NCERT Solutions for Exercise 6.3 Class 12 Maths Chapter 10 - Application of Derivatives

Question:2 . Find the slope of the tangent to the curve $\frac{x-1}{x-2} , x \neq 2 \: \: at\: \: x = 10$

Answer:

Given curve is,

$y = \frac{x-1}{x-2}$
The slope of the tangent at x = 10 is given by
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_{x=10}= \frac{(1)(x-2)-(1)(x-1)}{(x-2)^2} = \frac{x-2-x+1}{(x-2)^2} = \frac{-1}{(x-2)^2}$
at x = 10
$= \frac{-1}{(10-2)^2} = \frac{-1}{8^2} = \frac{-1}{64}$
hence, slope of tangent at x = 10 is $\frac{-1}{64}$

Question:3 Find the slope of the tangent to curve $y = x ^3 - x +1$ at the point whose x-coordinate is 2.

Answer:

Given curve is,
$y = x ^3 - x +1$
The slope of the tangent at x = 2 is given by
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_{x=2} = 3x^2 - 1 = 3(2)^2 - 1= 3\times 4 - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11$
Hence, the slope of the tangent at point x = 2 is 11

Question:4 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve $y = x ^3 - 3x +2$ at the point whose x-coordinate is 3.

Answer:

Given curve is,
$y = x ^3 - 3x +2$
The slope of the tangent at x = 3 is given by
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_{x=3} = 3x^2 - 3 = 3(3)^2 - 3= 3\times 9 - 3 = 27 - 3 = 24$
Hence, the slope of tangent at point x = 3 is 24

Question:5 Find the slope of the normal to the curve $x = a \cos ^3 \theta , y = a\sin ^3 \theta \: \: at \: \: \theta = \pi /4$

Answer:

The slope of the tangent at a point on a given curve is given by
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )$
Now,
$\left ( \frac{dx}{d \theta} \right )_{\theta=\frac{\pi}{4}} = 3a\cos^2 \theta(-\sin \theta) = 3a(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})^2(-\frac{1}{\sqrt2}) = -\frac{3\sqrt2 a}{4}$
Similarly,
$\left ( \frac{dy}{d \theta} \right )_{\theta=\frac{\pi}{4}} = 3a\sin^2 \theta(\cos \theta) = 3a(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})^2(\frac{1}{\sqrt2}) = \frac{3\sqrt2 a}{4}$
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right ) = \frac{\left ( \frac{dy}{d\theta} \right )}{\left ( \frac{dx}{d\theta} \right )} = \frac{\frac{3\sqrt2 a}{4}}{-\frac{3\sqrt2 a}{4}} = -1$
Hence, the slope of the tangent at $\theta = \frac{\pi}{4}$ is -1
Now,
Slope of normal = $-\frac{1}{slope \ of \ tangent}$ = $-\frac{1}{-1} = 1$
Hence, the slope of normal at $\theta = \frac{\pi}{4}$ is 1

Question:6 Find the slope of the normal to the curve $x = 1- a \sin \theta , y = b \cos ^ 2 \theta \: \: at \: \: \theta = \pi /2$

Answer:

The slope of the tangent at a point on given curves is given by
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )$
Now,
$\left ( \frac{dx}{d \theta} \right )_{\theta=\frac{\pi}{2}} = -a(\cos \theta)$
Similarly,
$\left ( \frac{dy}{d \theta} \right )_{\theta=\frac{\pi}{2}} = 2b\cos \theta(-\sin \theta)$
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_{x=\frac{\pi}{2}} = \frac{\left ( \frac{dy}{d\theta} \right )}{\left ( \frac{dx}{d\theta} \right )} = \frac{-2b\cos \theta \sin \theta}{-a\cos \theta} = \frac{2b\sin \theta}{a} = \frac{2b\times1}{a} = \frac{2b}{a}$
Hence, the slope of the tangent at $\theta = \frac{\pi}{2}$ is $\frac{2b}{a}$
Now,
Slope of normal = $-\frac{1}{slope \ of \ tangent}$ = $-\frac{1}{\frac{2b}{a}} = -\frac{a}{2b}$
Hence, the slope of normal at $\theta = \frac{\pi}{2}$ is $-\frac{a}{2b}$

Question:7 Find points at which the tangent to the curve $y = x^3 - 3 x^2 - 9x +7$ is parallel to the x-axis.

