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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Mar 06, 2023 02:32 PM IST | #CBSE Class 12th

NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids is an important chapter as it carries 6 out of 70 marks in the CBSE board examination. It is advisable to go through the Class 12 Chemistry chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acid to score well in the exams. The NCERT solutions provided here are completely free. By referring to the NCERT solutions for class 12, students can understand the concepts and practice questions for the examination. Class 12 chemistry chapter 12 NCERT solutions boosts confidence of students.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

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Find NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Solutions to In-Text Questions Ex 12.1 to 12.8

Question 12.1(i) Write the structures of the following compounds.

\alpha -Methoxypropionaldehyde

Answer :

The structure of the compound \alpha -methoxy propionaldehyde is shown here-

necrt_18898

Question 12.1(ii) Write the structures of the following compounds.

3-Hydroxy butanal

Answer :

The structure of the compound 3-Hydroxy butanal is shown here-

necrt_18901

Question 12.1(iii) Write the structures of the following compounds.

2-Hydroxy cyclopentane carbaldehyde

Answer :

The structure of the compound 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde is shown here-

necrt_18903

Question 12.1(iv) Write the structures of the following compounds.

4-Oxopentanal

Answer :

The structure of the compound 4-oxopentanal is shown here-

necrt_18912

Question 12.1(v) Write the structures of the following compounds.

Di-sec. butyl ketone

Answer :

The structure of the compound Di-sec. butyl ketone is shown here-

necrt_18916

Question 12.1(vi) Write the structures of the following compounds.

4-Fluoro acetophenone

Answer :

The structure of the compound 4-Fluoro acetophenone is shown here-

necrt_18918

Question 12.2(i) Write the structures of products of the following reactions:

(i) 1649968310983 \xrightarrow[CS_{2}]{Anhyd. AlCl_{3}}

Answer :

When benzene is treated with acid chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride (-COCH_{3}) group attached to the benzene ring. this reaction is known as friedel craft acylation reaction.

necrt_18924

Question 12.2(ii) Write the structure of products of the following reactions;

(ii) (C_{6}H_{5}CH_{2})_{2}Cd + 2 CH _{3}COCl\rightarrow

Answer :

Reaction of acyl chloride with dialkylcadmium ( (C_{6}H_{5}CH_{2})_{2}Cd ), prepared from reaction of cadmium chloride and grignard reagents ,gives ketone

necrt_189301

Question 12.2(iii) Write the structures of products of the following reactions:

(iii) H_{3}C - C \equiv C - H \overset{Hg^{2+}, H_{2}SO_{4}}{\rightarrow}

Answer :

When propyne reacts with Hg^{2+} in presence of dil. sulphuric acid, water molecules as a nucleophile attack on suitable postion[ CH_{3}-C^{+}=CH^{-} , primary anion are stable] and then tautomerisation occurs to get the final product

necrt_18930

Question 12.2(iv) Write the structures of products of the following reactions:

(iv) 1649968366695 \xrightarrow[2.H_{3}O^{+} ]{1.CrO_{2}Cl_{2}}

Answer :

Chromyl chloride oxidise the methyl group into a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis give aldehyde group.

necrt_18938

Question 12.3 Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points.

CH_{3}CHO, CH_{3}CH_{2}OH,CH_{3}OCH_{3}, CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{3}

Answer :

Increasing order in their boiling points-

CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{3}<CH_{3}OCH_{3}<CH_{3}CHO<CH_{3}CH_{2}OH

Alcohol has the highest boiling point due to more extensive intermolecular H-bonding. Aldehyde is more polar than ether so, ethanal has high BP than ethyl ether. And alkane has the lowest BP.

Question 12.4(i) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.

Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.

Answer :

necrt_189451


By the above structure, we can see that, due to +I effect of alkyl group te electron density at Carbonyl carbon increase from ethanal to bytanone. And so the tendency of attacking nucleophile is decreased.
Thus the increasig order (reactivity towards nucleophile)-

Butanone < propanone < propanal < ethanal

Question 12.4(ii) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.

Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.

Answer :

If +I effect is more its reactivity towards nucleophilic addition is less. and -I is more, more reactive toward addition.

necrt_18947

So, according to this concept, increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions-

Acetophenone < p-tolualdehyde < benzaldehyde <p-nitrobenzaldehyde

Question 12.5(i) Predict the products of the following reactions:

(i) + HO - NH_{2}\overset{H^{+}}{\rightarrow} + HO - NH_{2}\overset{H^{+}}{\rightarrow}

Answer :

The product of the reaction is-
Water molecule is removed as a by-product in this reaction.

necrt_18948

Question 12.5(ii) Predict the products of the following reactions:

(ii) 1649968429167

Answer :

The product of the reaction is a hydrazone, which is formed when ketone and 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivative reacts with each other.

necrt_18949

Question 12.5(iii) Predict the products of the following reactions:

R-CH=CH-CHO + 1649968459039\overset{H^{+}}{\rightarrow}

Answer :

The product of the above reaction is -

Water molecule is eleminated as a by-product in this reaction

necrt_18950

Question 12.5(iv) Predict the products of the following reactions:

(iv) + CH_{3}CH_{2}NH_{2}\overset{H^{+}}{\rightarrow} + CH_{3}CH_{2}NH_{2}\overset{H^{+}}{\rightarrow}

Answer :

The product of the above reaction is -
water is also obtained in this reaction as a by-product

necrt_18951

Question 12.6(i) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

Ph CH_{2}CH_{2}COOH

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound Ph CH_{2}CH_{2}COOH is-

3-phenyl propanoic acid

Question 12.6(ii) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

(CH_{3})_{2}C=CH COOH

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound (CH_{3})_{2}C = CH COOH is -

3-methyl but-2-en-1-oic acid

Question 12.6(iii) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

1649968532540

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound is-

1649968547724 2-methyl cyclopentane carboxylic acid

Question 12.6(Iv) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

(iv) 1649968580406

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound is-

2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzoic acid

Question 12.7(i) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid?

