NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 5 States of Matter

Question 5.1 What will be the minimum pressure required to compress $500d{m}^3$ of air at 1 bar to $200d{m}^3$ at ${30}^{o}C$ ?

Answer :

Given the volume of air to be compressed is $500d{m}^3$ at $1bar$ pressure to $200d{m}^3$ at ${30}^{\circ }C$ .

So, as the temperature remains constant at ${30}^{\circ }C$ .

We have Boyle's law where, $P_1{V}_1=P_2{V}_2$

To calculate the final pressure $P_2$ .

We have,

$P_1{V}_1=P_2{V}_2$

$P_2=\frac{P_1{V}_1}{V_2}$

$=\frac{1\times 500}{200}bar=2.5bar$

Therefore, the minimum pressure required is $2.5bar$ .

Question 5.2 A vessel of $120mL$ capacity contains a certain amount of gas at ${35}^{o}C$ and 1.2 bar pressure. The gas is transferred to another vessel of volume $180mL$ at ${35}^{o}C$ . What would be its pressure?

Answer :

Given volume of air to be transferred from the capacity of $120mL$ vessel at $1.2bar$ pressure to $180mL$ vessel at

So, as the temperature remains constant at .

We have Boyle's law where, $P_1{V}_1=P_2{V}_2$

To calculate the final pressure $P_2$ .

We have,

$P_1{V}_1=P_2{V}_2$

$P_2=\frac{P_1{V}_1}{V_2}$

$=\frac{1.2\times 120}{180}bar=0.8bar$

Therefore, the pressure required is $0.8bar$ .

Question 5.3 Using the equation of state $pV=nRT;$ show that at a given temperature density of a gas is proportional to gas pressure p.

Answer :

Given ideal gas equation ;

$PV=nRT$

So, at given fixed temperature T. we have the

$Densityofgas(\rho )=\frac{mass(m)}{Volume(V)}$

And we know $n=\frac{Massofgas}{Molarmassofgas}$

so, we get $P=\frac{mRT}{MV}$

$P=\frac{\rho RT}{M}$

But at constant Temperature, we have $P\propto \rho$ .

Question 5.4 At $0^{o}C$ , the density of a certain oxide of a gas at 2 bar is same as that of dinitrogen at 5 bar. What is the molecular mass of the oxide?

Answer :

Given the condition :

Temperature $=0^{\circ }C$ ,

$Pressure=2bar$ for oxide gas and $Pressure=5bar$ for dinitrogen.

As Density of gas is represented by, $d=\frac{PM}{RT}$

And given that density is the same for both the gases at the same temperature condition.

So, we have $M_1{P}_1=M_2{P}_2$ (as R is constant}

or, $M_1\times 2=28\times 5$ $(\because Molecularmassof{N}_2=28u)$

or, $M_1=70u$

Question 5.5 Pressure of 1 g of an ideal gas A at ${27}^{o}C$ is found to be 2 bar. When 2 g of another ideal gas B is introduced in the same flask at the same temperature the pressure becomes 3 bar. Find a relationship between their molecular masses.

Answer :

Given Pressure of 1g of an ideal gas A at ${27}^{\circ }C$ is $P_A=2bar$ .

When 2g of another ideal gas B is introduced in the same flask at the same temperature,

The pressure becomes $P_A+P_B=3bar$ .

$⟹P_B=1bar$ .

We can assume the molecular masses of A and B be $M_{A}and{M}_B$ respectively.

The ideal gas equation, $PV=nRT$

So, we have $P_{A}V=n_{A}RT$ and $P_{B}V=n_{B}RT$

Therefore, $\frac{P_A}{P_B}=\frac{n_A}{n_B}=\frac{1M_B}{2M_A}=\frac{M_B}{2M_A}$

or, $\frac{M_B}{M_A}=2\times \frac{P_A}{P_B}=2\times \frac{2}{1}=4$

Hence the relation between the two gases is $M_B=4M_A$ .