Answer:

We are given :

$y = x^3 - 3 x^2 - 9x +7$

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we get :

$\frac{dy}{dx}\ =\ 3x^2\ -\ 6x\ -\ 9\ +\ 0$

or $=\ 3\left ( x^2\ -\ 2x\ -\ 3 \right )$

or $\frac{dy}{dx}\ =\ 3\left ( x+1 \right )\left ( x-3 \right )$

It is given that tangent is parallel to the x-axis, so the slope of the tangent is equal to 0.

So,

$\frac{dy}{dx}\ =\ 0$

or $0\ =\ 3\left ( x+1 \right )\left ( x-3 \right )$

Thus, Either x = -1 or x = 3

When x = -1 we get y = 12 and if x =3 we get y = -20

So the required points are (-1, 12) and (3, -20).

Question:8 Find a point on the curve $y = ( x-2)^2$ at which the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points (2, 0) and

(4, 4).

Answer:

Points joining the chord is (2,0) and (4,4)
Now, we know that the slope of the curve with given two points is
$m = \frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2 - x_1} = \frac{4-0}{4-2} = \frac{4}{2} =2$
As it is given that the tangent is parallel to the chord, so their slopes are equal
i.e. slope of the tangent = slope of the chord
Given the equation of the curve is $y = ( x-2)^2$
$\therefore \frac{dy}{dx} = 2(x-2) = 2$
$(x-2) = 1\\ x = 1+2\\ x=3$
Now, when $x=3$ $y=(3- 2)^2 = (1)^2 = 1$
Hence, the coordinates are (3, 1)

Question:9 Find the point on the curve $y = x^3 - 11x + 5$ at which the tangent is $y = x -11$

Answer:

We know that the equation of a line is y = mx + c
Know the given equation of tangent is
y = x - 11
So, by comparing with the standard equation we can say that the slope of the tangent (m) = 1 and value of c if -11
As we know that slope of the tangent at a point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of curve is
$y = x^3 - 11x + 5$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = 3x^2 -11$
$3x^2 -11 = 1\\ 3x^2 = 12 \\ x^2 = 4 \\ x = \pm2$
When x = 2 , $y = 2^3 - 11(2) +5 = 8 - 22+5=-9$
and
When x = -2 , $y = (-2)^3 - 11(22) +5 = -8 + 22+5=19$
Hence, the coordinates are (2,-9) and (-2,19), here (-2,19) does not satisfy the equation y=x-11

Hence, the coordinate is (2,-9) at which the tangent is $y = x -11$

Question:10 Find the equation of all lines having slope –1 that are tangents to the curve $y = \frac{1}{x-1} , x \neq 1$

Answer:

We know that the slope of the tangent of at the point of the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$

Given the equation of curve is
$y = \frac{1}{x-1}$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-1}{(1-x)^2}$
It is given thta slope is -1
So,
$\frac{-1}{(1-x)^2} = -1 \Rightarrow (1-x)^2 = 1 = 1 - x = \pm 1 \\ \\ x = 0 \ and \ x = 2$
Now, when x = 0 , $y = \frac{1}{x-1} = \frac{1}{0-1} = -1$
and
when x = 2 , $y = \frac{1}{x-1} = \frac{1}{(2-1)} = 1$
Hence, the coordinates are (0,-1) and (2,1)
Equation of line passing through (0,-1) and having slope = -1 is
y = mx + c
-1 = 0 X -1 + c
c = -1
Now equation of line is
y = -x -1
y + x + 1 = 0
Similarly, Equation of line passing through (2,1) and having slope = -1 is
y = mx + c
1 = -1 X 2 + c
c = 3
Now equation of line is
y = -x + 3
y + x - 3 = 0

