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The chapter, surface chemistry is the continuation of the NCERT chapter, chemical kinetics. The ncert Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes covers a brief profile of the surface chemistry chapter. The main topics covered in Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes are mechanism of adsorption, introduction to adsorption, adsorption isotherms, the difference between absorption and adsorption, types of adsorption, adsorption from solution phase, applications of adsorption.
NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes also include a brief introduction to catalysis, types of catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis. Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes also cover the basic equations in the chapter. The basics of colloids, classification of colloids, preparations of colloids, purification of colloids, properties of colloids, and emulsions are also covered in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes. These Surface Chemistry Class 12 notes also include some solved examples related to mentioned topics. All these topics can be downloaded from Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes pdf download.
Also, students can refer,
The branch of chemistry that deals with surface/interface occurring phenomenon is called surface chemistry. The bulk phases can be liquid or solid. There is no existence of interface in gases due to their complete miscibility with other gases.
The phenomenon of accumulation or retention of molecular species on the surface of solids or liquids rather than in bulk is known as adsorption.
Adsorbate - The substance which accumulates or retains at the surface is called adsorbate.
Adsorbent - The substance on which adsorbate accumulates is called adsorbent. For example - alumina gel, charcoal, silica gel, colloids, clay, etc.
Desorption:
The phenomenon in which adsorbate is removed from the adsorbent is called desorption. It is the opposite of adsorption.
Absorption | Adsorption |
The phenomenon of assimilation in which the constituent of a substance enters into the bulk phase of another substance. | The phenomenon in which the adhesion of constituents of a substance takes place on the surface of another substance. |
Bulk phenomenon | Surface phenomenon |
Uniform distribution of absorbate | Adsorbate concentrates only on the surface |
Endothermic process | Exothermic process |
Independent of temperature | Temperature-dependent |
The rate of reaction is uniform for absorption | The rate of reaction increases slowly and then achieves equilibrium. |
Example- absorption of liquid by a sponge. | Example- adsorption of pollutants by pollution masks. |
Mechanism of adsorption:
The surface constituents of the adsorbent are in a different environment than the bulk constituents.
The forces acting between bulk constituent and its neighbors are mutually balanced.
The forces exerted by surface constituents are unbalanced and thus called residual forces.
Residual forces attract the particles of adsorbate towards the surface of the adsorbent.
At a given temperature and pressure, the increase of surface area per unit mass of the adsorbent increases the extent of adsorption.
ΔH is negative, ΔS is negative and thus ΔG is negative.
Types of adsorption :
There are two types of adsorption on the basis of the type of forces acting between constituents.
Physisorption | Chemisorption |
Arises due to Van Der Waal’s forces | Arises due to the formation of chemical bonds |
Non-specific in nature | Highly specific in nature |
Reversible | Irreversible |
Depends on the nature of gas | Depends on the nature of gas |
Low enthalpy of adsorption | High enthalpy of adsorption |
Low temperature is favorable | High temperature is favorable |
No appreciable activation energy needed | Sometimes high activation energy is needed |
Depends on the surface area | Depends on the surface area |
Multimolecular layers are formed | The unimolecular layer is formed |
Adsorption isotherms :
At constant temperature, the variation of the amount of gas adsorbed by the adsorbent with pressure is expressed via adsorption isotherms.
Freundlich adsorption isotherm:
The quantity of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid adsorbent and pressure at a particular temperature is expressed as:
x - the mass of gas adsorbate
m - the mass of adsorbent
p - pressure
n & k - constants that depend on the nature of the adsorbent & the gas at a particular temperature
Take log on both sides :
On comparing with y = mx + c,
y = log (x/m)
m = 1/n
x = log p
c = log k
The graph for Freundlich isotherm can be plotted as below:
Adsorption from solution phase
Solids can also adsorb solutes from solutions. Some observations from solid-liquid adsorption are given below:
As temperature increases ↑ the extent of adsorption decreases ↓
As the surface area of the adsorbent increases ↑ the extent of adsorption increases ↑
The extent of adsorption is dependant on the concentration of solute.