Question 5.6 The drain cleaner, Drainex contains small bits of aluminum which react with caustic soda to produce dihydrogen. What volume of dihydrogen at 20 °C and one bar will be released when 0.15g of aluminum reacts?

Answer :

We have the chemical reaction:

$2Al+2NaOH+H_{2}O\to 2NaAl{O}_2+3H_2$

(Where dihydrogen is being produced.)

So, at ${20}^{\circ }C$ and $1bar$ pressure, the volume of gas that will be released when $0.15g$ of aluminium reacts.

As we can see from the reaction equation that 2 moles of aluminium produce 3 moles of dihydrogen.

i.e., $2\times 27g$ reacts to give $3\times 22.4Litres$

At STP condition

$273.15K$ and $1atm$ ,

$54g(2\times 27g)$ of Al gives $3\times 22400mL$ of $H_2$ .

Therefore $0.15g$ of Al will give $=\frac{3\times 22400\times 0.15}{54}mL$ of $H_2$

i.e., $186.67mL$ of $H_2$ .

At STP condition:

$273.15K$ and $1atm$ ,

Now, $P_1=1atm$ , $V_1=186.67mL$ , $T_1=273.15K$

Then we assume the volume of dihydrogen be $V_2$ at the pressure $P_2=0.987atm$

(Since 1 bar = 0.987atm) and temperature $T_2={20}^{\circ }C$

$⟹(273.15+20)K=293.15K$

$\frac{P_1{V}_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2{V}_2}{T_2}$

$V_2=\frac{P_1{V}_1{T}_2}{P_2{T}_1}$

$=\frac{1\times 186.67\times 293.15}{0.987\times 273.15}$

$=202.98mL\approx 203mL$

Therefore, 203mL of dihydrogen will be released.

Question 5.7 What will be the pressure exerted by a mixture of 3.2 g of methane and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide contained in a $9d{m}^3$ flask at ${27}^{o}C$ ?

Answer :

Given a mixture of 3.2g of methane and 4.4g of carbon dioxide contained a $9d{m}^3$ flask at ${27}^{o}C$ .

So, the pressure exerted by the mixture will be

$P=\frac{n}{V}RT=\frac{m}{M}\frac{RT}{V}$

The pressure exerted by the Methane gas, $P_{C{H}_4}=(\frac{3.2mol}{16})\frac{0.0821d{m}^{3}atm{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}\times 300K}{9d{m}^3}=0.55atm$

The pressure exerted by the Carbon dioxide gas,

$P_{C{O}_2}=(\frac{4.4mol}{44})\frac{0.0821d{m}^{3}atm{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}\times 300K}{9d{m}^3}=0.27atm$

So, the total pressure exerted $=0.55+0.27=0.82atm$

And in terms of SI units, we get,

$R=8.314p{m}^3{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1},V=9\times {10}^{-3}{m}^3$

$P=5.543\times {10}^{4}Pa+2.771\times {10}^{4}Pa=8.314\times {10}^{4}Pa.$

Question 5.8 What will be the pressure of the gaseous mixture when $0.5L$ of $H_2$ at $0.8$ bar and $2.0L$ of dioxygen at $0.7$ bar are introduced in a 1L vessel at ${27}^{o}C$ ?

Answer :

Pressure of the gas mixture will be the sum of partial pressure of $H_2$ gas and partial pressure of $O_2$ gas.

So, calculating the partial pressures of each gas.

Partial pressure of $H_2$ in a 1L volume vessel.

$P_1=0.8bar$ , $P_2,V_1=0.5L,V_2=1L$

As the temperature remains constant, $P_1{V}_1=P_2{V}_2$

$⟹(0.8bar)(0.5L)=P_2(1L)$

or $P_2=0.4bar$ or $P_{H_2}=0.4bar$

Now, calculating the partial pressure of $O_2$ gas in 1L vessel.