Question:11 Find the equation of all lines having slope 2 which are tangents to the curve $y = \frac{1}{x-3} , x \neq 3$

Answer:

We know that the slope of the tangent of at the point of the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$

Given the equation of curve is
$y = \frac{1}{x-3}$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-1}{(x-3)^2}$
It is given that slope is 2
So,
$\frac{-1}{(x-3)^2} = 2 \Rightarrow (x-3)^2 = \frac{-1}{2} = x-3 = \pm \frac{\sqrt-1}{\sqrt2} \\ \\$
So, this is not possible as our coordinates are imaginary numbers
Hence, no tangent is possible with slope 2 to the curve $y = \frac{1}{x-3}$

Question:12 Find the equations of all lines having slope 0 which are tangent to the curve
$y = \frac{1}{x^2 - 2 x +3 }$

Answer:

We know that the slope of the tangent at a point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$

Given the equation of the curve as
$y = \frac{1}{x^2 - 2x + 3}$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-(2x-2)}{(x^2-2x+3)^2}$
It is given thta slope is 0
So,
$\frac{-(2x-2)}{(x^2 - 2x +3)^2} = 0 \Rightarrow 2x-2 = 0 = x = 1$
Now, when x = 1 , $y = \frac{1}{x^2-2x+3} = \frac{1}{1^2-2(1)+3} = \frac{1}{1-2+3} =\frac{1}{2}$

Hence, the coordinates are $\left ( 1,\frac{1}{2} \right )$
Equation of line passing through $\left ( 1,\frac{1}{2} \right )$ and having slope = 0 is
y = mx + c
1/2 = 0 X 1 + c
c = 1/2
Now equation of line is
$y = \frac{1}{2}$

Question:13(i) Find points on the curve $\frac{x^2 }{9} + \frac{y^2 }{16} = 1$ at which the tangents are parallel to x-axis

Answer:

Parallel to x-axis means slope of tangent is 0
We know that slope of tangent at a given point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of the curve is
$\frac{x^2 }{9} + \frac{y^2 }{16} = 1 \Rightarrow 9y^2 = 144(1-16x^2)$
$18y\frac{dy}{dx} = -32x$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{(-32x)}{18y} = 0 \Rightarrow x = 0$
From this, we can say that $x = 0$
Now. when $x = 0$ , $\frac{0^2 }{9} + \frac{y^2 }{16} = 1\Rightarrow \frac{y^2}{16} = 1 \Rightarrow y = \pm 4$
Hence, the coordinates are (0,4) and (0,-4)

Question:13(ii) Find points on the curve $\frac{x^2}{9} + \frac{y^2}{16} = 1$ at which the tangents are parallel to y-axis

Answer:

Parallel to y-axis means the slope of the tangent is $\infty$ , means the slope of normal is 0
We know that slope of the tangent at a given point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of the curve is
$\frac{x^2 }{9} + \frac{y^2 }{16} = 1 \Rightarrow 9y^2 = 144(1-16x^2)$
$18y\frac{dy}{dx} = 144(1-32x)$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-32x}{18y} = \infty$
Slope of normal = $-\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{18y}{32x} = 0$
From this we can say that y = 0
Now. when y = 0, $\frac{x^2 }{9} + \frac{0^2 }{16} \Rightarrow 1 = x = \pm 3$
Hence, the coordinates are (3,0) and (-3,0)

Question:14(i) Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the indicated
points:
$y = x^4 - 6x^3 + 13x^2 - 10x + 5 \: \: at\: \: (0, 5)$

Answer:

We know that Slope of the tangent at a point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of the curve
$y = x^4 - 6x^3 + 13x^2 - 10x + 5$
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 4x^3 - 18x^2 + 26x- 10$
at point (0,5)
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 4(0)^3 - 18(0)^2 + 26(0) - 10 = -10$
Hence slope of tangent is -10
Now we know that,
$slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-1}{-10} = \frac{1}{10}$
Now, equation of tangent at point (0,5) with slope = -10 is
$y = mx + c\\ 5 = 0 + c\\ c = 5$
equation of tangent is
$y = -10x + 5\\ y + 10x = 5$
Similarly, the equation of normal at point (0,5) with slope = 1/10 is
$\\y = mx + c \\5 = 0 + c \\c = 5$
equation of normal is
$\\y = \frac{1}{10}x+5 \\ 10y - x = 50$

