NCERT Solutions for Exercise 7.8 Class 12 Maths Chapter 7 - Integrals

Integrals Class 12 Chapter 7 Exercise 7.8

Question:1 Evaluate the following definite integrals as a limit of sums.

$\int_a^b x dx$

Answer:

We know that,
$\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(a)+f(a+h)+...+f(a+(n-1)h)]$
$\therefore \int_{a}^{b}xdx = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[a+(a+h)...(a+2h)..a+(n-1)h]$
$\\ = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[(a+a...a+a)_{n}+(h+2h+3h....(n-1)h)]\\ = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[na+h(1+2+3..+n-1)]\\ = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[na+h(\frac{n(n-1)}{2})]\\ = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }[a+\frac{n-1}{2}h]\\ = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }[a+\frac{(n-1)(b-a)}{2n}]\\ = (b-a)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }[a+\frac{(1-\frac{1}{n})(b-a)}{2}]\\ = (b-a)[a+\frac{(b-a)}{2}]\\ =(b-a)(b+a)/2\\ =\frac{(b^2-a^2)}{2}$

This is how the integral is evaluated using limit of a sum

Question:2 Evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums.

$\int_0^5 (x + 1)dx$

Answer:

We know that
let $I =\int_{0}^{5}(x+1)dx$
$\\\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx=(b-a)\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(a)+f(a+h)+f(a+2h)+...+f(a+(n-1)h)]\\ h = \frac{b-a}{n}$
Here a = 0, b = 5 and $f(x)=(x+1)$
therefore $h=\frac{5}{n}$

$\int_{0}^{5}(x+1)dx=5\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(0)+f(5/n)+.....+f((n-1)5/n)]$

$=5\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[1+(5/n+1)+....+(1+\frac{5(n-1)}{n})]\\ =5\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[(1+1..+1)_{n}+\frac{5}{n}(1+2+3+...+n-1)]\\ =5\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[n+\frac{5}{n}\frac{n(n-1)}{2}]\\ =5\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[n+\frac{5(n-1)}{2}]\\ =5\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }[1+\frac{5(1-\frac{1}{n})}{2}]\\ =5[1+\frac{5}{2}]\\ =\frac{35}{2}$

Question:3 Evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums.

$\int_2^3 x^2dx$

Answer:

We know that

$\\\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx=(b-a)\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(a)+f(a+h)+f(a+2h)+...+f(a+(n-1)h)]\\ h = \frac{b-a}{n}$
here a = 2 and b = 3 , so h = 1/n

$\int_{2}^{3}x^2dx=(3-2)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(2)+f(2+\frac{1}{n})+f(2+\frac{2}{n})+....+f(2+\frac{(n-1)}{n})]$

$\\=(1)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[2^2+(2+\frac{1}{n})^2+......+(2+\frac{(n-1)}{n})^2]\\ =\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[(2^2+2^2+...2^2)_{n}+(\frac{1}{n})^2+(\frac{2}{n})^2+....(\frac{n-1}{n})^2+4(\frac{1}{n}+\frac{2}{n}+.....+\frac{n-1}{n})\\ =\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[4n+\frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6n^2}+\frac{4}{n}.\frac{n(n-1)}{2}]\\ =\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[4n+(1-\frac{(1-\frac{1}{n})(2n-1)}{6})+\frac{4(n-1)}{2}]$
$\\=\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[4n+(1-\frac{n(1-\frac{1}{n})(2-\frac{1}{n})}{6})+\frac{4(n-1)}{2}]\\ =\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}.n[4+(1-\frac{(1-\frac{1}{n})(2-\frac{1}{n})}{6})+2-\frac{2}{n}]\\ =4+\frac{2}{6}+2 =\frac{19}{3}$

Question:4 Evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums.