Ethyl benzene

Answer :

Strong oxidising agents like potassium permanganate in the presence of KOH, followed by acidic hydrolysis give benzoic acid.

necrt_19039


Question 12.7(ii) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid.

Acetophenone

Answer :

On strong oxidation with potassium permanganate in presenc of KOH followed by acidic hydrolysis, give benzoic acid
15949813559271594981353251

Question 12.7(iii) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid?

Bromobenzene

Answer :

Make bromobenzene first Grignard reagent, react it with dry ice (carbon dioxide) followed by acidic hydrolysis gives benzoic acid.

necrt_19051

Question 12.7(iv) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid?

Phenylethene (Styrene)

Answer :

On strong oxidation with potassium permanganate ( KMnO_{4} ) in the presence of strong alkali (KOH) followed by acidic hydrolysis gives benzoic acid.

necrt_19055

Question 12.8(i) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

CH_{3}CO_{2}H or CH_{2}FCO_{2}H

Answer :

CH_{2}FCO_{2}H is stronger than CH_{3}COOH due to -I effect of Fluorine decreases the electron density at OH bond, which makes it easier to lose proton ( H^{+} ). The conjugate base of CH_{2}FCO_{2}^{-} is more stable than CH_{3}COO^{-} .

Question 12.8(ii) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

CH_{2}FCO_{2}H or CH_{2}Cl CO_{2}H

Answer :

CH_{2}FCO_{2}H is a stronger acid.

Fluorine has more -I effect than chlorine. So, CH_{2}FCO_{2}H can release proton easily than CH_{2}ClCO_{2}H .

Question 12.8(iii) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

(iii) CH_{2}FCH_{2}CH_{2}CO_{2}H or CH_{3}CH FCH_{2}CO_{2}H

Answer :

Since we know that inductive effect depends on distance. Greater is the distance lesser is the effect. So, -I effect in CH_{3}CH FCH_{2}CO_{2}H is more.

CH_{3}CH FCH_{2}CO_{2}H is more acidic than CH_{2}FCH_{2}CH_{2}CO_{2}H .

Question 12.8(iv) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

1649968633265

Answer :

Due to -I effect of Fluorine in A, it is easy to release proton ( H^{+} ) but in compound B due to +I effect of methyl group it becomes difficlt te release protons. Therefore, compound A is more acidic than compound B.

necrt_19082


Question: 12.1 (i). What is meant by the following terms ? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Cyanohydrin

Answer:

Cyanohydrin -
When ketone and aldehyde react with the hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) to yield cyanohydrin. The Reaction is very slow with the pure HCN, so it can be catalyzed by using a base.

necrt_19086

Q 12.1 (ii). What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Acetal

Answer:

Acetal -
When aldehyde reacts with one molecule of monohydric alcohol in presence of dry HCl, it gives intermediate compound known as hemiacetals, which on further reaction with one more molecule of alcohol gives a product (gem-dialkoxy compound), known as acetal.

For example:

necrt_19088

Q 12.1(iii). What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Semicarbazone

Answer:

Semicarbazone -
This is the derivative of the aldehyde and ketone and it is derived from the condensation reaction between aldehyde and ketone. For example:

necrt_19095


Q 12.1(iv). What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Aldol

Answer:

Aldol -
\beta -hydroxy aldehyde is known as aldol and it can be prepared from condensation of aldehyde and ketone, having atleast one alpha-hydrogen atom in presence of dil. alkali as a catalyst.

For example:

necrt_190971

Q 12.1(v) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Hemiacetal

Answer:

Hemiacetal -
Aldehyde reacts with one equivalent of a monohydric alcohol, to yield an alkoxy alcohol intermediate compound, in presence of dry hydrochloric acid. The intermediate is called hemiacetal.

For example:

necrt_19099

Q 12.1 (vi) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Oxime

Answer:

Oxime -
Aldehyde and ketone on reacting with the hydroxylamine in a weakly basic medium give oximes.
The general form of oxime-

necrt_19100_11

For example:

necrt_19100_2

Q 12.1 (vii) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Ketal

Answer:

Ketal-

It is a cyclic compound, which is formed when a ketone reacts with the ethylene glycol in the presence of dry hydrochloric acid.

For example:

necrt_19103_1

Q 12.1(vii) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Imine

Answer:

Imine -
These are the chemical compounds having carbon-nitrogen double bonds. It is formed when aldehyde and ketone react with ammonia and its derivatives.

For example:

necrt_19106

Q 12.1(ix) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

2,4-DNP-derivative

Answer:

2,4-DNP-derivative-

These are produced when aldehyde and ketone are reacted with the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in a weak basic medium. 2, 4DNP test is used for distinguishing between aldehyde and ketone.

For example:

necrt_19107

Q 12.1 (x) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Schiff’s base

Answer:

Schiff’s base-
When aldehyde and ketone are treated with the primary aliphatic or aromatic amines in the presence of acid produces Schiff's base.

