero\;

Option 4)

K/4

In the reaction,

2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

Option 1)

11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

Option 3)

33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

Option 4)

67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2} will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1)

0.02

Option 2)

3.125 × 10-2

Option 3)

1.25 × 10-2

Option 4)

2.5 × 10-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1)

decrease twice

Option 2)

increase two fold

Option 3)

remain unchanged

Option 4)

be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1)

Molality

Option 2)

Weight fraction of solute

Option 3)

Fraction of solute present in water

Option 4)

Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol-1) is

Option 1)

twice that in 60 g carbon

Option 2)

6.023 × 1022

Option 3)

half that in 8 g He

Option 4)

558.5 × 6.023 × 1023

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t2) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m2 , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is

Option 1)

less than 3

Option 2)

more than 3 but less than 6

Option 3)

more than 6 but less than 9

Option 4)

more than 9

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