NCERT exemplar Class 10 Science solutions chapter 11 discusses the human eye in detail. The formation of rainbow and primary colours are also discussed in the chapter. The Class 10 Science NCERT exemplar chapter 11 solutions prepared by our experienced subject matter experts are designed keeping in mind the difficulties faced by the students while studying this chapter of NCERT Class 10 Science Book. These NCERT exemplar Class 10 Science chapter 11 solutions deliver comprehensive solutions for a sounder learning of concepts of the human eye and colourful world. The NCERT exemplar Class 10 Science solutions chapter 11 are compatible with the CBSE Syllabus for Class 10.
Question:4
At noon the sun appears white as
(a) light is least scattered
(b) all the colours of the white light are scattered away
(c) blue colour is scattered the most
(d) red colour is scattered the most
Ans. (a)
At noon the sun appears white because the light from the sun is directly overhead us. The light travels relatively shorter distance during the noon.
Scattering of light is reduced as the distance is reduced. So, the sun appears white as only a little of the blue and violet colours are scattered.
Therefore option (a) is correct
Question:5
Which of the following phenomena of light are involved in the formation of a rainbow?
(a) Reflection, refraction and dispersion
(b) Refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection
(c) Refraction, dispersion and internal reflection
(d) Dispersion, scattering and total internal reflectio
Ans. (c)
A rainbow is caused by dispersion, refraction and internal reflection of sunlight by tiny water droplets.
The tiny droplets of water present in the atmosphere act as a prism after rainfall, for the rays coming from the Sun. Subsequently, the sunlight after striking the surface of these droplets gets refracted and dispersed into its seven colours. After this, the light rays are subjected to total internal reflection (complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium).
At that point, the rays are again refracted when they come out of the water droplet.
Hence, rainbow formation is the combined effect of the refraction, dispersion, and total internal reflection of light.
Therefore option (c) is correct
Question:6
Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric
(a) dispersion of light by water droplets
(b) refraction of light by different layers of varying refractive indices
(c) scattering of light by dust particles
(d) internal reflection of light by clouds
Ans. (b)
The light of stars undergoes refraction continuously on entering the earth's atmosphere, before it reaches the earth.
Now we know that the apparent position of the star changes or fluctuates, so the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on changing slightly. That is why the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers. The star sometimes appears brighter and at other times, it appears fainter. This makes the star twinkle for us.
Hence the twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of lights of stars.
Therefore option (b) is correct
Question:7
The clear sky appears blue because
(a) blue light gets absorbed in the atmosphere
(b) ultraviolet radiations are absorbed in the atmosphere
(c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other colours by the atmosphere
(d) light of all other colours is scattered more than the violet and blue colour lights by the atmosphere
Ans. (c)
Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to fourth power of wavelength.
The wavelengths of colours are given below:
Colour | Approximate wavelength (nm) |
Red | 650 |
Orange | 600 |
Yellow | 580 |
Green | 550 |
Cyan | 500 |
Blue | 450 |
Violet | 400 |
Based on the above data, blue and violet colours scatter the most.
Hence, the clear sky appears blue due to scattering of sunlight.
Therefore option (c) is correct.
Question:8
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the propagation of light of different colours of white light in air?
(a) Red light moves fastest
(b) Blue light moves faster than green light
(c) All the colours of the white light move with the same speed
(d) Yellow light moves with the mean speed as that of the red and the violet light
Ans. (c)
The propagation of light of different colours of white light in air or vacuum move with the same speed but different wavelengths and frequencies.
Velocity of light is dependent on medium but it does not depend on the frequency and wavelength of light.
Therefore option (c) is correct
Question:11
The bluish colour of water in deep sea is due to
(a) the presence of algae and other plants found in water
(b) reflection of sky in water
(c) scattering of light
(d) absorption of light by the sea
Ans. (c)
Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to fourth power of wavelength.
Wavelength of blue colour is the lowest so blue colour is scattered the most.
Hence, the bluish colour of water in deep sea is due to scattering of light. The very fine particles in water scatter mainly blue light.
The red, green, orange and yellow having higher wavelengths get absorbed more easily by water than blue because of shorter wavelength.
Therefore option (c) is correct
Question:12
When light rays enter the eye, most of the refraction occurs at the
(a) crystalline lens
(b) outer surface of the cornea
(c) iris
(d) pupil
Ans. (b)
At the point when the light rays enters the eye through a thin membrane, it forms a transparent bulge on the front surface of the eyeball, called the cornea.
