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    Haloalkanes and haloarenes class 12th notes- free ncert class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 Notes- Download PDF

    Edited By Sumit Saini | Updated on Mar 06, 2023 12:00 PM IST

    NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes deal with the relationship between sp3 hybridized carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms attached to a halogen atom. Haloalkanes and haloarenes Class 12 notes cover a brief outline of topics such as preparation methods for haloalkanes and haloarenes, Chemical and Physical properties of haloalkanes, and haloarenes. The NCERT Class 12 chapter 10 notes are a continuation of NCERT Class 11 chapter 13.

    Some of the topics covered in haloalkanes and haloarenes Class 12 notes are reactions for the synthesis of haloalkanes and haloarenes, Physical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes, Chemical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes. CBSE Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes contain all the important reactions of this unit. CBSE Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes also include quick points to remember from the exam point of view. All the topics mentioned here can be easily downloaded by the student from Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes pdf download.

    Also, students can refer,

    NCERT Class 12 Chapter 10 Notes-

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Class 12 Notes – Topic 1:

    1. Nomenclature-

    • For haloalkanes-

    Common name- alkyl halides

    Example- methyl chloride, ethyl bromide, n-propyl iodide

    IUPAC Name- haloalkane

    Example- bromoethane, chloromethane, iodopropane.

    • For haloarenes-

    Halo+ name of aromatic hydrocarbon

    Example- chlorobenzene, Iodobenzene, 3-chlorotoluene.

    2. Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes-

    • From phosphorus halides-

    1663574769419

    • From alkanes-

    1663574805317

    • From alkenes-

    • Addition of halogens-

    1663574832642

    3. Methods of Preparation for Haloarenes-

    • By direct halogenation of aromatic ring-

    It is an electrophilic substitution reaction.

    1663575029867

    • By the use of silver salt of aromatic acids-

    This reaction is known as the Hunsdieker reaction

    1663575054039

    4. Physical Properties of Haloalkanes-

    • Haloalkanes are colorless and their taste sweet-smelling.

    • Since haloalkanes cannot break the hydrogen bonds of water, these are slightly soluble in water.

    • As the size of the alkyl group increases, density increases.

    • The boiling, as well as melting points of haloalkanes, are higher than their parent hydrocarbon.

    • These are not as flammable as hydrocarbons.

    • Dipole moment decreases on going from methyl chloride, methyl bromide, and methyl iodide. However, the dipole moment of methyl fluoride is lower as compared to methyl chloride.

    5. Physical Properties of Haloarenes-

    • Haloarenes are colorless in nature and heavier than water.

    • Mostly soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in inorganic solvents.

    • As the size of the halogen attached to benzene increases, the boiling point also increases.

    • Out of the three isomers, the boiling point of the ortho isomer is the highest.

    • The dipole moment of the ortho isomer is larger than the meta isomer. Para isomer has zero dipole moment.

    6. Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes-

    1. Nucleophilic substitution reaction-

    • Substitution by hydroxyl group-

    1663575134557

    • Substitution by cyano group-

    1663575165304

    1663575198646

    • Substitution by isocyanide group-

    1663575257269

    • Substitution by ammonia group-

    The following reaction is known as the Hofmann ammonolysis reaction.

    1663575291840

    Two types of nucleophilic substitution reaction-

    Substitution nucleophilic reaction (SN2 reaction)-

    • Rate is given as -

    Rate=k[CH3Br][OH-]

    • This reaction occurs in a single concerted step.

    • In SN2 reaction alkyl halide reacts in the following manner-

    Methyl halide > primary halide> secondary halide> tertiary halide

    Substitution nucleophilic reaction (SN1 reaction)-

    • Rate is given as –

    Rate=k[(CH3Br]

    • This reaction occurs in two steps. The first step leads to the formation of a carbocation and the second step leads to the nucleophilic attack on carbocation.

    • In SN1 reaction alkyl halide reacts in the following manner-

    • Tertiary alkyl halide> secondary alkyl halide> primary alkyl halide> primary alkyl halide> methyl halide

    1. Elimination reaction-

    • Formation of alkene takes place.

    • Also known as dehydrohalogenation reaction.

    • The general reaction is given as –

    1663575335564

    • The reaction proceeds by the removal of hydrogen from a carbon atom situated next to a carbon atom carrying a halogen atom.

    Example-

    1663575374666

    Saytzeff’s rule- This rule decides which alkene will be formed if there are chances of elimination of more than one hydrogen atom. That alkene will be formed in which more substituted alkene is formed.

    1. Reaction with active metals-

    • Reaction with magnesium-

    1663575419201

    • Reaction with sodium-

    1663575443847

    • Reaction with active metals-

    1663575467707

    1663575518563

    1. Reduction –

    • The reaction of an alkyl halide with nickel, platinum, or palladium in the presence of a metal catalyst.

    1663575547280

    • The reaction of ethyl alcohol with zinc-copper couple

    1663575575212

    • The reaction of hydroiodic acid in presence of red phosphorus.

