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Reproduction in plants is an important process that helps in producing seeds and growing new plants, that make sure their varieties remain in continuity and spread. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants proves to be an important chapter for the students of the 12th standard. The NCERT Solutions explain important processes such as pollination, fertilization, and the formation of seeds in easy terms. These solutions also help students understand the anatomy and functioning of various components of a flower, which is necessary to achieve maximum marks in examinations.
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Correct definitions of such vital topics as microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, and double fertilization help students to understand these terms, which are frequently requested in examinations. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants covers terms such as synergids, antipodals, apomixis, parthenocarpy, and pollen-pistil interaction. The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 answers make complex terms such as self-incompatibility and artificial hybridization simple. Constant practice using these solutions improves the confidence level of students and allows them to answer questions during exams.
Explore the fascinating process of how flowering plants reproduce. The free PDF below offers easy-to-follow solutions that explain important concepts like pollination, fertilization, and seed formation. Download PDF
Find complete and well-explained solutions to all exercise questions below, which are designed to help you understand each concept clearly.
Question 1. Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which the development of male and female gametophytes takes place.
Answer:
In angiosperm flowers, the Gametophyte development takes place at certain sites.
Answer:
Microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis are important processes in plant reproduction that have key differences. Both involve meiosis, a type of cell division.
Microsporogenesis | Megasporogenesis |
The process of formation of a functional haploid microspore is called microsporogenesis. | The process of formation of a functional haploid microspore is called megasporogenesis. |
Microsporogenesis takes place in the pollen sac of the anther | Megasporogenesis takes place inside the ovule |
Four functional microspores are formed as a result of microsporogenesis | Only one functional megaspore is formed as a result of megasporogenesis; the other three are degenerated |
The four micropores produced as a result of microsporogenesis are arranged in a tetrad | The four micropores produced as a result of megasporogenesis are arranged linearly |
During microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, meiosis occurs and results in the formation of four microspores and megaspores, respectively. Later, mitosis occurs to give rise to the microgametophyte and megagametophyte.
At the end of microsporogenesis, four functional haploid microspores are formed, whereas at the end of megasporogenesis, four megaspores are formed, out of which three degenerate and only one functional megaspore remains.
Answer:
The correct developmental sequence is as follows:
Sporogenous tissue → Pollen mother cell → Microspore tetrad → Pollen grain → male gametes
Question 4. With a neat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a typical angiosperm ovule.
Answer:
The diagram of a typical angiosperm ovule is as follows:
An ovule consists of a funicle, micropyle, integuments, nucellus, embryo sac, hilum, chalaza, etc.
Question 5. What is meant by the monosporic development of female gametophytes?
Answer:
Monosporic development is a particular process in the development of the female gametophyte.
Question 6. With a neat diagram, explain the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of the female gametophyte.
Answer:
The diagram of 7-celled 8-nucleate embryo sacs of plants is as follows:
The female gametophyte of plants is formed from a single functional megaspore with the help of four unequal mitotic divisions. These mitotic divisions give rise to 8 nuclei. Later, these nuclei assemble into 7 cells. To both chalazal and micropylar ends, three cells each move. The three cells at the chalaza are called antipodal cells, while those at the micropylar end constitute the egg apparatus. The egg apparatus includes two larger cells called synergid, while the egg is the smallest cell that acts as a female gamete.
Two nuclei migrate to the centre,e and together they form a single cell called the central cell. This central cell consists of two nuclei called polar nuclei. Thus, the mature embryo sac possesses 7 cells ( 3 antipodal cells, 2 synergid cells, 1 egg cell, and 1 central cell) and 8 nuclei ( 3 antipodal cells, 2 synergid cells, 1 egg cell, and 2 central cells).
Answer:
Flowers can be of two types, i.e., chasmogamous flowers or cleistogamous flowers.
Thus, Cross-pollination cannot occur in cleistogamous flowers.