Most refraction in the eye happens when light rays travel through the cornea.
Therefore option (b) is correct
Question:13
The focal length of the eye lens increases when eye muscles
(a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner
(b) contract and lens becomes thicker
(c) are relaxed and lens becomes thicker
(d) contract and lens becomes thinner
Ans. (a)
When eye muscles are relaxed and become thinner, the focal length of the eye lens increases.
Similarly when eye muscles are contracted, focal length decreases.
The sharp image of the distant object is formed at the retina by adjusting the focal length of eyelens. This enables us to focus accurately on distant objects.
Therefore option (a) is correct
Question:14
Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) A person with myopia can see distant objects clearly
(b) A person with hypermetropia can see nearby objects clearly
(c) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly
(d) A person with hypermetropia cannot see distant objects clearly
Ans. (c)
Hypermetropia - far sightedness.
Myopia - short sightedness.
A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.
A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly.
Therefore option (c) is correct
Question:17
How are we able to see nearby and also the distant objects clearly?
Ans.
Human eye has an eye lens to adjust its focal length. This is known as power of accommodation.
We are able to see nearby and also the distant objects clearly due to this power of accommodation of the eye.
When the muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin and its focal length increases.
When the muscles are contracted, the lens becomes thick and its focal length decreases.
This enables us to see the distant as well as nearby objects clearly.
This is what makes eye to see different objects at different distances clearly.
Question:21
Is the position of a star as seen by us its true position? Justify your answer.
Ans.
The light of stars undergoes refraction continuously on entering the earth's atmosphere, before it reaches the earth. The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index.
The atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, so the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position. So the apparent position of the star changes or fluctuates.
So, the position of a star as seen by us is not its true position.
Thus, star appears slightly higher than its actual position
Question:22
Why do we see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall?
Ans.
A rainbow is caused by dispersion, refraction and internal reflection of sunlight by tiny water droplets.
We see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall due to dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere due to rainfall. These droplets act as a prism after rainfall, for the rays coming from the Sun. Subsequently, the sunlight after striking the surface of these droplets gets refracted and then gets dispersed into its seven constituent colours. After this, the light rays are subjected to total internal reflection (complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium).
At that point, the rays are again refracted when they come out of the water droplet.
Hence, the rainbow is formed.
Question:23
Why is the colour of the clear sky blue?
Ans.
This is due to the Rayleigh scattering of sunlight.
Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to fourth power of wavelength.
Wavelength of blue colour is the lowest so blue colour is scattered the most.
The molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere have smaller size than the wavelength of visible light. These particles are more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelengths (blue) than light of longer wavelengths (red).
Question:24
What is the difference in colours of the Sun observed during sunrise/sunset and noon? Give explanation for each.
Ans.
At noon the sun appears white because the light from the sun is directly overhead us. The light travels relatively shorter distance during the noon. Scattering of light is reduced as the distance is reduced.
Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to fourth power of wavelength.
So, the sun appears white as only a little of the blue and violet colours are scattered.
The sun looks reddish during sunrise/sunset, because at this stage, rays from the sun have to travel a much larger part of atmosphere. As the distance increases in this case, scattering of light increases. So, red colour having largest wavelength is scattered the least.
NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 11-Long Answer
Question:25
Explain the structure and functioning of Human eye. How are we able to see nearby as well as distant objects?
Ans.
Structure of eye:
Cornea is transparent. It is responsible for most of the refraction of light rays towards the retina.
Iris is a dark, circular muscular diaphragm behind the cornea.
It controls the pupil size which in turn controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Pupil is surrounded by the iris. It regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It contains an outer pigmented layer and an inner nervous layer which contains the photo receptors (rods
and cones).
Cone cells are coned shaped cells which detect colour
Rod cells are rod shaped cells which are light sensitive.
Optic nerve connects the eye to the brain.
Nerve fibres carry impulses from the retina to the visual cortex.
Eye lens is made up of a fibrous, jelly-like material. It is transparent and has biconvex structure. It forms an inverted real image of the object on
the retina and also separates the aqueous and the vitreous humours.
Vitreous humour is clear, semi-solid supporting the eye ball
Human eye has an eye lens to adjust its focal length. This is known as power of accommodation.
We are able to see nearby and also the distant objects clearly due to this power of accommodation of the eye.
