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Chemical equilibrium refers to a state in which neither the reactants nor the products can alter any further. In this situation, the forward and backward reaction rates stay constant. For students to grasp advanced concepts, the concept of equilibrium becomes crucial. Equilibrium class 11 notes are important from the exam perspective as many questions are asked from Chemical equilibrium in JEE Mains and NEET examination. By referring to cbse class 11 chemistry ch 7 notes, students can gain a deeper understanding of equilibrium reactions, Le Chatelier's principle, and factors affecting equilibrium.
Notes for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 7 provide a detailed study of the topic. Students should keep an eye out for all key facts while studying the topic. Such ideas are necessary, especially for the many chemical equations that a student would encounter. Class 11 Chemistry chapter 7 notes are designed using the most recent NCERT Syllabus and CBSE guidelines. Students can turn to the following resources for extra information on any topic covered in this chapter.
Also, students can refer,
Equilibrium is a state in which the forces on both sides are equal. It is a moment in a chemical reaction where the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of backward reaction, according to chemistry. Or, to look at it another way, it is the state in which the concentrations of reactants and products are equal.
Equilibrium in the physical process
All physical processes attain this when all state variables such as pressure, temperature, and so on become constant. There are three types of this.
1. Solid-liquid equilibrium
Ice and water are in equilibrium at a specific temperature and pressure. The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of any pure substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure is known as the normal melting point or normal freezing point of the substance. When the system is in dynamic equilibrium, the following conditions will implement ,
Both opposing processes occur at the same time.
Because both processes happen at the same time, the volume of ice and water stays the same.
2. Liquid-vapour equilibrium
H2O(l) ⇔ H2O(vap)
This reaction shows the conversion of water to vapour.The number of water molecules that pass from the gaseous to the liquid state increases until equilibrium is established.
rate of evaporation = rate of condensation
The constant temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure is known as the boiling point. Temperature is the state variable that becomes constant.
3. Solid-vapour equilibrium
I2(solid) ⇔ I2(vapour)
Camphor(solid) ⇔ Camphor(vapour)
NH4Cl(solid) ⇔ NH4Cl(vapour)
At equilibrium Rate of solidification = Rate of evaporation
4. Equilibrium involving dissolution of solids or liquids in gases
Dissolution occurs when a solid dissolves in a liquid. The forward reaction is dissolution in this case. When the solvent is unable to dissolve any more solute, crystallization occurs in a reverse reaction. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution equals the rate of crystallization. Concentration is the state variable that remains constant.
General characteristics of physical equilibrium
The properties that can be measured become constant.
It can only be accomplished in a closed vessel.
The opposing forces become equal at equilibrium.
The concentration is constant at equilibrium.
The magnitude of the equilibrium value indicates the reaction's extent.
The equilibrium is dynamic. That is, the reaction continues, but the rate remains constant.
Equilibrium in chemical process
Chemical reactions, like physical systems, reach a point of equilibrium. Those chemical processes can take place both forward and backward. When the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of backward reaction, the chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature.
Reversible reactions
A+B ⇔ C+D
With the passage of time, the concentrations of reactants A and B decline while the concentrations of products C and D increase, resulting in a decrease in forward reaction and an increase in backward reaction rates. The system will attain equilibrium when the two reactions occur at the same pace.
Irreversible reactions
A+B yields→ C+D
The irreversible reaction occurs when the products generated do not react again to form reactants under the same conditions. It is impossible for these reactions to occur in the opposite direction.
Characteristics of chemical equilibrium
At equilibrium, the concentrations of each of the reactants and products become constant.
At equilibrium, the rate of forwarding reaction equals the rate of backward reaction, implying that equilibrium is dynamic.
Only chemical equilibrium can be achieved if none of the products are permitted to escape or separate as a solid.
A reactant and product mixture in equilibrium is referred to as an equilibrium mixture.Consider the following reversible reaction:
A+B ⇔ C+D
Kc=[C][D]/[A][B]
Where Kc is called equilibrium constant and it’s unit is mol/L.