For example:

necrt_19109

Q 12.2(i) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

CH_{3}CH(CH_{3})CH_{2}CH_{2}CHO

Answer:

CH_{3}CH(CH_{3})CH_{2}CH_{2}CHO
1649968694133 IUPAC name of this compound is 4-methyl pentanal

Q 12.2(ii) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

CH_{3}CH_{2}COCH(C_{2}H_{5})CH_{2}CH_{2}Cl

Answer:

CH_{3}CH_{2}COCH(C_{2}H_{5})CH_{2}CH_{2}Cl

1649968723336The IUPAC name of the compound is 6-chloro-4ethyl hexane-3-one

Q 12.2(iii) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

CH_{3}CH= CH CHO

Answer:

CH_{3}CH= CH CHO
the structure of the compound is
1649968756828 The IUPAC name of the compound is But -2-en-1-al

Q 12.2(iv) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

CH_{3}COCH_{2}CO CH_{3}

Answer:

CH_{3}COCH_{2}CO CH_{3}
The structure of the given compound is-
1649968789852 The IUPAC name of the compound is - pentan-2, 4-dione.

Q 12.2 (v) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

CH_{3}CH(CH_{3})CH_{2}C(CH_{3})_{2}COCH_{3}

Answer:

CH_{3}CH(CH_{3})CH_{2}C(CH_{3})_{2}COCH_{3}
The structure of the compound is -
1649968823649 The IUPAC name of the given compound is 3, 3, 5-trimethyl hexan-2-one .

Q 12.2 (vi) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

(CH_{3})_{3}CCH_{2}COOH

Answer:

(CH_{3})_{3}CCH_{2}COOH
The structure of the compound is -
1649968858754 The IUPAC name of the compound is 3, 3-dimethyl butanoic acid .

Q 12.2 (vii) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

OHCC_{6}H_{4}CHO -p

Answer:

OHCC_{6}H_{4}CHO -p
The structure of the compound is-
1649968900656 The IUPAC name of the compound is Benzene-1, 4-dicarbaldehyde .

Q 12.3(i) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

3-Methyl butanal

Answer:

The structure of the 3-methylbutanal is shown here-

necrt_19186

Q 12.3 (ii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

p-Nitropropiophenone

Answer:

The structure of p-nitro propiophenone is shown here-

necrt_19187

Q 12.3 (iii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

p-methyl benzaldehyde

Answer:

The strcuture of the p -methyl benzaldehyde is shown here-

necrt_19189

Q 12.3(iv) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one

Answer:

The structure of the compound 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one is shown here-

necrt_19193

Q 12.3(v) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

4-Chloropentan-2-one

Answer:

The structure of the compound 4-chloro-pentan-2-one is shown here-

necrt_19195


Q 12.3 (vi) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid

Answer:

The structure of the compound 3-Bromo-4-phenyl pentanoic acid is shown here-

necrt_19197

Q 12.3 (vii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

p,p’-dihydroxy benzophenone

Answer:

The structure of the compound p,p’-dihydroxy benzophenone acid is shown here-

necrt_19199

Q 12.3 (viii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid

Answer:

The structure of the compound Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid acid is shown here-

necrt_19200

Q 12.4 (i) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

CH_{3}CO(CH_{2})_{4}CH_{3}

Answer:

CH_{3}CO(CH_{2})_{4}CH_{3}
The structure of the compound is
1649968936614 The IUPAC name of the compound is hept-2-one Common name is methyl-n-propyl ketone

Q 12.4 (ii) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

CH_{3}CH_{2}CHBrCH_{2}CH(CH_{3})CHO

Answer:

CH_{3}CH_{2}CHBrCH_{2}CH(CH_{3})CHO
The structure of the compound is

1649968969701 The IUPAC name of the compound is 4-bromo-2-methylhexanal
The common name is - \gamma -bromo- \alpha -methyl-caproaldehyde


Q 12.4 (iii) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{5}CHO

Answer:

CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{5}CHO
structure os the compound is

1649969010911 The IUPAC name of the compound is heptanal


Q 12.4 (iv) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

Ph - CH = CH - CHO

Answer:

Ph - CH = CH - CHO
structur eof the compound is

1649969068080 The IUPAC name of the sompound is 3-phenylprop-2-ene-al

Common name is \beta -phenylacrolein

Q 12.4 (v). Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

1649969125909

Answer:

1649969150883 The IUPAC name of the compound is cyclopentane carbaldehyde.

Q 12.4 (vi) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

Ph CO Ph

Answer:

Ph CO Ph
structure of the compound is

1649969191854 The IUPAC name of the compound is Diphenyl mentanone.

The common name is - benzophenone

Q 12.5 (i) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazone of benzaldehyde

Answer:

The structure of 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazone of benzaldehyde

necrt_19290

12.5 (ii) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

Cyclopropanone oxime

Answer:

The structure of the Cyclopropanone oxime

necrt_19291

Q 12.5 (iii) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal

Answer:

The structure of Acetaldehydedimethylacetal

necrt_19292


Q 12.5 (iv) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone

Answer:

The structure of the semicarbazone of cyclobutanone

necrt_19293

Q 12.5 (v) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one

Answer:

The structure of the ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one

necrt_19294

Q 12.5 (vi) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

Answer:

The structure of the compound methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

necrt_19302


Q 12.6 (i) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

PhMgBr and then H 3 O +

Answer:

When cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with PhMgBr in presence of dry ether and then H_{3}O^{+} (hydrolysis)

1649969233356

Q 12.6 (ii) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

Tollens' reagent

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with tollen's reagent and reduce it to silver ( Ag ) and oxidises itself to cyclohexane carboxylate ion
So the reaction is-

15949814215731594981418650

Q 12.6 (iii) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

Semicarbazide and weak acid

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
necrt_19307
The reaction of cyclohexane carbaldehyde with semicarbazide and weak acid is-
The -NH_{2} group which is not involving in resonance with carbonyl group act as a nucleophile and attack on -CHO group to form product.

necrt_19307_2

Q 12.6 (iv) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

Excess ethanol and acid

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
necrt_19307
reaction of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde with the excess of ethanol and acid to form cyclohexanecarbaldehyde diethyl acetal.

necrt_19309

Q 12.6 (v) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexane carbaldehyde
necrt_19307
When cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with zinc amalgam( Zn-Hg ) and dil. HCl , the carbonyl group of reactant is reduced to CH_{2} , it is also known as clemmensen reduction.

necrt_19312

Q 12.7 (i) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Methanal

Answer:

The compounds of ketones or aldehyde having at least one \alpha - hydrogen atom give aldol condensation reaction. Here, methanal has not any alpha-hydrogen atom. So, it gives a cannizzaro reaction.

