Question 1 (i) Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

$\small \begin{vmatrix}2 &-4 \\0 &3 \end{vmatrix}$

Answer:

GIven determinant: $\begin{vmatrix}2 &-4 \\0 &3 \end{vmatrix}$

Minor of element $a_{ij}$ is $M_{ij}$.

Therefore we have

$M_{11}$ = minor of element $a_{11}$ = 3

$M_{12}$ = minor of element $a_{12}$ = 0

$M_{21}$ = minor of element $a_{21}$ = -4

$M_{22}$ = minor of element $a_{22}$ = 2

and finding cofactors of $a_{ij}$ is $A_{ij}$ = $(-1)^{i+j}M_{ij}$.

Therefore, we have:

$A_{11} = (-1)^{1+1}M_{11} = (-1)^2(3) = 3$

$A_{12} = (-1)^{1+2}M_{12} = (-1)^3(0) = 0$

$A_{21} = (-1)^{2+1}M_{21} = (-1)^3(-4) = 4$

$A_{22} = (-1)^{2+2}M_{22} = (-1)^4(2) = 2$

Question 1 (ii) Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

$\small \begin{vmatrix} a &c \\ b &d \end{vmatrix}$

Answer:

GIven determinant: $\begin{vmatrix} a &c \\ b &d \end{vmatrix}$

Minor of element $a_{ij}$ is $M_{ij}$.

Therefore we have

$M_{11}$ = minor of element $a_{11}$ = d

$M_{12}$ = minor of element $a_{12}$ = b

$M_{21}$ = minor of element $a_{21}$ = c

$M_{22}$ = minor of element $a_{22}$ = a

and finding cofactors of $a_{ij}$ is $A_{ij}$ = $(-1)^{i+j}M_{ij}$.

Therefore, we have:

$A_{11} = (-1)^{1+1}M_{11} = (-1)^2(d) = d$

$A_{12} = (-1)^{1+2}M_{12} = (-1)^3(b) = -b$

$A_{21} = (-1)^{2+1}M_{21} = (-1)^3(c) = -c$

$A_{22} = (-1)^{2+2}M_{22} = (-1)^4(a) = a$

Question 2 (i) Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

$\small \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 &0 \\ 0 &1 &0 \\ 0 &0 &1 \end{vmatrix}$

Answer:

Given determinant : $\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 &0 \\ 0 &1 &0 \\ 0 &0 &1 \end{vmatrix}$

Finding Minors: by the definition,

$M_{11} =$ minor of $a_{11} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 \\ 0 &1 \end{vmatrix} = 1$ $M_{12} =$ minor of $a_{12} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 &0 \\ 0 &1 \end{vmatrix} = 0$

$M_{13} =$ minor of $a_{13} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 &1 \\ 0 &0 \end{vmatrix} = 0$ $M_{21} =$ minor of $a_{21} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 &0 \\ 0 &1 \end{vmatrix} = 0$

$M_{22} =$ minor of $a_{22} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 \\ 0 &1 \end{vmatrix} = 1$ $M_{23} =$ minor of $a_{23} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 \\ 0 &0 \end{vmatrix} = 0$

$M_{31} =$ minor of $a_{31} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 &0 \\ 1 &0 \end{vmatrix} = 0$ $M_{32} =$ minor of $a_{32} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 \\ 0 &0 \end{vmatrix} = 0$

$M_{33} =$ minor of $a_{33} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 \\ 0 &1 \end{vmatrix} = 1$

Finding the cofactors:

$A_{11}=$ cofactor of $a_{11} = (-1)^{1+1}M_{11} = 1$

$A_{12}=$ cofactor of $a_{12} = (-1)^{1+2}M_{12} = 0$

$A_{13}=$ cofactor of $a_{13} = (-1)^{1+3}M_{13} = 0$

$A_{21}=$ cofactor of $a_{21} = (-1)^{2+1}M_{21} = 0$

$A_{22}=$ cofactor of $a_{22} = (-1)^{2+2}M_{22} = 1$

$A_{23}=$ cofactor of $a_{23} = (-1)^{2+3}M_{23} = 0$

$A_{31}=$ cofactor of $a_{31} = (-1)^{3+1}M_{31} = 0$

$A_{32}=$ cofactor of $a_{32} = (-1)^{3+2}M_{32} = 0$

$A_{33}=$ cofactor of $a_{33} = (-1)^{3+3}M_{33} = 1$.

Question:2(ii) Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

$\small \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 &4 \\ 3 & 5 &-1 \\ 0 &1 &2 \end{vmatrix}$

Answer:

Given determinant : $\begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 &4 \\ 3 & 5 &-1 \\ 0 &1 &2 \end{vmatrix}$

Finding Minors: by the definition,

$M_{11} =$ minor of $a_{11} = \begin{vmatrix} 5 &-1 \\ 1 &2 \end{vmatrix} = 11$ $M_{12} =$ minor of $a_{12} = \begin{vmatrix} 3 &-1 \\ 0 &2 \end{vmatrix} = 6$

$M_{13} =$ minor of $a_{13} = \begin{vmatrix} 3 &5 \\ 0 &1 \end{vmatrix} = 3$ $M_{21} =$ minor of $a_{21} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 &4 \\ 1 &2 \end{vmatrix} = -4$

$M_{22} =$ minor of $a_{22} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &4 \\ 0 &2 \end{vmatrix} = 2$ $M_{23} =$ minor of $a_{23} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 \\ 0 &1 \end{vmatrix} = 1$