The product of reaction product concentrations raised to their separate stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation divided by the product of reactant concentrations raised to their individual stoichiometric coefficients has a constant value at a given temperature. This is Equilibrium Law, sometimes known as the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.
For the reaction
a A+ b B ⇔ cC+dD
Kc=[C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b
The ratio of the concentration of products to the concentration of reactants is defined as the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction at equilibrium.
Characteristics
The value of the equilibrium constant for a given reaction is always constant, regardless of the concentrations of the reactants with which we begin or the direction from which the equilibrium was approached.
If “K” is the equilibrium constant, then the equilibrium constant of the reversed reaction is given by 1/K.
Let K is the equilibrium constant.If the equation is divided by 2 the equilibrium constant will changed to K.
Let K is the equilibrium constant.If the equation is multiplied by 2 the equilibrium constant will changed to K2
The value of the equilibrium will not be affected by adding a catalyst to the reaction.
Applications of equilibrium constant
Predicting the extent of reaction
The equilibrium constant is related to the extent of reaction
The reaction moves forward if the value of k is large.
If the value of k is less than one, the reaction is in backward direction.
If k>103, the extent is considerable in this case, and the reaction is practically complete.
If k is less than 10-3, the reaction will proceed to a lesser extent.
There is a significant concentration of reactants and products if the value of k is between 10-3and 103
Predicting the direction of the reaction
It indicates whether the reaction is going in the direction of the product or reactant. Q is the reaction quotient.
Reactants predominate if Q<k.
Reaction is at equilibrium if Q=k.
Products predominate if Q>k.
Homogeneous equilibrium
A homogenous system is an equilibrium system in which all of the reactants and products are in the same phase.
N2+3H2(g) ⇔ 2NH3(g)
Heterogeneous equilibrium
Heterogeneous equilibrium refers to an equilibrium system with many phases. The equilibrium between water vapour and liquid water in a closed container is a well-known example of this type of system.
H2O(l) ⇔ H2O(vap)
Partial pressures are useful for gaseous processes because partial pressure is directly proportional to concentration at any fixed temperature. In the case of a typical gaseous reaction
a A+ b B ⇔ cC+dD
Kp=pCc.pDd/pAa.pBb
Relationship between Kc and Kp
PV = nRT
P=nRT/V
P=CRT
For the reaction
H2+I2 ⇔ 2HI
Kp=[pHI]2/[pH2][pI2]
Putting values Kp=[CHIRT]2/[CHRT][CIRT]
=[CHI]2/[CHCI] RT(2-2)
Ie Kp=Kc(RT)∆ng
Where ng denotes the change in number of gaseous moles
The value of a reaction's equilibrium constant is independent of the rate of reaction. If the change in Gibbs free energy ΔG is negative, the reaction proceeds spontaneously in the forward direction. If the change in Gibbs free energy ΔG is positive, the forward reaction products must be transformed to reactants through a non-spontaneous mechanism. If the change in Gibbs free energy is zero, the reaction is in equilibrium, and no more free energy is available to drive it.
∆G=∆G0+RTln Q
Here Go represent the standard Gibbs free energy.Equilibrium condition gives
Go=0 and Kc=Qc
∆G=∆G0+RTln Kc =0
Go=- RT ln Kc
ln Kc =-∆G0RT
K=e-∆G0RT
Le Chatelier’s principle
This principle helps in examining the reaction's progress and making a qualitative prediction about how changes in conditions will affect equilibrium. It states that " If an equilibrium is subjected to a change of concentration, pressure or temperature, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that trends to undo the effect of the change". This principle is applicable to all physical and chemical systems .
Effect of concentration change
The addition or removal of any reactant or product, in general, disturbs equilibrium. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the direction of the net reaction that consumes the added substance reduces the concentration of the added reactant or product. "When the concentration of any of the reactants or products in an equilibrium reaction is changed, the equilibrium mixture's composition changes to minimize the influence of concentration variations."
