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The chapter oscillations of NCERT Class 11 Physics deals with different periodic motions. In this chapter, we will learn about simple harmonic motion and its uniform motion. The NCERT Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes provide an excellent brief overview of the chapter oscillations. The basic mathematical equations in the chapter are covered in the Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes. Accurate and detailed information has been provided in the oscillations class 11 notes pdf download. Derivations have not been provided in the CBSE Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes.
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Periodic Motion
A motion that repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called periodic motion. e.g., orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun, motion of seconds’ arm of a clock, motion undergone by a simple pendulum, etc.
Oscillatory Motion
A periodic motion which undergoes a to and fro else back and forth about a fixed point, is known as oscillatory motion, e.g., motion shown by a simple pendulum, motion of a spring etc.
Note that all oscillatory motions are periodic motions but all periodic motion are not oscillatory motions. Thus, visa-versa is not true.
Harmonic Oscillation
The oscillation that is expressed in terms of a single harmonic function, which are sine or cosine function, is harmonic oscillation.
Simple Harmonic Motion
A Simple harmonic motion is such that it will move in accordance with to and fro along a straight line.Under restoring force magnitude is directly proportional to that of the displacement.
A SHM can be expressed in the following manner:
y = a sin ωt
or
y = a cos ωt
a = amplitude of oscillation.
Non-harmonic Oscillation
A non-harmonic oscillation is the combination of at least two harmonic oscillations.
Non-harmonic Oscillation is expressed as:
y = a sin ωt + b sin 2ωt
Terms Related to SHM
Time Period: Time taken by a body to complete one whole oscillation is known as time period. It is symbolized by T.
Frequency: The number of oscillations completed by the body in one second is frequency. It is symbolized by v.
SI unit = ‘Hertz’ or ‘second-1
Frequency = 1 / Time period
Angular Frequency: The product of frequency and the factor 2π is called angular frequency. It is symbolized by ω.
Angular frequency (ω) = 2πv
SI unit = ‘Hertz’ or ‘second-1.
Displacement: A physical quantity which changes uniformly with respect to time in a periodic motion is displacement. It is symbolized by y.
Amplitude: The maximum displacement in any direction with respect to mean position is called amplitude. It is symbolized by a.
Phase: A physical quantity which shows the position and direction of motion of an oscillating particle, is known as a phase. It is symbolized by φ.
SHM is defined as the projection of the uniform circular motion on a circle of any diameter as reference.
Some Important Formulae of SHM
Displacement in SHM at any instant is shown as:
y = a sin ωt
or
y = a cos ωt , where a = amplitude and ω = angular frequency.
Velocity of a particle undergoing SHM at any instant is expressed as :
v = ω √(a2 – y2)
When at mean position, y = 0 and v = maximum
vmax = aω
When at an extreme position, y = a and v=0.
Acceleration of a particle undergoing SHM at any instant is shown by
A or α = – ω2 y
The acceleration is towards the mean position, and so the negative sign signifies the opposite to that of increase in displacement
At mean position y = 0 and acceleration = 0.
At extreme position y = a and acceleration = maximum
Amax = – aω2
Time period in SHM is shown by T = 2π √Displacement / Acceleration
Graphical Representation
The acceleration is maximum when the velocity is minimum and vice versa.
Incase a particle undergoing SHM the phase difference between
(i) Instantaneous displacement and Instantaneous velocity
= (π / 2)ͨ
(ii) Instantaneous velocity and Instantaneous acceleration
= (π / 2)ͨ
(iii) Instantaneous acceleration and Instantaneous displacement
= πͨ
The graph of velocity versus displacement for a particle executing SHM is elliptical.
Force in SHM
Acceleration of body in SHM is α = -ω2 x
Applying the equation of motion F = ma,
F = – mω2 x = -kx
Where, ω = √k / m and k = mω2 and ‘k’ constant and sometimes it is called the elastic constant.
The force is proportional and opposite to the displacement ( in SHM).