$P_1^{\prime }{V}_1=P_2^{\prime }{V}_2^{\prime }$

$⟹(0.7bar)(2L)=P_2(1L)$

$⟹P_2^{\prime }=1.4bar$ or $P_{O_2}=1.4bar$

Therefore the total pressure $=P_{H_2}+P_{O_2}=0.4bar+1.4bar=1.8bar$

Question 5.9 Density of a gas is found to be $5.46g/d{m}^3$ at ${27}^{o}C$ at 2 bar pressure. What will be its density at STP ?

Answer :

Given the density of a gas is equal to $5.46g/d{m}^3$ at ${27}^{\circ }C$ and at 2bar pressure.

Density $d=\frac{PM}{RT}$ , for the same gas at different temperatures and pressures we can apply,

$\frac{d_1}{d_2}=\frac{P_1}{T_1}\times \frac{T_2}{P_2}.$

Here, , $T_1={27}^{\circ }C=300K$ , $P_1=2bar.$

then at STP, we have $d_2,T_2=0^{\circ }C=273K,P_2=1bar.$

$\therefore \frac{5.46gd{m}^{-3}}{d_2}=\frac{2bar}{300K}\times \frac{273K}{1bar}$ or $d_2=3gd{m}^{-3}$

Question 5.10 $34.05mL$ of phosphorus vapour weighs 0.0625 g at ${546}^{o}C$ and 0.1 bar pressure. What is the molar mass of phosphorus?

Answer :

Given,

The volume of phosphorus vapour $=34.05mL$ which weights about $0.0625g$ .

Temperature $={546}^{\circ }C=273+546=819K$

Pressure $=0.1bar$

Hence we apply the ideal gas equation,

$PV=nRT$ , where the number of moles will be $n=\frac{PV}{RT}$

$=\frac{1bar\times (34.05\times {10}^{-3}d{m}^3)}{0.083bard{m}^3{K}^{-1}Mo{l}^{-1}\times 819K}$

$=5\times {10}^{-4}mol$

$\therefore Massof1mole=\frac{0.0625}{5\times {10}^{-4}}g=125g$

Therefore the molar mass is $125gmo{l}^{-1}$

Question 5.11 A student forgot to add the reaction mixture to the round bottomed flask at 27 °C but instead he/she placed the flask on the flame. After a lapse of time, he realized his mistake, and using a pyrometer he found the temperature of the flask was 477 °C. What fraction of air would have been expelled out?

Answer :

Assume the round-bottomed flask has volume $=Vc{m}^3$

so, the volume of air in the flask at ${27}^{\circ }C$ $=Vc{m}^3$ .

To find out how much air has been expelled out, we use Charle's Law:

$\frac{V_1}{T_1}=\frac{V_2}{T_2}$

Therefore $Volumeexpelled=2.5V-V=1.5V$

Or, Fraction of air expelled $=\frac{1.5V}{2.5V}=\frac{3}{5}$

Question 5.12 Calculate the temperature of $4.0mol$ of a gas occupying $5d{m}^3$ at 3.32 bar.
$(R=0.083bard{m}^3{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}).$

Answer :

We have the ideal gas equation,

$PV=nRT$

Pressure, p=3.32bar

Volume, V=5 $d{m}^3$

Number of moles, n=4 mol

Gas constant R= 0.083

Temperature, T=?

$T=\frac{PV}{nR}=\frac{3.32bar\times 5d{m}^3}{4mol\times 0.083bard{m}^3{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}}=50K$

so, temperature, T=50K

Question 5.13 Calculate the total number of electrons present in 1.4 g of dinitrogen gas.

Answer :

Dinitrogen $N_2$ has a molar mass $=28gmo{l}^{-1}$ .

Given 1.4g of $N_2$ gas.

That means $\frac{1.4}{28}=0.05mol$

$=0.05\times 6.02\times {10}^{23}=3.01\times {10}^{23}$ number of molecules.

And as 1 molecule of $N_2$ has 14 electrons.

So, $3.01\times {10}^{23}$ molecules of $N_2$ has $14\times 3.01\times 1023=4.214\times {10}^{23}$ electrons.