Effect of temperature change
If there is a change in temperature there is a change in equilibrium constant. The sign of the ΔH for the reaction affects the temperature change dependency of the equilibrium constant. If ΔH is negative, the exothermic reaction's equilibrium constant decreases as the temperature rises. If ΔH is positive, the endothermic reaction's equilibrium constant increases as the temperature falls.
Effect of pressure change
A pressure change generated by changing the volume might impact the yield of products in a gaseous reaction when the total number of moles of gaseous products is different. The principle of Le-Chatlier is applied to heterogeneous equilibrium.Change in volume of solids and liquids on the application of pressure is very less so here the effect of pressure change on solids and liquids can be neglected.
Effect of volume change
The effect of a pressure rise is the same as the effect of a volume drop.As a result, the effect of a drop in volume will be moved towards equilibrium in the direction of a decrease in number of moles.
Effect of catalyst
A catalyst is the chemical substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by opening up a new low-energy pathway for reactants to become products.The rate of forward and reverse reactions that pass through the transition state is increased by a catalyst, but the equilibrium is not affected.
The following is an example of an equilibrium reaction involving ions
Fe+3+SCN- ⇔ [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq)
Based on their ability to conduct electricity, Micheal Faraday divided the substances into two categories, electrolytes and non-electrolytes. The electrolyte solution conducts electricity due to the presence of ions. An aqueous solution of NaCl, for example, is totally dissociated into Na+ and Cl-ions due nearly 100 percent ionization. In the instance of acetic acid, which is a weak electrolyte, ionization occurs to the extent of 5%. In weak electrolytes, equilibrium is thus created between ions and unionized molecules. Ionic Equilibrium is a type of equilibrium involving ions in an aqueous solution.
Strong electrolytes are electrolytes that are quickly broken into ions with complete dissociation. Weak electrolytes are electrolytes that have been partially dissociated into ions.
The explanation of acids and bases has a variety of theories.
Arrehenius concept
According to this theory acids are substances that generate hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Eg: HCl
It was later discovered that these hydrogen ions interact with water to create the hydronium ion. Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Eg: NaOH
It was later discovered that just a few compounds do not release hydrogen or the hydroxide ion. However, they continue to behave as acids or bases. As a result, new theories were introduced.
Brönsted-Lowry theory
According to the Brönsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion, H+, while a base can take a hydrogen ion, H+. Proton donors are acids, whereas proton acceptors are bases.
H2O + NH3 ↔ NH4++ OH-
Lowry-Bronsted acid and Lowry-Bronsted base are water molecules that act as proton donors and ammonia molecules that act as proton acceptors respectively in this reaction.
Lewis concept
According to this concept, an acid is a species that accepts electron pairs whereas a base is a species that donates them.
Lewis acids: AlCl3,Co3+,Mg2+
Lewis bases: H2O, NH3, OH-
Water molecules, for example, have the unique ability to operate as both an acid and a base
H2O(l)acid+H2O(l)base ⇔ H3O+(aq)+OH-(aq)
The dissociation constant is given by the equation
K=[H3O+][OH-]/[H2O]
Water's concentration is ignored in the denominator because it is a pure liquid with a constant concentration. The Ionic Product Of Water, Kw, is then equal to the equilibrium constant.
Kw=[H+][OH-]
[H+] = 1.0 *10-7 M at 298 K
Dissociation of water molecule produce equal no of H+ and OH- ions
H+=OH-=1*10-7M
Kw=[H+][OH-] =(1*10-7)2=1*10-14M2
The pH scale is used to determine the nature of any substance. The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration is used to calculate the pH of a solution.
pH =- log [H3O+]
The acidic or basic strength of a solution is measured by its pH
In pH scale upto 7 is acidic , at 7 it is neutral and above 7 it is basic.
