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NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes The Solid State - Download PDF

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NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes The Solid State - Download PDF

Edited By Sumit Saini | Updated on Mar 31, 2024 11:26 PM IST

The Solid State is the first chapter of class 12 NCERT Chemistry. Students will get to know about Concepts like states of matter, types of solids, unit cells, voids, magnetic properties of solids etc. This chapter holds significant weightage in Board exams and competitive exams as well. The The Solid State class 12 notes
given below provides short description of all the important topics covered in the NCERT book. class 12 chemistry chapter 1 notes will be useful for quick revision before exam. Class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 notes can be of great help for students to boost their marks in the final examination.

Also see, NCERT solutions for class 12

Definition of Solids:

Solids are state of matter which have definite volume, shape, and mass due to the short distance between the fixed position of particles and strong interactions between them.

1.1 Characteristics Propertiesac of the Solid State

(i) Solids have definite mass, volume and shape.

(ii) Short Intermolecular distances.

(iii) Strong Intermolecular forces.

(iv) Constituent particles (atoms, molecules or ions) in solids have fixed positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions.

Types of Solids:

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

On the basis of the nature of order present in the arrangement of their constituent particles, Solids can be classified as crystalline or amorphous.

Amorphous solids has short-range order of constituent particles, and they are isotropic in nature having no sharp melting point. whereas Crystalline solids have a characteristic shape, having the arrangement of constituent particles of long-range order, anisotropic in nature and a sharp melting point.

Classification of Crystalline Solids

The crystalline property of a solid depends on the nature of interactions between the constituent particles, and crystalline solids are divided into four different categories:

1. Ionic solids

2. Covalent or Network solids

3. Molecular solids

4. Metallic solids

Unit Cell

it is defined as the smallest repeating unit of the crystal lattice is the unit cell, the building block of a crystal which when repeated forms the 3-D crystal.

Types Of Unit Cell

There are different varieties of the unit cell:

  1. Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
  2. Body-centered Cubic Unit Cell
  3. Face centered cubic unit cell


Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell

1. Primitive Cubic unit Cell

The primitive cubic unit cell has atoms only at its corner. Each atom at a corner is shared between eight adjacent unit cells. Therefore, only 1/8th of an atom effectively belongs to a particular unit cell.

2. Body-Centred Cubic unit Cell

In a body-centred cubic unit cell, atoms are at each of its corners and also one atom at its body centre.

Number of Atoms in BCC Cell:

  • 8 corners × 1/8 per corner atom = 8 × 1/8 = 1 atom
  • 1 body centre atom = 1 × 1 = 1 atom

Therefore, the total number of atoms present per unit cell = 2 atoms.

3. Face-Centred Cubic unit Cell

In a face-centred cubic unit cell, atoms are present at all the corners and at the centre of all the faces of the cube. The atom which is present at the face-centre is shared between 2 adjacent unit cells and only 1/2 of each atom effectively belongs to an individual cell.

Number of Atoms in FCC unit Cell

  • 8 corners × 1/8 per corner atom = 8 × 1/8 = 1 atom
  • 6 face-centered atoms × 1/2 atom per unit cell = 3 atoms

Therefore, the total number of atoms in a unit cell = 4 atoms.

Close Packed Structures

(a) Close Packing in One Dimension

There is only one way of arranging spheres in a one dimensional close packed structure, that is to arrange them in a row and touching each other.

Coordination number is defined as the no. of nearest neighbour particles directly in contact with each atom. In this case of one dimension close packing, the coordination number is equal to two.

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(b) Close packing in Two Dimensions

In two-dimensional close packing, 1-D rows of closed packed spheres are stacked to obtain a two-dimensional pattern.

This stacking can be done in two ways:

1. Square close packing

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2. Hexagonal close packing

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(c) Close Packing in Three Dimensions

All real structures are three dimensional structures. They can be obtained by stacking two dimensional layers one above the other. Three-dimensional closed packing are as follows:

(i) Three-dimensional close packing from two-dimensional square close-packed layers

(ii) Three-dimensional close packing from two-dimensional hexagonal close-packed layers.

Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled

Voids are gaps between the constituent particles. Voids in solid states are the vacant space between the constituent particles in a closed packed structure.

There are two types of interstitial voids in a 3D structure:

a. Tetrahedral voids

b. Octahedral voids

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Packing Efficiency

Packing Efficiency is defined as the percentage of total space filled by the particles.

1. Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

Hexagonal close packing (hcp) and cubic close packing (ccp) have the same packing efficiency which is equal to 74%.

2. Efficiency Packing in Body-Centred Cubic Structures

In body centered cubic unit cell, one atom is located at body center apart from corners of the cube its packing efficiency is equal to 68%.

3. Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

In the simple cubic unit cell, atoms are located at the corners of the cube having packing density of 524% .

Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions

The unit cell is a three-dimensional structure containing one or more atoms. We can determine the volume of this unit cell with the knowledge of the dimensions of the unit cell.