Question:14(ii) Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the indicated
points:
$y = x^4 - 6x^3 + 13x^2 - 10x + 5 \: \: at \: \: (1, 3)$

Answer:

We know that Slope of tangent at a point on given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given equation of curve
$y = x^4 - 6x^3 + 13x^2 - 10x + 5$
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 4x^3 - 18x^2 + 26x - 10$
at point (1,3)
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 4(1)^3 - 18(1)^2 + 26(1) - 10 = 2$
Hence slope of tangent is 2
Now we know that,
$slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-1}{2}$
Now, equation of tangent at point (1,3) with slope = 2 is
y = 2x + 1
y -2x = 1
Similarly, equation of normal at point (1,3) with slope = -1/2 is
y = mx + c
$3 = \frac{-1}{2}\times 1+ c$
$c = \frac{7}{2}$
equation of normal is
$y = \frac{-1}{2}x+\frac{7}{2} \\ 2y + x = 7$

Question:14(iii) Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the indicated
points:

$y = x^3\: \: at \: \: (1, 1)$

Answer:

We know that Slope of the tangent at a point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of the curve
$y = x^3$
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 3x^2$
at point (1,1)
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 3(1)^2 = 3$
Hence slope of tangent is 3
Now we know that,
$slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-1}{3}$
Now, equation of tangent at point (1,1) with slope = 3 is
$y = mx + c\\ 1 = 1 \times 3 + c\\ c = 1 - 3 = -2$
equation of tangent is
$y - 3x + 2 = 0$
Similarly, equation of normal at point (1,1) with slope = -1/3 is
y = mx + c
$1 = \frac{-1}{3}\times 1+ c$
$c = \frac{4}{3}$
equation of normal is
$y = \frac{-1}{3}x+\frac{4}{3} \\ 3y + x = 4$

Question:14(iv) Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the indicated points

$y = x^2\: \: at\: \: (0, 0)$

Answer:

We know that Slope of the tangent at a point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of the curve
$y = x^2$
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 2x$
at point (0,0)
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 2(0)^2 = 0$
Hence slope of tangent is 0
Now we know that,
$slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-1}{0} = -\infty$
Now, equation of tangent at point (0,0) with slope = 0 is
y = 0
Similarly, equation of normal at point (0,0) with slope = $-\infty$ is

$\\y = x \times -\infty + 0\\ x = \frac{y}{-\infty}\\ x=0$

Question:14(v) Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the indicated points:

$x = \cos t , y = \sin t \: \: at \: \: t = \pi /4$

Answer:

We know that Slope of the tangent at a point on the given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of the curve
$x = \cos t , y = \sin t$
Now,
$\frac{dx}{dt} = -\sin t$ and $\frac{dy}{dt} = \cos t$
Now,
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_{t=\frac{\pi}{4}} = \frac{ \frac{dy}{dt}}{ \frac{dx}{dt}} = \frac{\cos t}{-\sin t} = -\cot t = =- \cot \frac{\pi}{4} = -1$
Hence slope of the tangent is -1
Now we know that,
$slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-1}{-1} = 1$
Now, the equation of the tangent at the point $t = \frac{\pi}{4}$ with slope = -1 is
$x= \cos \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{\sqrt2}$ and

$y= \sin \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{\sqrt2}$
equation of the tangent at

$t = \frac{\pi}{4}$ i.e. $\left ( \frac{1}{\sqrt2}, \frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right )$ is

$y- y_1 = m(x-x_1)\\ y-\frac{1}{\sqrt2} = -1(x- \frac{1}{\sqrt2})\\ \sqrt2y + \sqrt2x = 2\\ y + x = \sqrt2$
Similarly, the equation of normal at $t = \frac{\pi}{4}$ with slope = 1 is
$x= \cos \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{\sqrt2}$ and

