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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Biological Classification: It covers important questions from the Class 11 NCERT Textbook with detailed answers. All solutions for Chapter 2 are present in PDF format to download for easy access. In NCERT solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 2, you will get solutions to Biological Classification NCERT questions that are from the main criteria of the five-kingdom classification; body organisation, cell structure, mode of nutrition and reproduction, and the last one is phylogenetic relationships. Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 from NCERT Solutions for Class 11 (PCMB) will tell you that the biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by Aristotle and their co-worker on the basis of simple morphological characteristics of organisms, but Linnaeus later classified all living organisms into two kingdoms, that is, Plantae and Animalia. After that, Whittaker proposed an elaborate five-kingdom classification, that is, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 2: Biological Classification, will also provide you with the solutions to those questions which are based on single-celled eukaryotes. Kingdom Protista includes all single-celled eukaryotes such as Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, slime molds, and Protozoans. Protists have defined the nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They reproduce both asexually and sexually. The solutions for Biological Classification Class 11 have been updated as per latest Biology CBSE Syllabus (2023-24). You can easily find all the answers in the NCERT Solutions (class-wise) if you need one for any other chapter of any other class (from NCERT).
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Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Exercise Solutions are explained in detail by experienced subject experts.
Q1. Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time?
Answer:
The classification systems keep on changing as the new species are found and classified. Till now, the classification system has undergone several changes. The first-ever classification was given by Aristotle who divided plants into herbs, shrubs and trees based on their habit and animals based on presence or absence of red blood. Later on, this classification system was rejected because it was misleading. Linnaeus then classified all organisms into two large kingdoms i.e. plants and animals. Since, this system could not distinguish between eukaryotes or prokaryotes, unicellular or multicellular organisms, it was rejected. Further, three kingdom and four-kingdom classification were proposed by Earnst Haeckel and Copeland respectively. These were soon replaced by five kingdom classification by R.H Whittaker. In this system, organisms were divided into five kingdoms namely monera, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia. Even this classification system was not up to the mark, so corrections are being made in this. Thus, we can conclude that classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time.
Q2. State two economically important uses of: (a) heterotrophic bacteria (b) archaebacteria
Answer:
(a). Economically important uses of heterotrophic bacteria
1. Some heterotrophic bacteria are decomposers and they help in humus formation
2. Heterotrophic bacteria like Rhizobium also aid in fixing of nitrogen for plants.
3. Heterotropic bacteria like Lactobacillus help in the formation of curd
(b). Economically important uses of archaebacteria
1. Archaebacteria such as Methanobacterium and some others are used in the production of gobar gas which is used as fuel.
2. Ceratin archaebacteria are used in bioleaching of minerals also
3. Archaebacteria such as Thermus aquaticus i s used to obtain Taq polymerase enzyme which is used in recombinant DNA technology.
Q3. What is the nature of cell-walls in diatoms?
Answer:
The cell wall of diatoms is composed of two, thin overlapping shells which fit together in such a way that they look like a soap case. The cell wall is impregnated with silica in characteristic patterns. Diatom cell walls are almost indestructible and on accumulation, they form diatomaceous earth.
Q4. Find out what do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red-tides’ signify.
Answer:
Algal bloom- An algal bloom is a term used for excessive growth of algae over a water body causing discolouration of the water body. Algal blooms result in the death of fishes and other aquatic organisms.
Red tides- Red tide is the red colouration of sea water due to the presence of dinoflagellate Gonyaulax. This dinoflagellate produces toxins that lead to the death of fishes.
Q5. How are viroids different from viruses?
Answer:
Viroids are different from viruses in following aspects
1. Viroids are smaller in size than viruses.
2. Viruses are made up of protein encapsulating the genetic material whereas viroids are free RNA particles.
3. Viroids cause diseases in plants whereas viruses infect both plants and animals.
Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Exercise Solutions
Q6. Describe briefly the four major groups of Protozoa.
Answer:
All protozoans are single-celled, cell-wall lacking, heterotrophic organisms that live as predators or parasites. Protozoans are considered to be primitive relatives of animals. Protozoa are divided into four groups based on their organ of motility.
1. Amoeboid protozoa- This type of protozoa are found in fresh water, sea water or moist soil. They can move and capture their prey with the help of pseudopodia. The pseudopodia are the extensions of the cell membrane. Example: Amoeba
2. Flagellated protozoa- These protozoa can be parasitic or free-living. They use their flagella for movement. Example Trypanosoma causing sleeping sickness.