The product of the reactions are, in which in the product is reduced and another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt-

necrt_19318

Q 12.7 (iii) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Benzaldehyde

Answer:

Benzaldehyde Structure
necrt_19326
In this structure we can clearly see that there is no alpha-hydrogen atom. So, it gives cannizzaro reaction.

necrt_19326_2

Q 12.7 (iv) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Benzophenone

Answer:

It does not give any of the reaction because it is a keto compound and having no alpha -hydrogen atom. Hence it does not give cannizzaro as well as aldol reaction.

Structure -
necrt_19330

Q 12.7 (v) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Cyclohexanone

Answer:

Yes, this compound will give aldol condensation reaction due to the presence of alpha-hydrogen atom. Two moles of cyclohexanone react with each other in which one molecule act as nucleophile and other act as an electrophile.

necrt_19333

Q 12.7 (vi) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

1-Phenylpropanone

Answer:

1-Phenylpropanone, has two alpha-hyrdrogen atom, So it gives aldol condensation reaction. It react with an another molecule of 1-Phenylpropanone in presence of dil. NaOH .

necrt_19336

Q 12.7(vii) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Phenylacetaldehyde

Answer:

Phenylacetaldehyde, it has two alpha-hydrogen, which makes it possible to perform aldol condensation reaction. So, the reaction is shown here;

necrt_19339

Q 12.7(ix) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

2,2-Dimethylbutanal

Answer:

In this compound, there is no alpha hydrogen, which means it gives cannizzaro reaction in the presence of conc. sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ). One molecule of it is oxidised and the other molecule is reduced.

necrt_19343

Q 12.8 (i) How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

Butane-1,3-diol

Answer:

On treating ethanal with dil. alkali it gives 3-hydroxybutanal, which on further reduction with NaBH_{4} gives the product Butane-1,3-diol

necrt_19344

Q 12.8 (ii) How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

But-2-enal

Answer:

On treating with he presence of dil. alkali ( NaOH ), it gives 3-hydroxybuttanal which on further dehydration gives but -2-ene-al.

necrt_19345

Q 12.8 (iii) How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

But-2-enoic acid

Answer:

When the given substrate is reacting with the tollens reagent it produces but-2-enoic acid.

necrt_19349

Q 12.9 Write structural formulas and names of four possible aldol condensation products from propanal and butanal. In each case, indicate which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as electrophile?

Answer:

Propanal - CH_{3}CH_{2}CHO

butanal - CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{2}CHO

In cross-aldol condensation, there are total four cases of reaction-

  1. When two molecules of propanal react with each other
  2. When two molecules of butanal reacts with eath other
  3. When propanal act as a nucleophile and attacking on butanal(as an electrophile)
  4. When butanal act as a nucleophile and attacking on propanal(as an electrophile)

Now the reactions are shown here:
(i)

necrt_19352_1
(ii)

necrt_19352_2
(iii)

necrt_19352_3
(iv)

necrt_19352_4

Q 12.10 An organic compound with the molecular formula C_{9}H_{10}O forms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollens’ reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

Answer:

According to given information, the molecular formula is C_{9}H_{10}O and it reduces tollens reagent. So, there must be an aldehyde group.And also it gives cannizaro reaction, it means the given copound has no \alpha -hydrogen atom. On oxidation it gives 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Thus, the aldehyde group ( -CHO ) is directly attached with the benzene ring and also it should be para-substituted.

Hence, the structure of the compound (2-ethyl benzaldehyde) is-

necrt_19356_01

By following reaction we can undrstand this prblem-

necrt_19356_2

Q 12.12 (i) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards HCN)

Answer:

Increasing order (reactivity towards HCN)-
Di-tert-butyl ketone < Methyl tert-butyl ketone < Acetone < Acetaldehyde

necrt_19444
The attacking power of CN nucleophile can be affected by two ways-

  1. hindrance near carbonyl group
  2. negative charge on -CO group (through +I effect of methyl)

By observing the structure of all compound we can arrange them in order to reactivity towards HCN.

Q 12.12 (ii) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

CH_{3}CH_{2}CH(Br)COOH, CH_{3}CH(Br)CH_{2}COOH, (CH_{3})_{2}CHCOOH ,CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{2}COOH (acid strength)

Answer:

increasing order of their acidic strength-

\\(CH_{3})_{2}CHCOOH<CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{2}COOH<CH_{3}CH(Br)CH_{2}COOH<CH_{3}CH_{2}CH(Br)COOH

Due to presence of Bromine, which shows -I effect and we know that -I grows weaker as distance increases. And in case of n-propyl and isopropyl, the +I effect is more in isopropyl, so it is weak in acidic strength.
-I\propto acidic nature
+I\propto 1/ acidic

Q 12.12 (iii) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)

Answer:

Increasing order of acidic strength -

4-methoxybenzoic acid < Benzoic acid < 4-Nitrobenzoic acid < 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

As we know, electron withdrawing groups increase the strength of the acid and electron donating group decreases the strength of acids. Therefore, 4-methoxybenzoic acid is the weakest acid among them and 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid is the strongest due to the presence of 2 electron withdrawing groups and then 4-Nitrobenzoic acid.