$y= \sin \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{\sqrt2}$
equation of the tangent at

$t = \frac{\pi}{4}$ i.e. $\left ( \frac{1}{\sqrt2}, \frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right )$ is
$\\y- y_1 = m(x-x_1)\\ y-\frac{1}{\sqrt2} = 1(x- \frac{1}{\sqrt2})\\ \sqrt2y - \sqrt2x = 0\\ y - x = 0\\ x=y$

Question:15(a) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve $y = x^2 - 2x +7$ which is parallel to the line $2x - y + 9 = 0$

Answer:

Parellel to line $2x - y + 9 = 0$ means slope of tangent and slope of line is equal
We know that the equation of line is
y = mx + c
on comparing with the given equation we get slope of line m = 2 and c = 9
Now, we know that the slope of tangent at a given point to given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given equation of curve is
$y = x^2 - 2x +7$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = 2x - 2 = 2\\ \\ x = 2$
Now, when x = 2 , $y = (2)^2 - 2(2) +7 =4 - 4 + 7 = 7$
Hence, the coordinates are (2,7)
Now, equation of tangent paasing through (2,7) and with slope m = 2 is
y = mx + c
7 = 2 X 2 + c
c = 7 - 4 = 3
So,
y = 2 X x+ 3
y = 2x + 3
So, the equation of tangent is y - 2x = 3

Question:15(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve $y = x^2 -2x +7$ which is perpendicular to the line $5y - 15x = 13.$

Answer:

Perpendicular to line $5y - 15x = 13.\Rightarrow y = 3x + \frac{13}{5}$ means $slope \ of \ tangent = \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ line}$
We know that the equation of the line is
y = mx + c
on comparing with the given equation we get the slope of line m = 3 and c = 13/5
$slope \ of \ tangent = \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ line} = \frac{-1}{3}$
Now, we know that the slope of the tangent at a given point to given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of curve is
$y = x^2 - 2x +7$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = 2x - 2 = \frac{-1}{3}\\ \\ x = \frac{5}{6}$
Now, when $x = \frac{5}{6}$ , $y = (\frac{5}{6})^2 - 2(\frac{5}{6}) +7 = \frac{25}{36} - \frac{10}{6} + 7 = \frac{217}{36}$
Hence, the coordinates are $(\frac{5}{6} ,\frac{217}{36})$
Now, the equation of tangent passing through (2,7) and with slope $m = \frac{-1}{3}$ is
$y = mx+ c\\ \frac{217}{36}= \frac{-1}{3}\times \frac{5}{6} + c\\ c = \frac{227}{36}$
So,
$y = \frac{-1}{3}x+\frac{227}{36}\\ 36y + 12x = 227$
Hence, equation of tangent is 36y + 12x = 227

Question:16 Show that the tangents to the curve $y = 7x^3 + 11$ at the points where x = 2 and x = – 2 are parallel .

Answer:

Slope of tangent = $\frac{dy}{dx} = 21x^2$
When x = 2
$\frac{dy}{dx} = 21x^2 = 21(2)^{2} = 21 \times4 = 84$
When x = -2
$\frac{dy}{dx} = 21x^2 = 21(-2)^{2} = 21 \times4 = 84$
Slope is equal when x= 2 and x = - 2
Hence, we can say that both the tangents to curve $y = 7x^3 + 11$ is parallel

Question:17 Find the points on the curve $y = x ^3$ at which the slope of the tangent is equal to the y-coordinate of the point.

Answer:

Given equation of curve is $y = x ^3$
Slope of tangent = $\frac{dy}{dx} = 3x^2$
it is given that the slope of the tangent is equal to the y-coordinate of the point
$3x^2 = y$
We have $y = x ^3$
$3x^2 = x^3\\ 3x^2 - x^3=0\\ x^2(3-x)=0\\ x= 0 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ and \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x = 3$
So, when x = 0 , y = 0
and when x = 3 , $y = x^3 = 3^3 = 27$

Hence, the coordinates are (3,27) and (0,0)

Question:18 For the curve $y = 4x ^ 3 - 2x ^5$ , find all the points at which the tangent passes
through the origin.