3. Ciliated protozoa- These protozoa possess a number of cilia all over their bodies for movement. Ciliated protozoa are characterised by the presence of two nuclei i.e. macronuclei and micronuclei. Example: Paramoecium
4. Sporozoa- These protozoa include organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle. Sporozoans do not possess cilia or flagella. They are mostly endoparasites. E.g. Plasmodium.
Answer:
Plants are autotrophic organisms as they prepare their own food materials by converting light energy into chemical energy. However, there are plants which can adopt the heterotrophic mode of nutrition for some specific requirements. For example, Pitcher plant ( Nepenthes ) is green and autotrophic but it grows in nitrogen deficient soil. So, in order to fulfil its nitrogen needs, it preys upon insects. The leaf of Nepenthes is modified into a pitcher like structure. In this structure, insects get trapped and are digested by strong digestive enzymes present in it. Since here plant is performing photosynthesis and itis carnivorous only for obtaining nitrogen, it is said to be partially heterotrophic.
Q8. What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify?
Answer:
Phycobiont and mycobiont are parts of a lichen. A lichen refers to a symbiotic association of algae and fungi. In this association, fungi derive nutrition from algae while provides shelter to algae. The term phycobiont signifies the algal component of a lichen whereas mycobiont signifies the fungal component of lichen.
Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Questions and Answers
Q9. Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the following:
(i) mode of nutrition
(ii) mode of reproduction
Answer:
A comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi is as follows:
Phycomycetes | Ascomycetes | Basidiomycetes | Deutromycetes | |
Mode of nutrition | These are obligate parasites or saprotrophs i.e. grow on dead, decaying matter. | These are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic and coprophilous ( growing on dung) | These have saprotrophic nutrition. They are decomposers also. | Deutromycetes can be saprophytic, decomposers or parasitic. |
Mode of reproduction | Asexual reproduction takes place through the formation of zoospores (motile) or aplanospores (non-motile). Sexual reproduction takes place via gametangial copulation. | Asexual reproduction takes place through conidia formation. Sexual reproduction takes place by ascospore formation | Asexual reproduction is absent. Sexual reproduction occurs via basidiospore formation. | Mode of reproduction is always asexual through the formation of conidia. Sexual reproduction has not been identified in this group. |
Q10. What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
Answer:
Characteristic features of Euglenoids
1. Euglenoid is a group of unicellular protists with mixotrophic nutrition (both autotrophic and heterotrophic).
2. Euglenoids lack a cell wall. Their bodies are covered by a proteinaceous membrane called pellicle.
3. Euglenoids contain chlorophyll pigment, so they are photoautotrophic. However, in the absence of light, they behave like heterotrophs. Thus, they have mixotrophic nutrition.
4. Euglenoids possess two flagella at the anterior surface.
5. Euglenoids have both plant-like and animal-like characters. For example, the presence of chlorophyll is a plant character while the absence of a cell wall is animals character.
Answer:
Viruses are acellular, nucleoprotein entities which are able to utilize the synthetic machinery of a living cell of another organism for its multiplication. It infects a variety of plants, animals and microbes.
Structure of viruses- A virus consists of two parts i.e. a nucleoid and capsid. An envelope is present in some cases. A few enzymes are also found.
1. Nucleoid- It represents the viral chromosome or genetic material of chromosomes. Nucleoid is made of a single molecule on nucleic acid that can be linear or circular. It is the infection- causing part of the virus. The genetic material of the virus can be either DNA or RNA. The DNA containing viruses are called deoxyviruses while RNA containing viruses are called riboviruses. The nucleic acid can be double-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, Single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA.
2. Capsid- It refers to the proteinaceous covering around the virus which protects the nucleoid from physical and chemical damage. The capsid contains a number of subunits called capsomeres.
3. Envelope- A loose membranous covering found in some animal viruses. It is rarely seen in plants and bacterial viruses. Based on the presence or absence of envelope, viruses can be enveloped or naked. The envelope consists of viral proteins, lipids, carbohydrates etc. It possesses subunits called peplomeres. The surface of the envelope may have outgrowths called spikes.
4. Enzymes- Viruses contain enzymes such as lysozyme, RNA polymerase, RNA transcriptase, reverse transcriptase etc.
Some common viral diseases are common cold, AIDs, swine flu, hepatitis.
Q12. Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or nonliving?