Question 8. Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
Answer:
Self-pollination refers to the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower. Continuous self-pollination can reduce the variations in the progeny and cause a reduction in vigour and vitality. Thus, plants have developed certain mechanisms to avoid self-pollination and ensure cross-pollination. The two mechanisms to prevent self-pollination are as follows:
Protandry- Anthers mature earlier than the stigma of the same flower. So, even if the pollens fall on these stigmas, they are unable to germinate. E.g. sunflower, Salvia.
Protogyny- Stigmas mature earlier than anthers and get pollinated by mature pollen grains of other flowers. E.g. Mirabilis jalapa.
Answer:
Self-incompatibility refers to the genetic inability of fully functional pollen grains and ovules to produce viable seeds.
Question 10. What is the bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?
Answer:
The bagging technique is a tool used in plant breeding. Bagging refers to covering emasculated flowers with the help of butter paper or plastic bags to avoid contamination of the stigma of these flowers with undesired pollens.
Question 11. What is triple fusion? Where and how does it take place? Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.
Answer:
A pollen grain produces two male gametes. Out of these, one male gamete fuses with the egg cell and produces a zygote. The second male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to produce the primary endosperm nucleus. Since this fusion includes three haploid nuclei, it is called triple fusion.
In triple fusion, two polar nuclei and one male gamete are involved.
Question 12. Why do you think the zygote is dormant for some time in a fertilised ovule?
Answer:
The zygote starts developing into an embryo only when a certain amount of endosperm has developed. This is because endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo. Thus, a zygote remains dormant in a fertilised ovule till the endosperm has developed.
Question 13(a) . Differentiate between:
(a) hypocotyl and epicotyl
Answer:
The differences between hypocotyl and epicotyl are as follows:
Hypocotyl | Epicotyl |
This is the portion of the embryo present below the cotyledon. | This is the portion of the embryo present above the cotyledon. |
Hypocotyl ends in radicle | Epicotyl ends into plumule |
Question 13(b) . Differentiate between:
(b) coleoptile and coleorrhiza
Answer:
The differences between coleoptile and coleorhiza are as follows:
Coleoptile | Coleorrhiza |
Coleoptile refers to the protective covering that surrounds the plumule | Coleorrhiza is the sheath that surrounds the radicle and root cap |
This sheath can come out of the soil, become green, and perform photosynthesis. | Coleorrhiza remains in the soil only. |
Question 13(c) . Differentiate between:
(c) integument and testa
Answer:
The differences between integument and testa are as follows:
Integument | Testa |
It is a ppre-fertilisationstructure that covers the ovule | It is a post-fertilisation structure that covers the seed |
The integument is a thin layer consisting of living cells | Testa is a thick coat consisting of dead cells |
The integument arises from Chalaza | Testa is derived from the integuments |
Question 13(d). Differentiate between:
(d) perisperm and pericarp
Answer:
The differences between the perisperm and pericarp are as follows:
Perisperm | Pericarp |
Perisperm refers to the residual persistent nucellus | The pericarp is the wall of the fruit derived from the ovary wall |
Perisperm is non-functional to the seed | The function of the pericarp is the protection of the inside structures |
It is dry | It is fleshy. |
Question 14. Why is an apple called a false fruit? Which part(s) of the flower form the fruit?
Answer:
The fruits are formed from the ovary of a flower after fertilisation.
Question 15. What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?
Answer:
The process of removal of anthers from the flower with the help of forceps without affecting the female reproductive parts is called emasculation. This technique is used by plant breeders to allow suggestive breeding between plants to produce plants with desired seeds. Hence, it can be used to prevent self-pollination or cross-pollination according to the needs of the breeder.
Answer:
The fruits formed as a result of parthenocarpy are generally seedless. Hence, for parthenocarpy, we can select fruits that have a lot of seeds in them. Such fruits include watermelon, orange, muskmelon, lemon, etc. So we can select watermelon to induce parthenocarpy because by this method, we can have seedless watermelons.
Question 17. Explain the role of the tapetum in the formation of the pollen-grain wall.
Answer:
The tapetum is the nutritive innermost layer of the microsporangium that provides nutrition to the developing microspores. The role of the tapetum in the formation of the pollen grain wall is as follows:
Question 18. What is apomixis, and what is its importance?