The extent of adsorption is dependant on the nature of adsorbate and adsorbent.
Freundlich equation for adsorption from solution by solid adsorbate:
Take log on both sides :
Comparing the above equation with y = mx+c we get a straight line graph.
Applications of adsorption :
Gas masks, Heterogeneous catalysis, Removal of coloring matter from solutions, Separation of inert gases, In curing diseases, Froth floatation process, Control of humidity, Adsorption indicators, Production of high vacuum, Chromatographic analysis, etc.
The process of altering the rate of reaction of a chemical reaction by introducing a catalyst.
Catalysts are substances that accelerate or decelerate the rate of a reaction and is retrieved unchanged after the completion of the reaction.
Promoters: Enhance activity of the catalyst
Poisons: Diminish activity of the catalyst
Classification of catalysis:
Homogeneous catalysis: The catalysis in which both reactants and catalyst(s) are in the same phase. Examples -
Oxidation of sulfur dioxide
Hydrolysis of methyl acetate
Hydrolysis of sugar
Heterogeneous catalysis: The catalysis in which both reactants and catalyst(s) are in different phases. Examples -
Oxidation of sulfur dioxide
Haber’s Process
Ostwald’s process
Hydrogenation of vegetable oil
Adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis:
The adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis explains the mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis. The mechanism can be explained in 5 steps:
Reactants diffuse on the surface of the catalyst.
Reactant molecules get adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst.
A chemical reaction occurs via the formation of an intermediate.
Reaction products are desorbed from the surface of the catalyst.
Diffusion of products away from the surface of the catalyst.
This adsorption theory gives an explanation for the unchanged composition of catalyst at the end of the reaction.
Shape selective catalysis by zeolites:
Shape-selective catalysis is a catalytic reaction in which the pore structure of the catalyst and the size of the reactant and product molecules are major factors to carry out the reaction.
Due to their honeycomb-like structures, zeolites are good shape-selective catalysts.
Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicates with a 3D network of silicates in which sometimes aluminium atoms replace silicon atoms giving an Al-O-si framework.
Enzyme catalysis:
Enzymes are proteins of high molecular mass. They form colloidal solutions in water. They are very effective catalysts in natural processes. Enzymes are also called biochemical catalysts. Enzyme catalyzed reactions are also called biochemical catalysis. Some examples are discussed below:
Inversion of cane sugar
Conversion of glucose into ethyl alcohol
‘Conversion of starch into maltose
Conversion of maltose into glucose
Decomposition of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide
A short summary of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is tabulated below:
Characteristics of enzyme catalysis:
Highly efficient
Highly specific in nature
Highly active under optimum temperature (298-310K)
Highly active under optimum pH (5-7)
Increased activity in the presence of activators & co-enzymes
Decreased activity due to influence of inhibitors and poisons
Mechanism of enzyme catalysis:
Step 1: Enzyme binds to substrate to form an activated complex.
Step 2: Activated complex is decomposed to form the product.
A heterogeneous system in which very fine particles of one substance called dispersed phase is dispersed in another substance is termed as the dispersion medium.