Q 12.13 (i) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Propanal and Propanone

Answer:

Both the copound can be distinguished by following tests-

  • tollens test
  • iodoform test
  • fehlings test

Propanal reduces the tollens reagent but poropanone does not.
Akdehyde responds to fehlings test but ketone does not. So, Propanal gives positive fehlings test but not by propanone.

Q 12.13 (ii) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Acetophenone and Benzophenone

Answer:

Acetophenone gives ppositive iodoform test, it react with NaOI to give yellow ppt. but benzophenone does not give this test.

C_{6}H_{5}COCH_{3}+NaOI\rightarrow C_{6}H_{5}COONa+CHI_{3}+NaOH

benzophenone + NaOI \rightarrow no yellow ppt.

Q 12.13 (iii) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Phenol and Benzoic acid

Answer:

Phenol gives ferric chloride test ( FeCl_{3} ) , on reaction with ferric chloride phenol gives violet coloured solution but benzoic acid does not.

necrt_19450

Q 12.13 (iv) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate

Answer:

Both can be distinguish by sodium bicarbonate test, In this test, benzoic acid react with NaHCO_{3} to give brisk effervescence due to evoltion of carbon dioxide ( CO_{2} ) but Ethyl benzoate does not.

necrt_19451


Q 12.13 (v) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one

Answer:

They can be distinguished by iodoform test,
This test is given by compounds having methyl ketone group. So, pentan-2-one give this test and pentan-3-one does not.

necrt_19452

Q 12.13 (vi) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone

Answer:

Both can be distinguished by-

  1. Iodoform test
    In acetophenone, methyl ketone group present.So it give positive iodoform test by forming a yellow ppt.
    necrt_19454
  2. Tollen's test
    Aldehyde give positive tollens test. Benzaldehyde reduces the tollens reagent and give red brown ppt.but acetophenone does not give this test.
    necrt_19454_1

Q 12.13 (vii) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Ethanal and Propanal

Answer:

Ethanal and Propanal can be distinguished by Iodoform test.
Ethanal has one methyl group attached with Carbonyl group, so it gives a positive iodoform test but propanal does not give this test.

necrt_19455

Q 12.14(i) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

Methyl benzoate

Answer:

Benzene on bromination formed bromobenzene and after that we have to react with Mg in presence of ether it becomes Grignard reagents ( R-MgX ). Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) to form salts of carboxylic acids, which on acidic hydrolysis gives benzoic acid. On esterification, it gives methyl benzoate.

necrt_19457

Q 12.14 (ii) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom.

m-nitrobenzoic acid

Answer:

Benzene on bromination formed bromobenzene and after that we have to react with Mg in presence of ether it becomes grignard reagents ( R-MgX ). Grignard reagents reacts with carbon dioxide (dry ice) to form salts of carboxylic acids, which on acidic hydrolysis gives benzoic acid. Finally after doing nitration we get our desired product (m-Nitrobenzoic acid).


necrt_19458


Q 12.14 (iii) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

(iii) p-nitrobenzoic acid

Answer:

By friedel craft alkylation of benzene give methyl benzene, which on nitration give meta and para substituted methyl benzene, para substituted is major product. Oxidation of para substituted methyl benzene( KMnO_{4}/KOH ) gives salts of carboxylic acid, which on further acidic hydrolysis gives p-nitrobenzoic acid.

necrt_19460


Q 12.14 (iv) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

Phenyl acetic acid

Answer:

Alkylation of benzene in presence of anhydrous AlCl_{3} gives toluene, which on further reaction with Br_{2}/\Delta /hv gives benzyl bromide and after that reacts with alc. KCN, CN replace the Br and formed benzyle cyanide which on acidic hydrolysis gives phenyl acetic acid.

necrt_19461

Q 12.14(v) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

p-nitrobenzaldehyde

Answer:

Alkylationof benzene gives toluene, which on further reaction with HNO_{3}/H_{2}SO_{4} gives p- nitrotoluene and react it with the the carbon disulphide / CrO_2Cl_{2} followed by acidic hydrolysis to form p -nitrobenzaldehyde.

necrt_19463

Q 12.15(i) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Propanone to Propene

Answer:

First, reduce propanone with the help of lithium aluminum hydride ( LiAlH_{4} ) to get propan-2-ol and then by dehydration remove water molecule to get propene.

1650361743870

Q 12.15(ii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzoic acid to benzaldehyde

Answer:

With the help of mild reducing agent we can reduce benzoic acids into benzaldehyde.
necrt_19465
alternate method-

necrt_19465_1


First react it with SOCl_{2} which replace OH group and then hydogenation reaction.