Answer:
Viruses are considered to be intermediates between living and non-living entities. They resemble living beings in the following aspects:
1. Viruses are made up of organic macromolecules which is a characteristic of only living beings.
2. Viruses possess genetic material.
3. In the presence of a suitable host, viruses reproduce or multiply.
4. Viruses show the presence of enzymes like transcriptase, vitamins like riboflavin etc.
5. Viruses can show mutations, antigenic properties, infectivity, host specificity etc.
Thus, on the basis of these features, viruses must be categorised as living. However, viruses also resemble non-living things in the following aspects:
1. Viruses lack protoplast
2. Viruses are unable to live independently as a living cell.
3. Viruses do not show respiration, energy storing system, growth, division etc.
4. Viruses can be crystallized.
Thus, based on these features viruses can be classified as non-living things. Hence, the status of the virus as living or non-living is controversial.
The Important topics of Biological Classification Class 11 are given below:
2.1 Kingdom Monera
2.1.1 Archaebacteria
2.1.2 Eubacteria
2.2 Kingdom Protista
2.2.1 Chrysophytes
2.2.2 Dinoflagellates
2.2.3 Euglenoids
2.2.4 Slime Moulds
2.2.5 Protozoans
2.3 Kingdom Fungi
2.3.1 Phycomycetes
2.3.2 Ascomycetes
2.3.3 Basidiomycetes
2.3.4 Deuteromycetes
2.4 Kingdom Plantae
2.5 Kingdom Animalia
2.6 Viruses, Viroids, and Lichens
Chapter 1 | The Living World |
Chapter 2 | Biological Classification |
Chapter 3 | Plant Kingdom |
Chapter 4 | Animal Kingdom |
Chapter 5 | Morphology of Flowering Plants |
Chapter 6 | Anatomy of Flowering Plants |
Chapter 7 | Structural Organisation in Animals |
Chapter 8 | Cell: The Unit of Life |
Chapter 9 | Biomolecules |
Chapter 10 | Cell Cycle and Cell Division |
Chapter 11 | Transport in Plants |
Chapter 12 | Mineral Nutrition |
Chapter 13 | Photosynthesis in Higher Plants |
Chapter 14 | Respiration in Plants |
Chapter 15 | Plant Growth and Development |
Chapter 16 | Digestion and Absorption |
Chapter 17 | Breathing and Exchange of Gases |
Chapter 18 | Body Fluids and Circulation |
Chapter 19 | Excretory Products and Their Elimination |
Chapter 20 | Locomotion and Movement |
Chapter 21 | Neural Control and Coordination |
Chapter 22 | Chemical Coordination and Integration |
Biological Classification NCERT: In this chapter, you will also study only a few things about the kingdom Animalia. It includes heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that lack a cell wall. The mode of nutrition of these organisms is holozoic. In Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 2, you will get solutions to such questions that are based on the mode of nutrition. You will learn that some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as lichens, are not included in the five-kingdom system of classification. Class 11 biology chapter 2 NCERT solutions will provide you with such types of solutions, which you will understand easily.
The Biological Classification Class 11 solutions were developed by experts with years of experience in the field with the intention of helping students with their first board exam preparations. After going through the Biological Classification NCERT Solutions of Class 11 Biology thoroughly, you will be able to understand the Biological Classification Class 11 Questions and Answers that are given below:
If you are unable to determine these questions or facing any problem understanding Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Exercise Solutions, then go through the biological classification NCERT and then try to solve all the given questions by yourself and then match it from the Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 NCERT Solutions, as it will help you to prepare not only for the 12th board exam even also for other competitive exams like NEET.
Biological Classification Class 11 NCERT Solutions highlights are given below:
The benefits of NCERT solutions for class 11 biology chapter 2 are:
The economically important uses of heterotrophic bacteria given in ncert biological classification are:
1. Some heterotrophic bacteria are decomposers and they help in humus formation.
2. Heterotrophic bacteria like Rhizobium also aid in fixing of nitrogen for plants.
3. Heterotrophic bacteria like Lactobacillus help in the formation of curd.
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Viruses, Viroids, and Lichens
The economically important uses of archaebacteria given in biological classification ncert solutions are:
1. Archaebacteria such as Methanobacterium and some others are used in the production of gobar gas which is used as fuel.
2. Ceratin archaebacteria are used in bioleaching of minerals also.
3. Archaebacteria such as Thermus aquaticus is used to obtain Taq polymerase enzyme which is used in recombinant DNA technology.