Energy in SHM
The Kinetic energy of a particle is K = 1 / 2 mω2 (A2 – x2)
From above expression we can see that, the kinetic energy is maximum at centre (x = 0) and 0 at the extremes of the oscillation (that is x ± A).
The Potential energy of the particle, U =mω2 x2/2
Above expression says, the potential energy has a minimum value at the centre (x = 0) and increases as the particle approaches either extremes of the oscillation (that is x ± A).
Total energy is obtained by adding potential and kinetic energies. Thus,
E = K + U = [m2 ω2(A2 – x2) + mω2x2]/2= mω2A2/2
where A = amplitude
m = mass of particle executing SHM.
ω = angular frequency and
v = frequency
Changes that occur in kinetic and potential energies during oscillations.
The frequency of total energy of particles executing SHM equals zero as total energy in SHM remains constant at every position.
When a particle of mass m undergoes SHM with a constant angular frequency (I), then the time period of oscillation (T)
Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum has a heavy point mass which is suspended through a rigid support with the help of an elastic inextensible string.
The time period of a simple pendulum is expressed as :
T = 2π √l / g
where l = effective length of pendulum and g = acceleration due to gravity.
Vibrations of Loaded Spring
The restoring force acts on spring under the condition when spring is stretched or compressed through a small distance y.
Restoring force (F) = – ky; Here k = force constant of spring.
In equilibrium, mass m is suspended to a spring system.
mg = kl
This expression is also used for Hooke's law.
Time period of a loaded spring is expressed in terms as follows:
T = 2π √m / k
Let the two springs of force constants k1 and k2.
These two constants are connected in parallel to mass m.
Effective force constant will be therefore,
k = k1 + k2
(ii) Time period
T = 2π √m / (k1 + k2)
These two constants are connected in series to mass m.
(i) Effective force constant will be therefore,
1 / k = 1 / k1 + 1 / k2
(ii) Time period is expressed as follows: T = 2π √m(k1 + k2) / k1k2
Free Oscillations
When a body that can oscillate about its mean position is displaced from the mean position and then released, yet it oscillates back about its mean position. These oscillations are known as free oscillations and the frequency of oscillations is known as natural frequency.
Damped Oscillations
Oscillations with a decreasing amplitude with respect to time are known as damped oscillations.
The displacement of the damped oscillator at any given instant t is expressed by
x = x'e– bt / 2m cos (ω’ t + φ)
where x'e– bt / 2m is the amplitude of the oscillator which decreases continuously with respect to time t and ω’.
The mechanical energy E of the damped oscillator at any given instant t is expressed by
E = 1 / 2 kx’2e– bt / 2m
Un-damped Oscillations
Oscillations with respect to time having constant amplitude are called un-damped oscillations.
Forced Oscillations
Forced oscillations are those in which external periodic force is applied but the frequency does not match the value of natural frequency.
Resonant Oscillations
.In resonant oscillations the external force is being applied which have the higher value of frequency than natural frequency and this causes increase in amplitude of the oscillations a type of oscillation is resonant oscillations
Mechanical Properties of Fluid class 11th notes will help students for reviewing the chapter and gaining a sense of the main points presented.
This NCERT Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes are really helpful as it helps you to get a brief of the chapter as well, as it is a more convenient way to recognize things more precisely. Also, this NCERT Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes is used in covering each and every highlight of the chapter.
NCERT Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes guide you on the right path to just stick to it and to achieve a perfectly good score in the CBSE board examination. NCERT Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes notes can be helpful in offline mode as well because after downloading the notes the user is free to use them any time anywhere.
The Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes provides a detailed summery of the chapter Oscillation which is very important to understand physics.
NCERT notes for Class 11 Physics chapter 14 does not contain NCERT solution rather gives you an overview of the chapter.
A Simple harmonic motion is such that it will move in accordance with to and fro along a straight line.Under restoring force magnitude is directly proportional to that of the displacement.
This Class 11 Physics chapter 14 notes extremely helpful for board examination and competitive examinations. The main topics and formulas are listed in the given notes.
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