$\int_{1}^4(x^2-x)dx$

Answer:

Let
$\\I = \int_{1}^{4}(x^2-x)dx =\int_{1}^{4}x^2dx-\int_{1}^{4}xdx\\ I = I_1-I_2$

$\int_{1}^{4}x^2dx=(4-1)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(1)+f(1+h)+f(1+2h)+.....+f(1+(n-1)h)]$

$=(4-1)\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(1)+f(1+h)+f(1+2h)+.....+f(1+(n-1)h)]\\ =3\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[1^2+(1+\frac{3}{n})^2+(1+2.\frac{3}{n})^2+......+(1+(n-1).\frac{3}{n})^2]\\ =3\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[(1^2+..1^2)_{n}+(\frac{3}{n})^2(1^2+2^2+3^2+....+(n-1)^2)+2.\frac{3}{n}(1+2+3..+n-1)]\\ =3\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[n+\frac{9}{n^2}(\frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6})+\frac{6}{n}(\frac{n(n-1)}{2})]$

$=3\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[n+\frac{9}{n^2}(\frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6})+\frac{6}{n}(\frac{n(n-1)}{2})]\\ =3\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }[1+\frac{9}{6}(1-\frac{1}{n})(2-\frac{1}{n})+3(1-\frac{1}{n})]\\ =3[1+\frac{9}{6}.2+3]\\ = 21$

for the second part, we already know the general solution of $\int_{a}^{b}xdx = \frac{(b^2-a^2)}{2}$
So, here a = 1 and b = 4
therefore $\int_{1}^{4}xdx = \frac{(4^2-1^2)}{2}=\frac{15}{2}$

So, $I = 21-\frac{15}{2} = \frac{27}{2}$

Question:5 Evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums.

. $\int_{-1}^1 e^xdx$

Answer:

let $I = \int_{-1}^{1}e^xdx$
We know that
$\\\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx=(b-a)\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(a)+f(a+h)+f(a+2h)+...+f(a+(n-1)h)]\\ h = \frac{b-a}{n}$
Here a =-1, b = 1 and $f(x) = e^x$
therefore h = 2/n
$I = 2.\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(-1)+f(-1+\frac{2}{n})+.....+f(-1+(n-1).\frac{2}{n})]$
$\\ =2.\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[e^{-1}+e^{-1+\frac{2}{n}}+e^{-1+2.\frac{2}{n}}+...+e^{-1+(n-1).\frac{2}{n}}]\\ = 2.\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[e^{-1}(1+e^{2/n}+e^{4/n}+...+e^{(n-1).\frac{2}{n}})]\\ =$
By using sum of n terms of GP $S =\frac{a(r^n-1)}{r-1}$ ....where a = 1st term and r = ratio

$\\=2\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{e^{-1}}{n}[\frac{1.(e^{\frac{2}{n}.n}-1)}{e^\frac{2}{n}-1}]\\ =2\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{e^{-1}}{n}(\frac{e^2-1}{e^{2/n}-1})\\ =\frac{e^{-1}(e^2-1)}{\lim_{\frac{2}{n}\rightarrow \infty }\frac{e^{2/n}-1}{2/n}}\\ =\frac{e^2-1}{e}$ .........using $[\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }(\frac{e^x-1}{x})=1]$

Question:6 Evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums.

$\int_0^4(x + e^{2x})dx$

Answer:

It is known that,

$\int_{0}^{4}(x+e^{2x})dx = 4\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[f(0)+f(h)+f(2h)+....+f(n-1)h]$
$\\=4\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[(0+e^0)+(h+e^2h)+(2h+e^4h)+......+((n-1)h+e^{2(n-1)h})]\\ = 4\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[h(1+2+3+.....+n-1)+(\frac{e^{2nh}-1}{e^{2h}-1})]\\ = 4\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{n}[\frac{4}{n}(\frac{n(n-1)}{2})+(\frac{e^8-1}{e^{8/n}-1})]$
$\\=4\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty }[4.\frac{1-\frac{1}{n}}{2}+\frac{\frac{e^8-1}{8}}{\frac{e^{8/n}-1}{\frac{8}{n}}}]\\ =4(2)+4[(\frac{e^8-1}{8})]\\ ==8+e^8/2-1/2\\ =\frac{15+e^8}{2}$ ..........................( $\lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{e^x-1}{x}=1$ )