    1663575594939

    1. Rearrangement reactions-

    The reaction of haloalkane in presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride.

    1663575616321

    7. Chemical Properties of Haloarenes-

    • Resonance effect- Due to resonance, haloarenes are not reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.

    • Hybridization of carbon atoms in haloarenes and haloalkanes- In haloalkanes carbon is sp3 hybridized whereas, in haloarenes, carbon is sp2 hybridized.

    • The polarity of carbon and hydrogen bond-

    Sp2 hybridized carbon of haloarene attached to halogen is has a lesser tendency to release its electrons to a halogen atom. Hence, the bond is less polar compared to the carbon and halogen bond of haloalkanes.

    • Instability of phenyl cation- Phenyl cation is not stable since there is no resonance. Therefore, SN1 mechanism cannot occur.

    • Nucleophilic substitution reactions-

    Replacement by the hydroxy group-

    1663575665365

    Reaction for the replacement by the amino group-

    1663575684380

    Reaction for substitution with cyano group-

    1663575707363

    • Reactions with metal-

    Reaction with magnesium-

    1663575731372

    Reaction with lithium-

    1663575754962

    Reaction with sodium-

    1663575774199

    Reaction with copper powder-

    1663581399980

    • Reduction reaction-

    1663581447588

    • Electrophilic substitution reactions-

    Halogenation-

    1663581473394

    Nitration-

    1663581499365

    Sulphonation-

    1663581529908

    Alkylation-

    1663581862975

    Acylation-

    1663581895903

    Significance of NCERT Notes for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10-

    Haloalkanes and haloarenes Class 12 notes contain step vise step headings and sub headings as per mentioned in the chapter 14 of Class 12 NCERT. NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes are very helpful for a quick revision for competitive exams like VITEEE, BITSAT, JEE Main, NEET, etc. Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes pdf download can be used for an offline revision.

    NCERT Class 12 Notes Chapter-Wise

    Subject Wise NCERT Exemplar Solutions

    Subject Wise NCERT Solutions

    NCERT Books and Syllabus

    Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

    1. What are the main reactions covered in Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes and haloarenes and haloalkanes Class 12 notes?

    Reactions including methods for the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes, Chemical reactions of the haloalkanes and haloarenes are given in Class 12 haloalkanes and haloarenes notes.

    2. What are the main reactions of Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes?

    The main reaction of this unit includes nucleophilic substitution reactions, elimination reactions, reduction reactions, rearrangement reactions, reduction reactions, and electrophilic substitution reactions.

    3. How can Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes help a student?

    A quick summary with all the headings and sub headings of the NCERT unit of electrochemistry is given in the notes.

    4. Highlight some of the important sections to cover from notes for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10?

    From the exam point of view, types of reactions such as nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN1 and SN2 reaction), electrophilic substitution reactions, rearrangement reactions, reductions reactions, chemical, and physical properties are the most important topics of the chapter.

    5. What are some topics to cover for the reactions section in NCERT notes for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10?

    A simple way to prepare for reactions is by referring to any link for haloalkanes and haloarenes Class 12 notes pdf download. Practice all the reactions multiple times.

    nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN1 and SN2 reaction), electrophilic substitution reactions, rearrangement reactions, reduction reactions and, methods for the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes.

    6. How to study Class 12 haloalkanes and haloarenes notes in the right manner?

    Class 12 Chemistry chapter 10 notes should be referred for a quick and efficient revision before the exams. All the reactions mentioned above are very important from the exam point of view.

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    Films like Baahubali, Kung Fu Panda, Ice Age and others are both a sensation among adults and children, and the multimedia animation industry's future looks promising. A multi media jobs could be described as the activity of giving life to a non-living object. Cartoons are the work of animation. Multimedia animation is an illusion developed with the still photographs. Multimedia animators work in a specific medium. Some concentrate on making video games or animated movies. Multi media artists produce visual effects for films and television shows. Multimedia career produce computer-generated images that contain representations of the movements of an actor and then animating them into three-dimensional objects. Multi media artists draw beautiful landscapes or backgrounds.

    2 Jobs Available
    Videographer

    Careers in videography are art that can be defined as a creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of an original work of art rather than a simple recording of a simple event. It would be wrong to portrait it as a subcategory of photography, rather photography is one of the crafts used in videographer jobs in addition to technical skills like organization, management, interpretation, and image-manipulation techniques. Students pursue Visual Media, Film, Television, Digital Video Production to opt for a videographer career path. The visual impacts of a film are driven by the creative decisions taken in videography jobs. Individuals who opt for a career as a videographer are involved in the entire lifecycle of a film and production. 

    2 Jobs Available
    Copy Writer

    In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

    5 Jobs Available
    Editor

    Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

    3 Jobs Available
    Journalist

    Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

    3 Jobs Available
    News Anchor

    A career as news anchor requires to be working closely with reporters to collect information, broadcast newscasts and interview guests throughout the day. A news anchor job description is to track the latest affairs and present news stories in an insightful, meaningful and impartial manner to the public. A news anchor in India needs to be updated on the news of the day. He or she even works with the news director to pick stories to air, taking into consideration the interests of the viewer.