$M_{31} =$ minor of $a_{31} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 &4 \\ 5 &-1 \end{vmatrix} = -20$

$M_{32} =$ minor of $a_{32} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &4 \\ 3 &-1 \end{vmatrix} = -1-12=-13$

$M_{33} =$ minor of $a_{33} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &0 \\ 3 &5 \end{vmatrix} = 5$

Finding the cofactors:

$A_{11}=$ cofactor of $a_{11} = (-1)^{1+1}M_{11} = 11$

$A_{12}=$ cofactor of $a_{12} = (-1)^{1+2}M_{12} = -6$

$A_{13}=$ cofactor of $a_{13} = (-1)^{1+3}M_{13} = 3$

$A_{21}=$ cofactor of $a_{21} = (-1)^{2+1}M_{21} = 4$

$A_{22}=$ cofactor of $a_{22} = (-1)^{2+2}M_{22} = 2$

$A_{23}=$ cofactor of $a_{23} = (-1)^{2+3}M_{23} = -1$

$A_{31}=$ cofactor of $a_{31} = (-1)^{3+1}M_{31} = -20$

$A_{32}=$ cofactor of $a_{32} = (-1)^{3+2}M_{32} = 13$

$A_{33}=$ cofactor of $a_{33} = (-1)^{3+3}M_{33} = 5$.

Question:3 Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate .$\small \Delta =\begin{vmatrix} 5 &3 &8 \\ 2 & 0 & 1\\ 1 &2 &3 \end{vmatrix}$

Answer:

Given determinant : $\small \Delta =\begin{vmatrix} 5 &3 &8 \\ 2 & 0 & 1\\ 1 &2 &3 \end{vmatrix}$

First finding Minors of the second rows by the definition,

$M_{21} =$ minor of $a_{21} = \begin{vmatrix} 3 &8 \\ 2 &3 \end{vmatrix} =9-16 = -7$

$M_{22} =$ minor of $a_{22} = \begin{vmatrix} 5 &8 \\ 1 &3 \end{vmatrix} = 15-8=7$

$M_{23} =$ minor of $a_{23} = \begin{vmatrix} 5 &3 \\ 1 &2 \end{vmatrix} = 10-3 =7$

Finding the Cofactors of the second row:

$A_{21}=$ Cofactor of $a_{21} = (-1)^{2+1}M_{21} = 7$

$A_{22}=$ Cofactor of $a_{22} = (-1)^{2+2}M_{22} = 7$

$A_{23}=$ Cofactor of $a_{23} = (-1)^{2+3}M_{23} = -7$

Therefore we can calculate $\triangle$ by sum of the product of the elements of the second row with their corresponding cofactors.

Therefore we have,

$\triangle = a_{21}A_{21} + a_{22}A_{22} + a_{23}A_{23} = 2(7) +0(7) +1(-7) =14-7=7$

Question:4 Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate $\small \Delta =\begin{vmatrix} 1 &x &yz \\ 1 &y &zx \\ 1 &z &xy \end{vmatrix}$

Answer:

Given determinant : $\small \Delta =\begin{vmatrix} 1 &x &yz \\ 1 &y &zx \\ 1 &z &xy \end{vmatrix}$

First finding Minors of the third column by the definition,

$M_{13} =$ minor of $a_{13} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &y \\ 1 &z \end{vmatrix} =z-y$

$M_{23} =$ minor of $a_{23} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &x \\ 1 &z \end{vmatrix} = z-x$

$M_{33} =$ minor of $a_{33} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 &x \\ 1 &y \end{vmatrix} =y-x$

Finding the Cofactors of the second row:

$A_{13}=$ Cofactor of $a_{13} = (-1)^{1+3}M_{13} = z-y$

$A_{23}=$ Cofactor of $a_{23} = (-1)^{2+3}M_{23} = x-z$

$A_{33}=$ Cofactor of $a_{33} = (-1)^{3+3}M_{33} = y-x$

Therefore we can calculate $\triangle$ by sum of the product of the elements of the third column with their corresponding cofactors.

Therefore we have,

$\triangle = a_{13}A_{13} + a_{23}A_{23} + a_{33}A_{33}$

$= (z-y)yz + (x-z)zx +(y-x)xy$

$=yz^2-y^2z + zx^2-xz^2 + xy^2-x^2y$

$=z(x^2-y^2) + z^2(y-x) +xy(y-x)$

$= (x-y) \left [ zx+zy-z^2-xy \right ]$

$=(x-y)\left [ z(x-z) +y(z-x) \right ]$

$= (x-y)(z-x)[-z+y]$

$= (x-y)(y-z)(z-x)$

Thus, we have value of $\triangle = (x-y)(y-z)(z-x)$.

Question 5: If $\Delta = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{vmatrix}$ and $A_{ij}$ is the cofactor of $a_{ij}$, then the value of $\Delta$ is given by:

(A) $a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33}$

(B) $a_{11}A_{11} + a_{12}A_{21} + a_{13}A_{31}$

(C) $a_{21}A_{11} + a_{22}A_{12} + a_{23}A_{13}$

(D) $a_{11}A_{11} + a_{21}A_{21} + a_{31}A_{31}$

Answer: (D) $a_{11}A_{11} + a_{21}A_{21} + a_{31}A_{31}$

By the definition itself, $\Delta$ is equal to the sum of the products of the elements of any row or column with their corresponding cofactors.