When the muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin and its focal length increases.
When the muscles are contracted, the lens becomes thick and its focal length decreases.
This enables us to see the distant as well as nearby objects clearly.
This is what makes eye to see different objects at different distances clearly.
Question:27
Explain the refraction of light through a triangular glass prism using a labelled ray diagram. Hence define the angle of deviation.
Ans.
The refraction of light through a triangular glass prism is shown below
A – Angle of prism
D – Angle of deviation
i – incident angle
r – angle of refraction
e – emergent angle
A ray of light PE enters at the first surface AB (from air to glass).
As light travels from rarer to denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
Hence, EF bends towards the normal.
At the second surface AC, the light enters from denser to rarer medium, so it bends away from the normal.
Hence, FS bends away from the normal.
The angle made by extending incident ray with the emergent ray is called angle of deviation
Question:28
How can we explain the reddish appearance of sun at sunrise or sunset? Why does it not appear red at noon?
Ans.
Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to fourth power of wavelength.
Wavelength of red colour is the largest so red colour is scattered the least by smoke or fog.
The reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise or sunset is because the wavelength of visible light from the sun near the horizon is greater than the scattering of light by the molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere.
It passes through larger distance in the earth's atmosphere and thicker layers of air before reaching our eyes. Most of the blue light (shorter wavelengths) are scattered away by the particles.
So, only red light, being of highest wavelength reaches us which gives reddish appearance of sun at sunrise or sunset.
At noon the sun appears white because the light from the sun is directly overhead us. The light travels relatively shorter distance during the noon.
Scattering of light is reduced as the distance is reduced. So, the sun appears white as only a little of the blue and violet colours are scattered.
Question:29
Explain the phenomenon of dispersion of white light through a glass prism, using suitable ray diagram.
Ans.
When the white light is passed through a pin, it get reduced to a narrow beam.
When this narrow beam is made to fall on a triangular glass prism and a white screen is held on the other side of the prism, we observe a band of seven colours on the screen. This phenomenon is called dispersion of white light.
Order of colours from bottom to top: remembering keyword VIBGYOR
V - Violet, I - Indigo, B - Blue, G - Green, Y - Yellow, O - Orange and R - Red.
Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to fourth power of wavelength.
The red colour (with maximum wavelength) bends the least on passing through the prism and violet colour (with minimum wavelength) bends through maximum angle on passing through the prism. This is why red is at top and violet is at bottom.
Thus, the phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent seven colours on passing through a glass prism is known as dispersion of light.
Question:30
How does refraction take place in the atmosphere? Why do stars twinkle but not the planets?
Ans.
The refraction take place in the atmosphere because of the gradually changing refractive index of the different layers of atmosphere. The layers at the top is optically rare, while the layers at the bottom is optically denser.
When light travels through different layers of the atmosphere, refraction takes place. Since light passes from rarer to denser mediums, it tends to bend towards the normal.
So, the light of stars undergoes refraction continuously on entering the earth's atmosphere, before it reaches the earth. The atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, so the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position. So the apparent position of the star changes or fluctuates.
So, the position of a star as seen by us is not its true position.
Thus, star appears slightly higher than its actual position because of atmospheric refraction.
As discussed above, the light of stars undergoes refraction continuously on entering the earth's atmosphere, before it reaches the earth.
Now we know that the apparent position of the star changes or fluctuates, so the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on changing slightly. That is why the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers. The star sometimes appears brighter and at other times, it appears fainter. This makes the star twinkle for us.
Hence the twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of light of stars.
NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 11 - Human Eye and Colourful Important Topics:
- The reflection of light through a prism and the method of dispersion.
- NCERT exemplar class 10 Science solutions chapter 11 discusses about the formation of rainbow.
- Human eye in detail.
- The defects in vision of human eye like near-sightedness and farsightedness.
- Choice of lens to remove these defects.
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Features of NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 11 - Human Eye and Colourful :
These class 10 science NCERT exemplar chapter 11 solutions provide a basic understanding of the human eye. We know that white light comprises infinite colours. In this chapter, we will understand the reflection of light through a prism and learn the method of dispersion. The books such as NCERT Class 10 Science, Physics question bank, S. Chand by Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur, etc. can be easily attempted for Human Eye and Colourful World related practice problems once the students have gone through NCERT exemplar Class 10 Science chapter 11 solutions Human Eye and Colourful World.
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