Q 12.15 (iii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Ethanol to 3-hydroxy butanal

Answer:

Ethanol on heating at 573K in presence of copper it convert into ethanal and then by aldol condensation we get 3-hydroxybutanal.

necrt_19470

Q 12.15 (iv) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzene to m-nitroacetophenone

Answer:

Benzene on reacting with acetic anhydride (CH_{3}CO)_{2}CO , it gives acetophenone And further reacting acetophenone with nitric acid in presence of sulphuric acid give meta substituted product, m-nitroacetophenone.

necrt_19471_1

Q 12.15 (v) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzaldehyde to benzophenone

Answer:

On oxidation of benzaldehyde, it converted into benzoic acid, which on further reacting with CaCO_{3} it formed calcium benzoate. After distillation we get benzophenone.

necrt_19473

Q 12.15 (vi) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Bromobenzene to 1-phenylethanol

Answer:

Bromobenzene on reacting with Mg in presence of dry ether it formed grignard reagents ( R-Mg-X ), which on further reacting with ethanal followe by acidic hydrolysis gives 1-phenyl ethanol

necrt_19474

12.15 (vii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzaldehyde to 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol

Answer:

BY cross aldol-condesation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde gives 3-phenylprop-2-ene-al, whixh on catalytic hydrogenation gives 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol

necrt_19478

Q 12.15 (viii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzaldehyde to α-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid

Answer:

Nucleophilic reaction of benzaldehyde with NaCN in presence of HCl gives benzaldehyde cyanohydrine, which on acidic hydrolysis formed α-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid

necrt_19481

Q 12.15(ix) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzoic acid to m-nitrobenzyl alcohol

Answer:

On nitration of benzoic acid gives meta substituted nitro benzoic acid which on further reacting with reducing agent and followed by acidic hydrolysis gives nitrobenzyl alcohol.


necrt_19484

Q 12.16 (i) Describe the following.

Acetylation

Answer:

Acetylation-
The addition of acetyl functional group ( CH_{3}CO- ) in an organic compound is called acetylation. Acetic anhydride( (CH_{3}CO)_{2}CO ) and acetyl chloride ( CH_{3}COCl ) are mostly used as acetylating agents. This reaction is happens in presence of a base such as pyridine etc.

necrt_19486

Q 12.16 (ii) Describe the following.

Cannizzaro reaction

Answer:

Cannizzaro reaction-
Aldehyde which do not have any alpha- hydrogen, undergo self oxidation as well as reduction reaction on treating with concentrated alkalies. In this reaction, one molecule gets reduced and other is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt.

necrt_19488

Q 12.16 (iii) Describe the following.

Cross aldol condensation

Answer:

Cross aldol condensation -
In aldol condensation, if the reactants are two different aldehyde or ketone, then it is called cross-aldol condensation. If both of the reactants contains alpha-hydrogen atoms then it gives a mixture of four products.

necrt_19489_1
If the reactants contain alpha-hydrogen atoms then,

necrt_19489_2

Q 12.16 (iv) Describe the following.

Decarboxylation

Answer:

Decarboxylation -
The reaction in which the carboxylic acid loses carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon, in the presence of sodalime( NaOH and CaO in the ratio of 3:1). This reaction is known as decarboxylation.

necrt_19496

Q 12.17(i) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

capture-173\xrightarrow[KOH, heat ]{KMnO_{4}}

Answer:

Potassium permanganate oxidise the substituted ethyl group to -COOH group and due to presence of KOH, formed carboxylic acid salts (potassium benzoate)
necrt_19497

Q 12.17(ii) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

1649969333694\xrightarrow[heat]{SoCl_{2}}

Answer:

The -OH groups of both carboxylic acid is replaced by the chlorine
So, the overall reaction is

necrt_19498

Q 12.17 (iii) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products

C_{6}H_{5}CHO\overset{H_{2}NCONHNH_{2}}{\rightarrow}

Answer:

In this reaction, the -NH_{2} group which not directly attached with the carbonyl group act as a nucleophile and attack on -CO group of benzaldehyde and water molecule is also produced as a by-product.

So, the final product is-

necrt_19499

Q 12.17(iv) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

1649969382126

Answer:

Benzene reacts with benzoyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride ( AlCl_{3} ) to give benzophenone and also HCl as a by-product.

necrt_19500

Q 12.17(v) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

capture-176 \overset{\left [ Ag\left ( NH_{3} \right )_{2} \right ]^{+}}{\rightarrow}

Answer:

SInce, the give reactant is a aldehyde compound, So it give positive tollen's test by reducing the tollens reagent.


necrt_19501

Q 12.17 (vi) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

1649969442329\overset{NaCN / HCl}{\rightarrow}

Answer:

In this reaction, the nucleophile CN attacks on -CHO group because it has more reactivity towards CN^{-} .

So the reaction gives

necrt_19503

Q 12.17 (vii) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

C_{6}H_{3}CHO + CH_{3}CH_{2}CHO \xrightarrow[\Delta ]{dil NaOH}

Answer:

The given eaction is cross aldol reaction between benzaldehyde and propanal in presence of dil. sodium hydroxide

necrt_19504

Q 12.17 (viii) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

CH_{2}COCH_{2}COOC_{2}H_{5}\xrightarrow[ii. H^{+}]{i. NaBH_{4}}

Answer:

In this reaction NaBH_{4} is a reducing agent, which reduces the CO group of the compound.

necrt_19505

Q 12.17(ix) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

capture-178\overset{CrO_{2}}{\rightarrow}

Answer:

CrO_{2} oxidises the OH(alcohol) group into keto-group (-CO) and finally the product produced is cyclohexanone

necrt_19506

Q 12.17(x) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

necrt_19507_1

Answer:

Diborane reacts with an alkene to give trialkyl boranes (addition product) and this is oxidised to alcohol by using hydrogen peroxide.

After then pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is reacted with alcohol to convert it into Aldehyde group.

necrt_19507

Q 12.17 (xi) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

\xrightarrow[ii. Zn - H_{2}O]{i. O_{3}}1649969486840

Answer:

The above reaction is ozonolysis reaction in which ozone molecule breaks the double bond of the alkene and formed a ketone or aldehyde as a product.

necrt_19509

Q 12.18(i) Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone does not.