Answer:
The process of development of seeds from diploid cells of nucellus tissue without the process of fertilisation is called apomixis. This process is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction. Apomixis is very commonly seen in grasses.
Importance of apomixis
NCERT Solutions for Class 12- Subject-wise
Question 1: During embryo germination in a grass family, an absorptive organ that forms an interface between the embryo and the starchy endosperm tissue is called
Option 1- Coleorhiza
Option 2- Coleoptile
Option 3- Scutellum
Option 4- Mesocotyl
Answer:
During embryo germination in the grass family, the absorptive organ that forms an interface between the embryo and the starchy endosperm tissue is called the scutellum. The scutellum is a specialized structure found in the seeds of grasses (family Poaceae) and serves as the primary absorptive organ during germination. It is a shield-shaped structure located on one side of the embryo, specifically on the side facing the endosperm.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3. Scutellum
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions
To effectively solve Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants questions, follow these steps:
Also, check the NCERT Books and the NCERT Syllabus here
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Below is a table highlighting the most important topics from the chapter that students should focus on for NEET preparation beyond the NCERT.
NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants is all about flowers giving rise to new flowers. We will be talking about flower Parts, how pollen and eggs are formed, and how they come together to form seeds and fruits. Students will learn a lot about plants, plant breeding, different types of pollination, etc. This chapter is very important in the board exam as well as in further competitive exams. Students are advised to grasp the concepts effectively so they can solve the difficult questions easily and score better marks.
Find chapter-wise solutions below, designed to help you understand concepts clearly and prepare effectively for exams.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in a diploid zygote. This process occurs within flowers, specifically through pollination, fertilization, and subsequent seed development
These are the important topics which are mentioned in NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 1 sexual reproduction in flowering plants:
The differences between coleoptile and coleorrhiza given in class 12 biology chapter 1 ncert solutions are as follows:
Coleoptile | Coleorrhiza |
Coleoptile refers to the protective covering that surrounds the plumule. | Coleorrhiza is the sheath that surrounds the radicle and root cap. |
This sheath can come out of the soil, become green and perform photosynthesis. | Coleorrhiza remains in the soil only. |
In flowering plants, pollination, as described in NCERT, is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of a flower, enabling fertilization and seed development.
In NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 1, "Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants," discusses two main types of pollination: self-pollination (autogamy and geitonogamy) and cross-pollination (xenogamy), with autogamy occurring within the same flower and geitonogamy between different flowers on the same plant.
According to NCERT, seed formation in flowering plants (angiosperms) begins with pollination, followed by fertilization where a male gamete fuses with a female gamete, resulting in a zygote that develops into an embryo within the ovule, which then matures into a seed.
Double fertilization, where one sperm fuses with the egg to form a zygote and another fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm, is unique to angiosperms (flowering plants) because this process is crucial for their reproductive success, specifically for seed and fruit development.
Flowering plants exhibit different ovule types based on their orientation and curvature, including orthotropous, anatropous, campylotropous, amphitropous, and circinotropous ovules.
Pollen-pistil interaction, crucial for sexual reproduction in flowering plants, involves a series of events from pollen deposition on the stigma to the formation of the pollen tube and fertilization, including pollen recognition, germination, and tube growth.
The embryo sac, or female gametophyte, is a crucial structure in flowering plants, residing within the ovule, and plays a vital role in reproduction by facilitating fertilization and embryo development.
Artificial hybridization in plant breeding allows breeders to control pollination and cross-pollinate plants. They breed with specific desirable traits, leading to improved crop varieties with traits like disease resistance, higher yield, or better quality.
Changing from the CBSE board to the Odisha CHSE in Class 12 is generally difficult and often not ideal due to differences in syllabi and examination structures. Most boards, including Odisha CHSE , do not recommend switching in the final year of schooling. It is crucial to consult both CBSE and Odisha CHSE authorities for specific policies, but making such a change earlier is advisable to prevent academic complications.
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