Mass of unit cell = number of atoms in unit cell × mass of each atom = z × m

Where, z = number of atoms in the unit cell, m = Mass of each atom

Mass of an atom can be given with the help of Avogadro number and molar mass as: M/NA

Where M = molar mass

NA = Avogadro’s number

Volume of the unit cell, V = a3

Since, Density of unit cell = mass of unit cell/ volume of the unit cell

=> Density of unit cell = m/V = z×ma/a3 = z×M/a3×NA

Imperfections in Solids

Deviation in the arrangement of constituting particles in a solid is known as imperfections in solids. The defects are of two types:

Point defects: Point defects arises due to deviations from ideal arrangement around a point or an atom in a crystalline substance.

Line Defects: Line defects arises due to the irregularities or deviations from an ideal arrangement in entire rows of lattice points. These irregularities are called crystal defects.

Types of Point Defects

1. Stoichiometric defect – These are the point defects that do not disturb the stoichiometry of the solid. They are also called intrinsic or thermodynamic defects. These are of two types: Vacancy defect and Interstitial defect

2. Frenkel defect – In ionic solids, the smaller ion which is mostly cation, dislocates from its place and occupies an interstitial site. Hence, a vacancy defect is created at its original position and the interstitial defect is experienced at its new position where the cation is dislocated.

3. Schottky defect – In Ionic Solids, an equal number of anions and cations are missing from the compound. It reduces the density of the substance. In Schottky defect, the size of cations and anions are of nearly same.

Electrical Properties

On the basis of their conductivities, Solids can be classified into three types.

(i) Conductors

(ii) Insulators

(iii) Semiconductors

Magnetic Properties

Solids show many types of magnetic properties which are mentioned below. These properties are used in audio, video and other recording devices. All these properties can be correlated with their electronic configurations or structures.

(i) Diamagnetic materials

(ii) Paramagnetic materials

(iii) Ferromagnetic materials

(iv) Antiferromagnetic materials

(v) Ferrimagnetic materials

Significance of NCERT class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 notes

The Solid State class 12 notes can be of great help for students to revise the chapter in less amount of time and to get an idea about their level of coverage of topics from these articles. Also, this The solid state notes class 12 is important for quick recap for competitive exams like VITEEE, BITSAT, JEE Main, NEET etc. The solid state notes class 12 are highly recommended for serious students aspiring to score well in their examination. The cbse class 12 chemistry ch 1 notes provided here are good source for last minute revision before the exam. Students can use chemistry class 12 chapter 1 notes pdf to highlight important concepts of the chapter.

NCERT Class 12 Notes Chapterwise

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 2 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 3 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 4 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 5 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 6 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 7 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 8 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 9 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 10 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 11 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 12 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 13 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 14 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 15 Notes

NCERT Class 12th Chemistry Chapter 16 Notes

Also check the NCERT solutions of questions given in the book-

Also, see NCERT exemplar solutions -

Subject wise NCERT solutions

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. What are the important topics of this chapter?
  • Number of octahedral voids
  • Coordination Entity
  • Central Atom or Ion
  • Ligands
  • Coordination Number
  • Coordination Sphere
  • Coordination Polyhedron 
  • Oxidation Number of Central Atom.
  • Imperfections in solids
2. Where can I find complete solutions of NCERT class 12 Chemistry including cbse class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 notes ?

For complete solutions : https://school.careers360.com/ncert/ncert-solutions-class-12-chemistry  For further reading on the topics, students can refer to ch 1 chemistry class 12 notes

3. What is the weightage of NCERT class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 in CBSE board exam ?

4 marks, for more information students can refer chemistry class 12 chapter 1 notes pdf. 

4. What is the weightage of NCERT class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 in JEE Mains?

6 marks

5. What is the weightage of NCERT class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 in NEET?

Solid state hold weightage of 2%. 

Articles

Get answers from students and experts

A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1)

0.34\; J

Option 2)

0.16\; J

Option 3)

1.00\; J

Option 4)

0.67\; J

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times.  Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated.  How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ?  Fat supplies 3.8×107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.  Take g = 9.8 ms−2 :

Option 1)

2.45×10−3 kg

Option 2)

 6.45×10−3 kg

Option 3)

 9.89×10−3 kg

Option 4)

12.89×10−3 kg

 

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1)

2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

Option 2)

200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

Option 3)

2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

Option 4)

20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

A particle is projected at 600   to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1)

K/2\,

Option 2)

\; K\;

Option 3)

zero\;

Option 4)

K/4

In the reaction,

2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

Option 1)

11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

Option 3)

33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

Option 4)

67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2} will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1)

0.02

Option 2)

3.125 × 10-2

Option 3)

1.25 × 10-2

Option 4)

2.5 × 10-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1)

decrease twice

Option 2)

increase two fold

Option 3)

remain unchanged

Option 4)

be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1)

Molality

Option 2)

Weight fraction of solute

Option 3)

Fraction of solute present in water

Option 4)

Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol-1) is

Option 1)

twice that in 60 g carbon

Option 2)

6.023 × 1022

Option 3)

half that in 8 g He

Option 4)

558.5 × 6.023 × 1023

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t2) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m2 , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is

Option 1)

less than 3

Option 2)

more than 3 but less than 6

Option 3)

more than 6 but less than 9

Option 4)

more than 9

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Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

3 Jobs Available
Reporter

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

2 Jobs Available
Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

2 Jobs Available
Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

3 Jobs Available
Production Manager
3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
QA Lead

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

2 Jobs Available
Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

2 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Automation Test Engineer

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

2 Jobs Available
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