    3 Jobs Available
    Publisher

    For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

    3 Jobs Available
    Vlogger

    In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. Ever since internet cost got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, the career as vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the career as vlogger, how to become a vlogger, so on and so forth then continue reading the article. Students can visit Jamia Millia Islamia, Asian College of Journalism, Indian Institute of Mass Communication to pursue journalism degrees.

    3 Jobs Available
    Videographer

    Careers in videography are art that can be defined as a creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of an original work of art rather than a simple recording of a simple event. It would be wrong to portrait it as a subcategory of photography, rather photography is one of the crafts used in videographer jobs in addition to technical skills like organization, management, interpretation, and image-manipulation techniques. Students pursue Visual Media, Film, Television, Digital Video Production to opt for a videographer career path. The visual impacts of a film are driven by the creative decisions taken in videography jobs. Individuals who opt for a career as a videographer are involved in the entire lifecycle of a film and production. 

    2 Jobs Available
    SEO Analyst

    An SEO Analyst is a web professional who is proficient in the implementation of SEO strategies to target more keywords to improve the reach of the content on search engines. He or she provides support to acquire the goals and success of the client’s campaigns. 

    2 Jobs Available
    Gemologist

    A career as a gemologist is as magnificent and sparkling as gemstones. A gemologist is a professional who has knowledge and understanding of gemology and he or she applies the same knowledge in his everyday work responsibilities. He or she grades gemstones using various equipment and determines its worth. His or her other work responsibilities involve settling gemstones in jewellery, polishing and examining it. 

    4 Jobs Available
    Product Manager

    A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

    3 Jobs Available
    Production Manager

    Production Manager Job Description: A Production Manager is responsible for ensuring smooth running of manufacturing processes in an efficient manner. He or she plans and organises production schedules. The role of Production Manager involves estimation, negotiation on budget and timescales with the clients and managers. 

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    3 Jobs Available
    Corporate Executive

    Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

    2 Jobs Available
    QA Lead

    A QA Lead is incharge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that they meet the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

    2 Jobs Available
    Team Lead

    A Team Leader is a professional responsible for guiding, monitoring and leading the entire group. He or she is responsible for motivating team members by providing a pleasant work environment to them and inspiring positive communication. A Team Leader contributes to the achievement of the organisation’s goals. He or she improves the confidence, product knowledge and communication skills of the team members and empowers them.

    2 Jobs Available
    Merchandiser

    A career as a merchandiser requires one to promote specific products and services of one or different brands, to increase the in-house sales of the store. Merchandising job focuses on enticing the customers to enter the store and hence increasing their chances of buying a product. Although the buyer is the one who selects the lines, it all depends on the merchandiser on how much money a buyer will spend, how many lines will be purchased, and what will be the quantity of those lines. In a career as merchandiser, one is required to closely work with the display staff in order to decide in what way a product would be displayed so that sales can be maximised. In small brands or local retail stores, a merchandiser is responsible for both merchandising and buying. 

    2 Jobs Available
    Quality Systems Manager

    A Quality Systems Manager is a professional responsible for developing strategies, processes, policies, standards and systems concerning the company as well as operations of its supply chain. It includes auditing to ensure compliance. It could also be carried out by a third party. 

    2 Jobs Available
    Computer Programmer

    Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

    3 Jobs Available
    Product Manager

    A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

    3 Jobs Available
    ITSM Manager

    ITSM Manager is a professional responsible for heading the ITSM (Information Technology Service Management) or (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) processes. He or she ensures that operation management provides appropriate resource levels for problem resolutions. The ITSM Manager oversees the level of prioritisation for the problems, critical incidents, planned as well as proactive tasks. 

    3 Jobs Available
    .NET Developer

    .NET Developer Job Description: A .NET Developer is a professional responsible for producing code using .NET languages. He or she is a software developer who uses the .NET technologies platform to create various applications. Dot NET Developer job comes with the responsibility of  creating, designing and developing applications using .NET languages such as VB and C#. 

    2 Jobs Available
    Corporate Executive

    Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

    2 Jobs Available
    DevOps Engineer

    In order to develop and deploy software systems, a DevOps Engineer collaborates with both development and operations teams. A career as DevOps engineer must cooperate with other IT staff members as well as software developers and quality assurance specialists.

    2 Jobs Available
    Cloud Administrator

    Individuals who are interested in becoming Cloud Administrators should have the necessary skills to handle various technical aspects of computing, such as the design, implementation, and maintenance of cloud computing services. In addition to being able to program and operate various programming languages, such as Java, Python, and Ruby, individuals should also have a degree in engineering or computer science.

    2 Jobs Available
    IS Auditor

    An IS Auditor is a professional who is responsible for testing the IT infrastructure and finding its vulnerabilities and weaknesses and exploiting them. An IS Auditor performs routine checkups of IT Systems. 

    2 Jobs Available
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