Classification of colloids:
Colloids can be classified on the basis of:
Physical state
Nature of interaction
Type of particles
Classification based on the physical state of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium:
Dispersed phase | Dispersion medium | Type of colloid | Examples |
Solid | Solid | Solid sol | Colored glass, gemstones |
Solid | Liquid | Sol | Paints, cell fluids |
Solid | Gas | Aerosol | Smoke, dust |
Liquid | Solid | Gel | Cheese, butter, jellies |
Liquid | Liquid | Emulsion | Milk, hair cream |
Liquid | Gas | Aerosol | Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide sprays |
Gas | Solid | Solid sol | Pumice stone, foam rubber |
Gas | Liquid | Foam | Froth, whipped cream, soap lather |
Classification based on the nature of the interaction between the dispersion medium and dispersed phase:
Colloids can be classified on the basis of interaction in 2 categories:
Property | Lyophobic | Lyophilic |
Preparation | Can not be prepared easily | Can be prepared easily |
Stability | Less stable | More stable |
Reversibility | Irreversible | Reversible |
Viscosity | Nearly the same viscosity as the solvent | Higher viscosity than solvent |
Surface tension | Nearly the same surface tension as a solvent | Higher surface tension than solvent |
Hydration / solvation | Less solvated | Highly solvated |
Charge | Positive / negative | No charge |
Visibility | Can be seen under a microscope | Can not be seen under a microscope |
Coagulation/Precipitation | Precipitated by low concentration of electrolytes | Precipitated by high concentration of electrolytes |
Tyndall effect | More scattering | Less scattering |
Migration in an electric field | Migrate towards cathode/anode | May/ may not migrate |
Nature | Mostly inorganic | Mostly organic |
Classification based on the type of particles of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium:
Multimolecular colloids: On dissolution, a large number of atoms and smaller molecules aggregate to form colloidal species called multimolecular colloids.
Multimolecular colloids: In suitable solvents, macromolecules forms colloidal solutions.
Associated colloids: substances that act as normal strong electrolytes at low concentration but show colloidal behavior at high concentration due to the formation of aggregate molecules called micelles.
Kraft temperature - temperature above which micelle formation takes place.
Critical micelle concentration - concentration above which micelle formation takes place.
Micelle formation and cleansing action of soap -
Micelle consists of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon–like central core.
Soap molecules form micelle around the oil droplet.
The hydrophobic part of the stearate ions is in the oil droplet and the hydrophilic part extends out of the droplet.
The polar groups interact with water.
The oil droplet surrounded pulled in water and removed from the dirty surface.
Soap helps in emulsification and washing away of oils & dirt.
The negatively charged sheath around the oil droplets prevents them from aggregating.
Preparation of colloids:
Chemical methods
Molecules formed by chemical reactions aggregate to form sols. Example-
Electrical disintegration or Bredig’s Arc method
The intense heat produced between the electrodes vapourises the metal. This metal then condenses to form particles of colloidal size.
Peptization
The process of converting a precipitate in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte into colloidal sol by shaking it with a dispersion medium is called peptization.
Purification of colloidal solutions:
Purification can be done by (These processes are not discussed in detail in class 12 chemistry chapter 5 notes.) :
Dialysis
Electrodialysis
Ultrafiltration
Properties of colloidal solution:
colligative properties are of small order than true solutions.
Tyndall effect - Colloidal solutions show a mild to strong opalescence when viewed at right angles to the passage of light.
Colour - the color of the colloidal solution changes with the perspective of the viewer.
Brownian movement - the state of continuous zig-zag motion.
A charge is always present on colloidal particles.
Electrophoresis.
Coagulation and precipitation.
Emulsions are formed by the dispersion of finely divided droplets of one liquid in another liquid. They are liquid-liquid colloidal systems.
Types of emulsions:
Oil-in-water: In this system, water is a dispersion medium, and oil is a dispersed phase. Example - butter.
Water-in-oil: In this system, oil is a dispersion medium, and water is a dispersed phase.
Emulsifying agent - A substance that forms an interfacial film between the dispersed phase and dispersed medium.
Applications of colloids:
Electrical precipitation of smoke
Purification of drinking water
Medicines
Tanning
The cleansing action of soap
Photographic films
Rubber industry
Industrial Products
Significance of NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes
surface chemistry Class 12 notes will be helpful to revise the chapter and to get an idea about the main topics covered in the chapter. Also, this ncert class 12 chemistry chapter 5 notes are useful to cover the main topics of the Class 12 CBSE Chemistry syllabus and also for competitive exams like VITEEE, BITSAT, JEE Main, NEET, etc. Class 12 Chemistry chapter 5 notes pdf download can be used to prepare in offline mode.
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Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.
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A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
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A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.
The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.
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