Answer:

Tangent passes through origin so, (x,y) = (0,0)
Given equtaion of curve is $y = 4x ^ 3 - 2x ^5$
Slope of tangent =

$\frac{dy}{dx} = 12x^2 - 10x^4$
Now, equation of tangent is
$Y-y= m(X-x)$
at (0,0) Y = 0 and X = 0
$-y= (12x^3-10x^4)(-x)$
$y= 12x^3-10x^5$
and we have $y = 4x ^ 3 - 2x ^5$
$4x^3-2x^5= 12x^3-10x^5$
$8x^5 - 8x^3=0\\ 8x^3(x^2-1)=0\\ x=0\ \ \ \ \ \ and \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x = \pm1$
Now, when x = 0,

$y = 4(0) ^ 3 - 2(0) ^5 = 0$
when x = 1 ,

$y = 4(1) ^ 3 - 2(1) ^5 = 4-2=2$
when x= -1 ,

$y = 4(-1) ^ 3 - 2(-1) ^5 = -4-(-2)=-4+2=-2$
Hence, the coordinates are (0,0) , (1,2) and (-1,-2)

Question:19 Find the points on the curve $x^2 + y^2 - 2x - 3 = 0$ at which the tangents are parallel
to the x-axis.

Answer:

parellel to x-axis means slope is 0
Given equation of curve is
$x^2 + y^2 - 2x - 3 = 0$
Slope of tangent =
$-2y\frac{dy}{dx} = 2x -2\\ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1-x}{y} = 0\\ x= 1$
When x = 1 ,

$-y^2 = x^2 -2x-3= (1)^2-2(1)-3 = 1-5=-4$
$y = \pm 2$
Hence, the coordinates are (1,2) and (1,-2)

Question:20 Find the equation of the normal at the point $( am^2 , am^3 )$ for the curve $ay ^2 = x ^3.$

Answer:

Given equation of curve is
$ay ^2 = x ^3\Rightarrow y^2 = \frac{x^3}{a}$
Slope of tangent

$2y\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3x^2 }{a} \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3x^2}{2ya}$
at point $( am^2 , am^3 )$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3(am^2)^2}{2(am^3)a} = \frac{3a^2m^4}{2a^2m^3} = \frac{3m}{2}$
Now, we know that
$Slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{Slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-2}{3m}$
equation of normal at point $( am^2 , am^3 )$ and with slope $\frac{-2}{3m}$
$y-y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-am^3 = \frac{-2}{3m}(x-am^2)\\ 3ym - 3am^4 = -2(x-am^2)\\ 3ym +2x= 3am^4+2am^2$
Hence, the equation of normal is $3ym +2x= 3am^4+2am^2$

Question:21 Find the equation of the normals to the curve $y = x^3 + 2x + 6$ which are parallel
to the line $x + 14y + 4 = 0.$

Answer:

Equation of given curve is
$y = x^3 + 2x + 6$
Parellel to line $x + 14y + 4 = 0 \Rightarrow y = \frac{-x}{14} -\frac{4}{14}$ means slope of normal and line is equal
We know that, equation of line
y= mx + c
on comparing it with our given equation. we get,
$m = \frac{-1}{14}$
Slope of tangent = $\frac{dy}{dx} = 3x^2+2$
We know that
$Slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{Slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-1}{3x^2+2}$
$\frac{-1}{3x^2+2} = \frac{-1}{14}$
$3x^2+2 = 14\\ 3x^2 = 12 \\ x^2 = 4\\ x = \pm 2$
Now, when x = 2, $y = (2)^3 + 2(2) + 6 = 8+4+6 =18$
and
When x = -2 , $y = (-2)^3 + 2(-2) + 6 = -8-4+6 =-6$
Hence, the coordinates are (2,18) and (-2,-6)
Now, the equation of at point (2,18) with slope $\frac{-1}{14}$
$y-y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-18=\frac{-1}{14}(x-2)\\ 14y - 252 = -x + 2\\ x+14y = 254$
Similarly, the equation of at point (-2,-6) with slope $\frac{-1}{14}$