Answer:

Structure of 2,2,6-trimethylcyclo hexanone
necrt_19511
Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin when the nucleophile ( HCN/CN^{-} ) attack on cyclohexanone.
necrt_19511_1
In this case, there is less hindrance around the CO group so the nucleophile can attack easily. But in case of 2,2,6-trimethylcyclo hexanone at the alpha ( \alpha ) position, there is a hindrance because of the methyl groups. Thus the nucleophile cannot attack effectively.

Q 12.18(ii) Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

There are two –NH 2 groups in semicarbazide. However, only one is involved in the formation of semicarbazones.

Answer:

In Semicarbazide,

necrt_19512


One of the -NH_{2} group is involved in resonance with the carbonyl group, which is directly attached. Therefore, it cannot act as a nucleophile (its electrons are less available or less electron density at that -NH_{2} group). But the other -NH_{2} group is not participating in resonance, so it can act as nucleophile and attack on the carbonyl carbon of ketone and aldehyde.

Q 12.18(iii) Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it is formed.

Answer:

RCOOH+R'OH\rightleftharpoons RCOOR'+H_{2}O
If either water or the ester is not removed immediately then ester can react with water and again and give back the reactants.

Thus to shift the reaction in forward direction we need to produce more ester or remove either of the two.

Q 12.19 An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon, 11.63% hydrogen and rest oxygen. The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollens’ reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogen sulphite and give a positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic and propanoic acid. Write the possible structure of the compound.

Answer:

In the question, it is given that,
% of carbon = 69.77
% of Hydrogen = 11.63
% of Oxygen = (100-69.77-11.63) = 18.6

Now, the no. of moles of the components are-
n_{c}=\frac{69.77}{12}=5.81
n_{H}=\frac{11.63}{1}=11.63
n_{O}=\frac{18.6}{16}=1.16
Thus ration of C:H:O = 5.81:11.63:1.16
To get empirical formula we need to divide them by 1.16 .So,
C:H:O= 5:10:1
So, the empirical formula is C_{5}H_{10}O
The molecular mass of the compound = (5\times 12)+(10\times 1)+(1\times 16) = 86

Since the compound does not give tollens test it means it is not an aldehyde. It is given that, the compound gives positive iodoform test it means the compound must be methyl ketone.
On oxidation, it gives ethanoic acid and propanoic acids. Therefore, the compound should be

Pentan-2-one
the structure of the compound is - CH_{3}-CO-(CH_{2})_{2}-CH_{3}

Q 12.20 Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why?

Answer:

In carboxylate ion the electron is delocalised between oxygen, which is electronegative in nature. But in case of phenoxide ion, the electron are delocalise between less electronegative atom and also phenoxide ion has non-equivalent resonance structure. Therefore, carboxylate ion is more resonance stable than phenoxide ion and we know that more stable the conjugate base of an acid, high strong is the acidic

necrt_19518

NCERT solutions Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Learn here More About Adehyde Ketone and Carboxylic Acid NCERT solutions:

The carbonyl functional group(>C=O) is bonded to a carbon and hydrogen atom, while in the ketones, the carbonyl group is bound to two carbon atoms. In the carboxylic acid, carbon of carbonyl group(>C=O) is bounded to hydrogen or carbon and oxygen of hydroxyl moiety(-OH), while in amides carbon is attached to hydrogen or carbon and nitrogen of moiety and in acyl halides, carbon is attached to hydrogen or carbon and to halogens. Read further to know more about this NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 PDF download.

In aldehydes, the carbonyl functional group(>C=O) is bonded to a carbon and hydrogen atom, while in the ketones, the carbonyl group is bounded to two carbon atoms. In the carboxylic acid, carbon of carbonyl group(>C=O) is bounded to hydrogen or carbon and oxygen of hydroxyl moiety(-OH), while in amides carbon is attached to hydrogen or carbon and nitrogen of moiety -NH_{2} and in acyl halides, carbon is attached to hydrogen or carbon and to halogens. Following are the basic structures of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic Acids, acyl halide and amide.

An Insight to Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solutions:

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry solutions chapter 12 deals with aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid compounds, their IUPAC names, physical properties and chemical reactions. In this chapter, there are 20 questions in the exercise. The NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids will help you in your preparation of CBSE board exams as well as competitive exams like JEE Mains, NEET, BITSAT, etc. In Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 NCERT solutions, students have studied organic compounds containing carbon-oxygen single bond functional groups. In NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, students will learn about organic compounds containing carbon-oxygen double bond (>C=O) that is known as carbonyl group. In organic chemistry, carbonyl group (>C=O) is one of the most important functional groups.

NCERT Solutions for class 12 Chemistry

NCERT Solutions for class 12 Subject wise

Benefits of NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids

  • The comprehensive answers given in the NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids will be helpful in understanding the chapter easily.

  • Revision will be quite easier because the detailed solutions will help you to remember the concepts and get very good marks in your examination.

  • Homework problems won't bother you anymore, all you need to do is check the detailed CBSE NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids and you are good to go.

Also check NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions

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Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. Where can I find complete solutions for NCERT class 12 Chemistry?
2. What are the important topics of the chapter Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids?
  1. Aldehydes

  2. Ketones

  3. Hydration of Alkynes

  4. Formation of Alcohols

  5. Wolff- Kishner Reduction

  6. Halogenation

  7. Cannizzaro Reaction

  8. Friedel- Crafts Acylation.

  9. Nuclei Addition Reactions

  10. Formation of Cyanohydrins

3. What is the weightage of NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 12 in NEET?

Weightage of this chapter is 3 percent. The questions of NEET can be practiced using NCERT book exercises, NCERT exemplar pronlems and NEET previous year papers.