Question 5.14 How much time would it take to distribute one Avogadro number of wheat grains, if 1010 grains are distributed each second ?

Answer :

Given that ${10}^{10}$ grains are distributed each second.

Time taken to distribute ${10}^{10}$ grains = 1second.

Time taken to distribute one Avogadro number of wheat grains.

$=\frac{1s\times 6.022\times {10}^{23}grains}{{10}^{10}grains}$

$=\frac{6.022\times {10}^{23}}{60\times 60\times 24\times 365}=1.9\times {10}^{6}years.$

Question 5.15 Calculate the total pressure in a mixture of 8 g of dioxygen and 4 g of dihydrogen confined in a vessel of $1d{m}^3$ at 27°C. $R=0.083bard{m}^3{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}$ .

Answer :

Given the mass of oxygen gas and mass of hydrogen gas.

Molar mass of $O_2=32gmo{l}^{-1}$

Therefore $8g{O}_2=\frac{8}{32}mol=0.25mol$

Molar mass of $H_2=2gmo{l}^{-1}$

Therefore $4g{H}_2=\frac{4}{2}=2mol$

$\Rightarrow$ Total number of moles of mixture $n=2+0.25=2.25$

and $V=1d{m}^3,T={27}^{\circ }C=300K,R=0.083bard{m}^3{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}$

So, Ideal gas equation; $PV=nRT$

or $P=\frac{nRT}{V}=\frac{(2.25mol\times )(0.083bard{m}^3{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1})(300K)}{1d{m}^3}$

Therefore Total pressure is $=56.025bar$

Question 5.16 Pay load is defined as the difference between the mass of displaced air and the mass of the balloon. Calculate the pay load when a balloon of radius 10 m, mass 100 kg is filled with helium at 1.66 bar at 27°C.

(Density of $air=1.2kg{m}^{-3}$ and $R=0.083bard{m}^3{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}$ ).

Answer :

The payload can be defined as:

(Mass of the displaced air - Mass of the balloon)

Given the radius of the balloon, r = 10 m.

Mass of the balloon, m = 100 kg.

Therefore, the volume of the balloon will be:

$V=\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3=\frac{4}{3}\times \frac{22}{7}\times {10}^3=4190.5m^3$

Now, the volume of the air displaced:

$V_d=4190.5m^3$

The mass of the air displaced :

$m_d=density\times V_d=1.2kg{m}^{-3}\times 4190.5m^3$

$=5028.6kg$

Let $W$ be the mass of helium gas filled into the balloon, then

$PV=(\frac{W}{m})rt$

Or, $W=\frac{PVM}{RT}$

$=\frac{1.66\times 4190.5\times {10}^3\times 4}{0.083\times 300}=1117kg$ approximately.

The balloon is filled with He with total mass of $=1117+100=1217kg$

$\therefore$ The payload of the balloon will be:

$=5028.6-1217=3811.6kg$

Question 5.17 Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of $C{O}_2$ at 31.1°C and 1 bar pressure. $R=0.083barL{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}$ .

Answer :

Given the mass of carbon dioxide is 8.8grams at ${31.1}^{\circ }C$ and at 1 bar pressure.

So, the number of moles of

$C{O}_2(n)=\frac{MassofC{O}_2}{MolarMass}$

$=\frac{8.8g}{44gmo{l}^{-1}}=0.2mol$

Now, the pressure of $C{O}_2(P)=1bar$

Given $R=0.083barL{K}^{-1}mo{l}^{-1}$

also, the $Temperature(T)=273+31.1=304.1K$

The Ideal gas equation; $PV=nRT$

$V=\frac{nRT}{P}=\frac{0.2\times 0.083\times 304.1}{1bar}=5.048L$

So volume occupied by 8.8 g of carbon dioxide is 5.048L

Question 5.18 2.9 g of a gas at 95 °C occupied the same volume as 0.184 g of dihydrogen at 17 °C, at the same pressure. What is the molar mass of the gas?