Dissociation constant of acids Ka
Consider
HA+H2O ↔ H3O+ + A-
Then K=H3O+ [A-]/HA[H2O]
K*[H2O]= H3O+[A-]/HA
Or Ka=H3O+[A-]/HA
Dissociation constant of bases Kb
BOH+H2O ↔ B++OH-
Then K=B+[OH-]/BOH[H2O]
K*H2O=B+[OH-]/BOH
Kb=B+[OH-]/BOH
The degree of dissociation (α)is the ratio of the number of dissociated molecules to the total number of molecules.
For acids
HA+H2O ↔ H3O++A-
Initial concentration c 0 0
At equilibrium c(1-α) c c
Ka=H3O+[A-]/HA
On putting values
Ka=c α.c αc(1-α)
=c22c(1-α)
=c2(1-α)
For weak acids degree of dissociation is very less. So we can neglect in denominator.So for weak acids
Ka=c21
Also pKa=-logKa
For bases
BOH+H2O ↔ B++OH-
Kb=B+[OH-]/BOH
Kb=c21
pKb=-logKb
As we know Ka. Kb=Kw
Then - logKa-log Kb=-logKw
pKa+ pKb=pKw
pKa+ pKb=14 at room temperature
Consider
CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO-+ H+
Ka=CH3COO-[H+]/[CH3COOH]
On adding a substance that contain acetate ion, for example sodium acetate
CH3COONa ↔ CH3COO- + Na+
The process reverses direction due to an increase in acetate ions. That is, it prevents acetic acid from dissociating. This is referred to as the common ion effect.It can be defined as "the suppression of acid ionisation when a substance containing a common ion is added to it."
Many physiological fluids, such as blood or urine, have a specific pH, and any variation from this shows that the body is malfunctioning. Controlling pH is also crucial in a variety of chemical and biological activities. Many medical and cosmetic compositions demand that they be stored and delivered at a specific temperature and a specific pH. Buffer Solutions are resistant solutions that resist pH change.
Each salt has a specific solubility that is affected by temperature. Salts are divided into three types based on their soluble properties.
Significance of NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Notes
Equilibrium Class 11 notes gives an overview of the Class 11 chapter Equilibrium and is based on the latest NCERT syllabus. The goal of CBSE Class 11 Chemistry chapter 7 notes is to make the learning and revision process easier for students. NCERT notes for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 7 are very helpful for the preparation of competitive exams including NEET and JEE Main. For offline study students can use chemistry class 11 chapter 7 notes pdf download. Additionally, ch 7 chemistry class 11 notes offer detailed explanations and examples to help students grasp the underlying principles effectively. Students can use chemistry class 11 chapter 7 notes pdf download to obtain the notes and study offline.
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Notes |
Ans: Class 11 Chemistry chapter 7 notes provide a definition of catalyst. It is a chemical that increases the rate of a reaction without changing the reaction itself. Sulphides, oxides, and halides of various metallic and semi-metallic elements, such as aluminium, boron, and silicon, are some of the most prevalent catalysts. By referring to cbse class 11 chemistry ch 7 notes, students can gain a deeper understanding of catalysis in chemistry.
Ans-. When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, the reaction is said to be in chemical equilibrium. It is a condition in which both the reactant and the product are present in stable concentrations, resulting in no discernible changes in the system's properties. A bubbly cool drink, in which the carbon dioxide is dissolved in the liquid in the bottle, is an example of chemical equilibrium.
Ans- Electrolytes are substances that help in the conduct of electric current by allowing ions to dissociate. Ions are positively and negatively charged particles that travel from the cathode to the anode terminals.
Ans- Reactants and products exist in two or more physical states or phases in heterogeneous equilibrium. further, ch 7 chemistry class 11 notes can be referred for deeper understanding on the topic of heterogeneous equilibrium.
Ans- The ratio of the molar concentrations of the products to those of the reactants for any reversible reaction at any point other than equilibrium. The reaction quotient is the product of each concentration term being raised to the power of the stoichiometric coefficient for the substance in concern.
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In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication), B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media), or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.
Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.
The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.
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