$y-y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-(-6)=\frac{-1}{14}(x-(-2))\\ 14y + 84 = -x - 2\\ x+14y + 86= 0$
Hence, the equation of the normals to the curve $y = x^3 + 2x + 6$ which are parallel
to the line $x + 14y + 4 = 0.$

are x +14y - 254 = 0 and x + 14y +86 = 0

Question:22 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the parabola $y ^2 = 4 ax$ at the point $(at ^2, 2at).$

Answer:

Equation of the given curve is
$y ^2 = 4 ax$

Slope of tangent = $2y\frac{dy}{dx} = 4a \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4a}{2y}$
at point $(at ^2, 2at).$
$\frac{dy}{dx}= \frac{4a}{2(2at)} = \frac{4a}{4at} = \frac{1}{t}$
Now, the equation of tangent with point $(at ^2, 2at).$ and slope $\frac{1}{t}$ is
$y-y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-2at=\frac{1}{t}(x-at^2)\\ yt - 2at^2 = x - at^2\\ x-yt +at^2 = 0$

We know that
$Slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{Slope \ of \ tangent} = -t$
Now, the equation of at point $(at ^2, 2at).$ with slope -t
$y-y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-2at=(-t)(x-at^2)\\ y - 2at = -xt + at^3\\ xt+y -2at -at^3 = 0$
Hence, the equations of the tangent and normal to the parabola

$y ^2 = 4 ax$ at the point $(at ^2, 2at).$ are
$x-yt+at^2=0\ \ \ \ and \ \ \ \ xt+y -2at -at^3 = 0 \ \ respectively$

Question:23 Prove that the curves $x = y^2$ and xy = k cut at right angles* $if \: \: 8k ^ 2 = 1.$

Answer:

Let suppose, Curve $x = y^2$ and xy = k cut at the right angle
then the slope of their tangent also cut at the right angle
means,
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_a \times \left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_b = -1$ -(i)
$2y\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_a = 1 \Rightarrow \left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_a = \frac{1}{2y}$
$\left ( \frac{dy}{dx} \right )_b = \frac{-k}{x^2}$
Now these values in equation (i)
$\frac{1}{2y} \times \frac{-k}{x^2} = -1\\ -k = -2yx^2\\ k =2(xy)(x)\\ k = 2k(k^{\frac{2}{3}}) \ \ \ \ \left ( x = y^2 \Rightarrow y^2y = k \Rightarrow y = k^{\frac{1}{3}} \ and \ x = k^{\frac{2}{3}} \right ) \\ 2(k^{\frac{2}{3}}) = 1\\ \left ( 2(k^{\frac{2}{3}}) \right )^3 = 1^3\\ 8k^2 = 1$
Hence proved

Question:24 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola
$\frac{x^2 }{a^2} - \frac{y^2 }{b^2 }= 1$ at the point $(x_0 , y_0 )$

Answer:

Given equation is
$\frac{x^2 }{a^2} - \frac{y^2 }{b^2 }= 1 \Rightarrow y^2a^2 = x^2b^2 -a^2b^2$
Now ,we know that
slope of tangent = $2ya^2\frac{dy}{dx} = 2xb^2 \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{xb^2}{ya^2}$
at point $(x_0 , y_0 )$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{x_0b^2}{y_0a^2}$
equation of tangent at point $(x_0 , y_0 )$ with slope $\frac{xb^2}{ya^2}$
$y-y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-y_0=\frac{x_0b^2}{y_0a^2}(x-x_0)\\ yy_0a^2-y_0^2a^2 = xx_0b^2-x_0^2b^2\\ xx_0b^2 - yy_0a^2 = x_0^2b^2-y_0^2a^2$
Now, divide both sides by $a^2b^2$
$\frac{xx_0}{a^2} - \frac{yy_0}{b^2} = \left ( \frac{x_0^2}{a^2} - \frac{y_0^2}{b^2} \right )$
$=1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \left ( \because \frac{x_0^2}{a^2}-\frac{y_0^2}{b^2 } = 1\right )$
$\frac{xx_0}{a^2} - \frac{yy_0}{b^2} = 1$
Hence, the equation of tangent is