Answer :

Let the molar mass of the gas be $M_{gas}$ ,

Then, given that $2.9g$ of a gas at ${95}^{\circ }C$ occupied the same volume as

$0.184g$ of $H_2$ at ${17}^{\circ }C$

So, we have the relation, $P_1=P_2$ and $V_1=V_2$

Therefore $P_1{V}_2=P_2{V}_2$

wihch gives, $n_{1}R{T}_1=n_{2}R{T}_2$

$⟹n_1{T}_1=n_2{T}_2$

Or, $\frac{2.9}{M_{gas}}\times (95+273)=\frac{0.184}{2}\times (17+273)$

Or, $M_{gas}=\frac{2.9\times 368\times 2}{0.184\times 290}=40gmo{l}^{-1}$

Question 5.19 A mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen at one bar pressure contains 20% by weight of dihydrogen. Calculate the partial pressure of dihydrogen.

Answer :

A mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen at one bar pressure contains 20% by weight of dihydrogen.

So, let us assume the weight of dihydrogen in a total mixture weight of $W$ be $20Wgrams$ and dioxygen be $80Wgrams$ .

Then, the number of moles of $H_2$ will be, $n_{H_2}=\frac{20W}{2}=10Wmoles$ and the number of moles of $O_2$ , $n_{O_2}=\frac{80W}{32}=2.5Wmoles$ .

And given that the total pressure of the mixture is $P_{Total}=1bar$ .

Then we have a partial pressure of $H_2$ ,

$P_{H_2}=(Mol.fraction{)}_{H_2}\times P_{Total}$

$=\frac{n_{H_2}}{n_{H_2}+n_{O_2}}\times P_{Total}$

$=\frac{10W}{10W+2.5W}\times 1bar$

$=0.8bar$

Therefore, the partial pressure of $H_2$ is $0.8bar$ .

Question 5.20 What would be the $SI$ unit for the quantity $p{V}^2{T}^2/n$ ?

Answer :

Given quantity, $p{V}^2{T}^2/n$ ,

The SI units of each factors are,

For pressure p is $N{m}^{-2}$ .

For Volume V is $m^3$ .

For Temperaute T is $K$ .

For number of moles, n is mol.

Therefore we have for the quantity

The SI unit is $=\frac{(N{m}^{-2})(m^3{)}^2)(K{)}^2}{mol}$

$=N{m}^4{K}^{2}mo{l}^{-1}$

Question 5.21 In terms of Charles’ law explain why –273 °C is the lowest possible temperature.

Answer :

Charles' Law states that pressure remaining constant, the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

Charles found that for all gases, at any given pressure, the graph of volume vs temperature (in Celsius) is a straight line and on extending to zero volume, each line intercepts the temperature axis at – 273.15 ° C.

We can see that the volume of the gas at – 273.15 ° C will be zero. This means that gas will not exist. In fact, all the gases get liquified before this temperature is reached.

Question 5.22 Critical temperature for carbon dioxide and methane are 31.1 °C and –81.9 °C respectively. Which of these has stronger intermolecular forces and why?

Answer :

The critical temperature we know is the highest temperature at which liquid exists above it is gas.

Given that the critical temperature of Carbon dioxide and Methane are. ${31.1}^{\circ }Cand-{81.9}^{\circ }C$

Higher is the critical temperature of a gas, easier is its liquefaction.

So, as the critical temperature increases the gas is now easier to liquefaction.

That means the intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules of a gas are directly proportional to its Critical temperature.

Hence, Carbon dioxide has stronger intermolecular forces than Methane.

Question 5.23 Explain the physical significance of van der Waals parameters.

Answer :

The equation of van der Waals after taking into account the corrections for pressure and volume,

$(p+\frac{a{n}^2}{V^2})(V-nb)=nRT$

Where a and b are called van der Waals constants or parameters.

Here the significance of a and b is important:

Value of ' a' is a measure of the magnitude of intermolecular attractive forces within the gas and is independent of temperature and pressure.

And the value of 'b' is the volume occupied by the molecule and 'nb' is the total volume occupied by the molecules.