4. What is the weightage of NCERT class 12 Chemistry chapter 12 in JEE Mains ?

This chapter holds weightage of 2-3 marks in JEE mains 

5. What is the weightage of NCERT class 12 Chemistry chapter 12 in CBSE Board Exams?

Weightage of this chapter in CBSE Board exams is 5-6 marks.

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Questions related to CBSE Class 12th

Have a question related to CBSE Class 12th ?

hello,

Yes you can appear for the compartment paper again since CBSE gives three chances to a candidate to clear his/her exams so you still have two more attempts. However, you can appear for your improvement paper for all subjects but you cannot appear for the ones in which you have failed.

I hope this was helpful!

Good Luck

Hello dear,

If you was not able to clear 1st compartment and now you giving second compartment so YES, you can go for your improvement exam next year but if a student receives an improvement, they are given the opportunity to retake the boards as a private candidate the following year, but there are some requirements. First, the student must pass all of their subjects; if they received a compartment in any subject, they must then pass the compartment exam before being eligible for the improvement.


As you can registered yourself as private candidate for giving your improvement exam of 12 standard CBSE(Central Board of Secondary Education).For that you have to wait for a whole year which is bit difficult for you.


Positive side of waiting for whole year is you have a whole year to preparing yourself for your examination. You have no distraction or something which may causes your failure in the exams. In whole year you have to stay focused on your 12 standard examination for doing well in it. By this you get a highest marks as a comparison of others.


Believe in Yourself! You can make anything happen


All the very best.

Hello Student,

I appreciate your Interest in education. See the improvement is not restricted to one subject or multiple subjects  and  we cannot say if improvement in one subject in one year leads to improvement in more subjects in coming year.

You just need to have a revision of all subjects what you have completed in the school. have a revision and practice of subjects and concepts helps you better.

All the best.

If you'll do hard work then by hard work of 6 months you can achieve your goal but you have to start studying for it dont waste your time its a very important year so please dont waste it otherwise you'll regret.

Yes, you can take admission in class 12th privately there are many colleges in which you can give 12th privately.

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A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1)

0.34\; J

Option 2)

0.16\; J

Option 3)

1.00\; J

Option 4)

0.67\; J

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times.  Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated.  How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ?  Fat supplies 3.8×107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.  Take g = 9.8 ms−2 :

Option 1)

2.45×10−3 kg

Option 2)

 6.45×10−3 kg

Option 3)

 9.89×10−3 kg

Option 4)

12.89×10−3 kg

 

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1)

2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

Option 2)

200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

Option 3)

2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

Option 4)

20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

A particle is projected at 600   to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1)

K/2\,

Option 2)

\; K\;

Option 3)

zero\;

Option 4)

K/4

In the reaction,

2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

Option 1)

11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

Option 3)

33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

Option 4)

67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2} will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1)

0.02

Option 2)

3.125 × 10-2

Option 3)

1.25 × 10-2

Option 4)

2.5 × 10-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1)

decrease twice

Option 2)

increase two fold

Option 3)

remain unchanged

Option 4)

be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1)

Molality

Option 2)

Weight fraction of solute

Option 3)

Fraction of solute present in water

Option 4)

Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol-1) is

Option 1)

twice that in 60 g carbon

Option 2)

6.023 × 1022

Option 3)

half that in 8 g He

Option 4)

558.5 × 6.023 × 1023

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t2) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m2 , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is

Option 1)

less than 3

Option 2)

more than 3 but less than 6

Option 3)

more than 6 but less than 9

Option 4)

more than 9

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3 Jobs Available
Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

3 Jobs Available
Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

3 Jobs Available
Geotechnical engineer

The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction. 

The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions. 

3 Jobs Available
Cartographer

How fascinating it is to represent the whole world on just a piece of paper or a sphere. With the help of maps, we are able to represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Individuals who opt for a career as a cartographer are those who make maps. But, cartography is not just limited to maps, it is about a mixture of art, science, and technology. As a cartographer, not only you will create maps but use various geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems to measure, analyse, and create different maps for political, cultural or educational purposes.

3 Jobs Available
Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

4 Jobs Available
Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

3 Jobs Available
Finance Executive
3 Jobs Available
Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

3 Jobs Available
Investment Director

An investment director is a person who helps corporations and individuals manage their finances. They can help them develop a strategy to achieve their goals, including paying off debts and investing in the future. In addition, he or she can help individuals make informed decisions.

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

3 Jobs Available
Plumber

An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.

2 Jobs Available
Construction Manager

Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.

2 Jobs Available
Urban Planner

Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities. 

Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.

2 Jobs Available
Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

2 Jobs Available
Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

2 Jobs Available
Naval Architect

A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability. 

2 Jobs Available
Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

6 Jobs Available
Veterinary Doctor
5 Jobs Available
Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

5 Jobs Available
Speech Therapist
4 Jobs Available
Gynaecologist

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

4 Jobs Available
Oncologist

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

3 Jobs Available
Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

3 Jobs Available
Hospital Administrator

The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.

2 Jobs Available
Actor

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

4 Jobs Available
Acrobat

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

3 Jobs Available
Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

3 Jobs Available
Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

3 Jobs Available
Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

2 Jobs Available
Videographer
2 Jobs Available
Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

2 Jobs Available
Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

2 Jobs Available
Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

5 Jobs Available
Journalist

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

3 Jobs Available
Publisher

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

3 Jobs Available
Vlogger

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

3 Jobs Available
Editor

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

3 Jobs Available
Linguist

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning). 

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian

2 Jobs Available
Public Relation Executive
2 Jobs Available
Travel Journalist

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Production Manager
3 Jobs Available
Merchandiser
2 Jobs Available
QA Lead

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment. 

2 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
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