$\frac{xx_0}{a^2} - \frac{yy_0}{b^2} = 1$
We know that
$Slope \ of \ normal= \frac{-1}{slope \ of \ tangent } = -\frac{y_0a^2}{x_0b^2}$
equation of normal at the point $(x_0 , y_0 )$ with slope $-\frac{y_0a^2}{x_0b^2}$
$y-y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-y_0=-\frac{y_0a^2}{x_0b^2}(x-x_0)\\ \frac{y-y_0}{y_0a^2} + \frac{x-x_0}{x_0b^2} = 0$

Question:25 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve $y = \sqrt{3x-2}$ which is parallel to the line $4x - 2y + 5 = 0 .$

Answer:

Parellel to line $4x - 2y + 5 = 0 \Rightarrow y = 2x + \frac{5}{2}$ means the slope of tangent and slope of line is equal
We know that the equation of line is
y = mx + c
on comparing with the given equation we get the slope of line m = 2 and c = 5/2
Now, we know that the slope of the tangent at a given point to given curve is given by $\frac{dy}{dx}$
Given the equation of curve is
$y = \sqrt{3x-2}$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}.\frac{3}{\sqrt{3x-2}}=\frac{3}{2\sqrt{3x-2}}$
$\frac{3}{2\sqrt{3x-2}} = 2\\ 3^2 = (4\sqrt{3x-2})^2\\ 9 = 16(3x-2)\\ 3x-2=\frac{9}{16}\\ 3x = \frac{9}{16} +2\\ 3x= \frac{41}{16}\\ x = \frac{41}{48}$
Now, when

$x = \frac{41}{48}$ , $y = \sqrt{3x-2} \Rightarrow y = \sqrt{3\times\frac{41}{48}-2 } = \sqrt{\frac{41}{16}-2}=\sqrt\frac{9}{16 } = \pm \frac{3}{4}$

but y cannot be -ve so we take only positive value
Hence, the coordinates are

$\left ( \frac{41}{48},\frac{3}{4} \right )$
Now, equation of tangent paasing through

$\left ( \frac{41}{48},\frac{3}{4} \right )$ and with slope m = 2 is
$y - y_1=m(x-x_1)\\ y-\frac{3}{4}=2(x-\frac{41}{48})\\ 48y-36=2(48x-41)\\ 48x-24y=41-18\\ 48x-24y=23$
Hence, equation of tangent paasing through $\left ( \frac{41}{48},\frac{3}{4} \right )$ and with slope m = 2 is 48x - 24y = 23

Question:26 The slope of the normal to the curve $y = 2x ^2 + 3 \sin x \: \: at \: \: x = 0$ is
(A) 3 (B) 1/3 (C) –3 (D) -1/3

Answer:

Equation of the given curve is
$y = 2x ^2 + 3 \sin x$
Slope of tangent = $\frac{dy}{dx} = 4x +3 \cos x$
at x = 0
$\frac{dy}{dx} = 4(0) +3 \cos 0= 0 + 3$
$\frac{dy}{dx}= 3$
Now, we know that
$Slope \ of \ normal = \frac{-1}{\ Slope \ of \ tangent} = \frac{-1}{3}$
Hence, (D) is the correct option

Question:27 The line $y = x+1$ is a tangent to the curve $y^2 = 4 x$ at the point
(A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 1) (C) (1, – 2) (D) (– 1, 2)

Answer:

The slope of the given line $y = x+1$ is 1
given curve equation is
$y^2 = 4 x$
If the line is tangent to the given curve than the slope of the tangent is equal to the slope of the curve
The slope of tangent = $2y\frac{dy}{dx} = 4 \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2}{y}$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2}{y} = 1\\ y = 2$
Now, when y = 2, $x = \frac{y^2}{4} = \frac{2^2}{4} = \frac{4}{4} = 1$
Hence, the coordinates are (1,2)

Hence, (A) is the correct answer