NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Notes Thermal Properties of Matter - Download PDF

Thermal Properties of Matter Class 11 Notes Physics Chapter 11- Download Free PDF

The NCERT chapter on Thermal Properties of Matter focuses on the thermal properties of various substances and their behaviour in the presence of heat and heat transfer. These concepts are expanded upon in NCERT Class 11 Physics chapter 11, Thermal Properties of Matter, which provides a thorough overview of the subject. These Class 11 notes cover a variety of topics, including temperature and heat, temperature measurement methods, the ideal gas equation, absolute temperature, absolute zero, state changes, and more.

These Thermal Properties of Matter class 11 notes, created by subject matter experts of Careers360, provide a thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts. The class 11 physics chapter 11 notes provide a high-level overview of the chapter and cover basic equations, but they do not delve into essential derivations. Additionally, the CBSE class 11 physics ch 11 notes are available in PDF format for convenient download and reference.

Also, students can refer,

• NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Thermal Properties of Matter
• NCERT Exemplar for Class 11 Physics Solutions Chapter 11 Thermal Properties of Matter

NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Notes

Heat and Temperature

Temperature is the measurement of a body's degree of hotness or coolness.
Example:-

A cup of hot soup or an ice cream scoop

Heat is a kind of energy that is exchanged via temperature difference between two (or more) systems or between a system and its surroundings.
For example, a cup of hot coffee might be regarded an object or system, whereas everything else is the environment.

As a result of the temperature difference, heat will move from one thing to another.

The S.I Unit of Heat is joule.

Temperature Measurement

A thermometer is used to determine the temperature.

In, liquid-in-glass thermometers, mercury and alcohol are regularly used liquids.

The following graph depicts the relationship between temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit graphically:-

Where t_f means Fahrenheit temperature

t_c means Celsius temperature

Absolute Temperature and the Ideal-gas Equation

A thermometer that employs any gas, on the other hand, will produce the same readings regardless of the gas used since all gases expand at the same rate at low temperatures.

The following variables are used to characterise the behaviour of gas:

• Quantity(mass)

• Pressure

• Volume

• Temperature

Gases with a low density obey the following rules: -

1. Boyle’s Law– In this law product of PV = constant(when temperature T is constant)

2. Charles’ Law- In this law ratio of V/T = constant (when pressure P is constant)

When both of the preceding principles are combined, the equation becomes PV = RT, where R stands for universal gas constant.

Absolute Zero
The minimal absolute temperature of an ideal gas is defined as Absolute Zero.
We get a straight line if we plot pressure versus temperature and then extend the line backwards to the x-axis, as seen in the graph below.

The lowest temperature measured (experimentally) was -273.15 °C, which is known as absolute zero.

The relationship between temperature in kelvin and temperature in Celsius is provided by

Thermal Expansion

Thermal expansion is the phenomenon of a body's dimensions expanding as its temperature rises.

Thermal Expansion Types

Expansion in length is known as linear expansion.

Expansion in the area is known as area expansion.

Volume Expansion: This is a term that refers to the increase in volume of anything.

Linear Expansion

The term "linear expansion" refers to the length of anything expanding as the temperature rises.

The term "linear expansion" refers to a fractional change in length, or how the length changes in relation to the original length.

ΔL is the length change, L is the initial length, ΔT is the temperature change, and α_L is the linear coefficient of thermal expansion.

Area Expansion

The term "area expansion" refers to the expansion of an area as a result of an increase in temperature.

There is an increase in both length and width when an area is expanded.

Where α_a = coefficient of area expansion.

Volume Expansion

It is defined as the expansion of volume as a result of an increase in temperature.

This indicates that a substance's length, width, and height have increased.

Where α_v = coefficient of volume expansion.

Anomalous Behavior of Water

At 4 °C, water has the highest density.

When the temperature drops below 4 °C, the water expands, and the density falls.

Because of this feature, water in lakes and ponds only freezes at the top layer and not at the bottom, but if the water freezes at the bottom as well, animal and plant life would be unable to survive.

Heat Capacity

A quantity termed the heat capacity of a substance characterises the change in temperature of a substance when a particular amount of heat is absorbed or rejected by that substance.

Mathematically,

Where ΔQ is the amount of heat supplied to the substance and ΔT change in its temperature.

Specific heat capacity:

Specific heat is the amount of heat received or rejected per unit mass by a substance to change its temperature by one degree.

Molar specific heat capacity: -

The heat capacity per mole is the amount of heat (in moles) absorbed or rejected by a substance to change its temperature by one unit.

The molar specific heat capacity (C_p) is defined as follows:

The equivalent molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure is called molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure if the gas is retained at constant pressure during the heat transfer (C_p).

Molar specific heat capacity (C_v):-

The equivalent molar specific heat capacity at constant volume is called molar specific heat capacity at constant volume if the volume of the gas is maintained during the heat transfer (Cv).

Calorimetry

Calorimetry consists of two words:

A calorie is a word that meaning "heat" and "metry" is a word that means "measuring."

As a result, the term "calorimetry" refers to the measuring of heat.

Calorimetry is the transfer of heat from a hotter body to a cooler body while avoiding heat loss to the atmosphere.

Calorimetry is based on the idea that the heat lost by one body is equal to the heat absorbed by another. Calorimeter is the name of the device that measures calorimetry.

Change of State

Change of state refers to the transition from a solid to a liquid or from a gas to a liquid or solid.

Melting is the transformation of a solid (ice) into a liquid (water).

Fusion is the transformation of a liquid (water) into a solid (ice).

Thermal Equilibrium: During this state, there is no heat loss or gain.
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which its solid and liquid states are in thermal equilibrium with one another.

normal melting point:- The normal melting point of a substance is its melting point under standard atmospheric pressure.

Regelation:- The phenomenon of regelation is defined as the process of lowering the freezing point of water by applying pressure.

Vaporization:-Vaporization is the process of changing from a liquid to a gas.

The transition from a liquid to a vapour (or gas) is known as vaporisation.

Sublimation:-Sublimation is the transformation of a solid into a gas.

Both the solid and vapour states of a substance coexist in thermal equilibrium throughout the sublimation (solid converts to vapour without going through liquid state) process.

Significance of NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Notes

Revisiting Chapter Content: The Thermal Properties of Matter class 11 notes are a useful resource for reviewing the chapter's key themes and concepts. They provide a structured overview, which helps to reinforce and clarify the material.

Comprehensive Exam Preparation: These NCERT class 11 physics chapter 11 notes cover the fundamental topics outlined in the CBSE Physics Syllabus in Class 11, making them invaluable for exam preparation. They cater not only to board exams but also serve as a foundational resource for competitive exams like VITEEE, BITSAT, JEE Main, NEET, and others.

Offline Study Resource: The availability of these Thermal Properties of Matter notes class 11 in PDF format allows for easy offline study. This feature is especially useful when access to the internet is restricted or unavailable, ensuring uninterrupted study sessions regardless of connectivity issues.

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