The characteristic features of Euglenoids from class 11 biology chapter 2 biological classification notes pdf are
1. Cell wall is absent.
2. Due to the presence of pellicles, their bodies are flexible.
3. There are two distinct lengths of flagella
4. In the absence of sunlight, they grow heterotrophically, and when it shines, they grow autotrophically.
Application Date:20 November,2023 - 19 December,2023
Application Date:20 November,2023 - 19 December,2023
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Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. Ever since internet cost got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, the career as vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the career as vlogger, how to become a vlogger, so on and so forth then continue reading the article. Students can visit Jamia Millia Islamia, Asian College of Journalism, Indian Institute of Mass Communication to pursue journalism degrees.
The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.
Careers in videography are art that can be defined as a creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of an original work of art rather than a simple recording of a simple event. It would be wrong to portrait it as a subcategory of photography, rather photography is one of the crafts used in videographer jobs in addition to technical skills like organization, management, interpretation, and image-manipulation techniques. Students pursue Visual Media, Film, Television, Digital Video Production to opt for a videographer career path. The visual impacts of a film are driven by the creative decisions taken in videography jobs. Individuals who opt for a career as a videographer are involved in the entire lifecycle of a film and production.
An SEO Analyst is a web professional who is proficient in the implementation of SEO strategies to target more keywords to improve the reach of the content on search engines. He or she provides support to acquire the goals and success of the client’s campaigns.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
Production Manager Job Description: A Production Manager is responsible for ensuring smooth running of manufacturing processes in an efficient manner. He or she plans and organises production schedules. The role of Production Manager involves estimation, negotiation on budget and timescales with the clients and managers.
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A Team Leader is a professional responsible for guiding, monitoring and leading the entire group. He or she is responsible for motivating team members by providing a pleasant work environment to them and inspiring positive communication. A Team Leader contributes to the achievement of the organisation’s goals. He or she improves the confidence, product knowledge and communication skills of the team members and empowers them.
A Quality Systems Manager is a professional responsible for developing strategies, processes, policies, standards and systems concerning the company as well as operations of its supply chain. It includes auditing to ensure compliance. It could also be carried out by a third party.
A career as a merchandiser requires one to promote specific products and services of one or different brands, to increase the in-house sales of the store. Merchandising job focuses on enticing the customers to enter the store and hence increasing their chances of buying a product. Although the buyer is the one who selects the lines, it all depends on the merchandiser on how much money a buyer will spend, how many lines will be purchased, and what will be the quantity of those lines. In a career as merchandiser, one is required to closely work with the display staff in order to decide in what way a product would be displayed so that sales can be maximised. In small brands or local retail stores, a merchandiser is responsible for both merchandising and buying.
The procurement Manager is also known as Purchasing Manager. The role of the Procurement Manager is to source products and services for a company. A Procurement Manager is involved in developing a purchasing strategy, including the company's budget and the supplies as well as the vendors who can provide goods and services to the company. His or her ultimate goal is to bring the right products or services at the right time with cost-effectiveness.
Individuals who opt for a career as a production planner are professionals who are responsible for ensuring goods manufactured by the employing company are cost-effective and meets quality specifications including ensuring the availability of ready to distribute stock in a timely fashion manner.
ITSM Manager is a professional responsible for heading the ITSM (Information Technology Service Management) or (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) processes. He or she ensures that operation management provides appropriate resource levels for problem resolutions. The ITSM Manager oversees the level of prioritisation for the problems, critical incidents, planned as well as proactive tasks.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
An IT Consultant is a professional who is also known as a technology consultant. He or she is required to provide consultation to industrial and commercial clients to resolve business and IT problems and acquire optimum growth. An IT consultant can find work by signing up with an IT consultancy firm, or he or she can work on their own as independent contractors and select the projects he or she wants to work on.
A Data Architect role involves formulating the organisational data strategy. It involves data quality, flow of data within the organisation and security of data. The vision of Data Architect provides support to convert business requirements into technical requirements.
The Security Engineer is responsible for overseeing and controlling the various aspects of a company's computer security. Individuals in the security engineer jobs include developing and implementing policies and procedures to protect the data and information of the organisation. In this article, we will discuss the security engineer job description, security engineer skills, security engineer course, and security engineer career path.
A UX Architect is someone who influences the design processes and its outcomes. He or she possesses a solid understanding of user research, information architecture, interaction design and content strategy.
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