NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Class 12 Chemistry talks about Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids. This chapter tells us about how that compound form they are made, and how it reacts. These carbonyl compounds are really important in both our day-to-day life and industries. For instance, aldehydes and ketones are common in perfumes, medicines, and food preservatives. Carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid and citric acid, are common organic acids we come across in daily life.

NCERT solutions for class 12 of chapter 8 cover essential reactions like nucleophilic addition, oxidation, and reduction, which are crucial for grasping organic chemistry. The NCERT solutions offer straightforward explanations and step-by-step answers to help students understand the material and prepare for tests with confidence.

Also Read,

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 (Intext Question Exercise from 8.1 to 8.8)

Page no. 231

Q 8.1(i) Write the structures of the following compounds.

$\alpha$ -Methoxypropionaldehyde

Answer :

The structure of the compound $\alpha$ -methoxy propionaldehyde is shown here-

Q8.1(ii) Write the structures of the following compounds.

3-Hydroxy butanal

Answer :

The structure of the compound 3-Hydroxy butanal is shown here-

Q8.1(iii) Write the structures of the following compounds.

2-Hydroxy cyclopentane carbaldehyde

Answer :

The structure of the compound 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde is shown here-

Q 8.1(iv) Write the structures of the following compounds.

4-Oxopentanal

Answer :

The structure of the compound 4-oxopentanal is shown here-

Q8.1(v) Write the structures of the following compounds.

Di-sec. butyl ketone

Answer :

The structure of the compound Di-sec. butyl ketone is shown here-

Q8.1(vi) Write the structures of the following compounds.

4-Fluoro acetophenone

Answer :

The structure of the compound 4-Fluoro acetophenone is shown here-

Page no.234

Q 8.2(i) Write the structures of products of the following reactions:

(i) $\underset{C{S}_2}{\overset{Anhyd.AlC{l}_3}{\to }}$

Answer :

When benzene is treated with acid chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride $(-COC{H}_3)$ group attached to the benzene ring. this reaction is known as friedel craft acylation reaction.

Q8.2(ii) Write the structure of products of the following reactions;

(ii) $(C_6{H}_{5}C{H}_2{)}_{2}Cd+2C{H}_{3}COCl\to$

Answer :

Reaction of acyl chloride with dialkylcadmium ( $(C_6{H}_{5}C{H}_2{)}_{2}Cd$ ), prepared from reaction of cadmium chloride and grignard reagents ,gives ketone

Q8.2(iii) Write the structures of products of the following reactions:

(iii) $H_{3}C-C\equiv C-H\stackrel{H{g}^{2+},H_{2}S{O}_4}{\to }$

Answer :

When propyne reacts with $H{g}^{2+}$ in presence of dil. sulphuric acid, water molecules as a nucleophile attack on suitable postion[ $C{H}_3-C^{+}=C{H}^{-}$ , primary anion are stable] and then tautomerisation occurs to get the final product

Q8.2(iv) Write the structures of products of the following reactions:

(iv) $\underset{2.H_3{O}^{+}}{\overset{1.Cr{O}_{2}C{l}_2}{\to }}$

Answer :

Chromyl chloride oxidise the methyl group into a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis give aldehyde group.

Page no. 236

Q8.3 Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points.

$C{H}_{3}CHO,C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}OH,C{H}_{3}OC{H}_3,C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}C{H}_3$

Answer :

Increasing order in their boiling points-

$C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}C{H}_3<C{H}_{3}OC{H}_3<C{H}_{3}CHO<C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}OH$

Alcohol has the highest boiling point due to more extensive intermolecular H-bonding. Aldehyde is more polar than ether so, ethanal has high BP than ethyl ether. And alkane has the lowest BP.

Page no. 243

Q8.4(i) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.

Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.

Answer :

By the above structure, we can see that, due to +I effect of alkyl group te electron density at Carbonyl carbon increase from ethanal to bytanone. And so the tendency of attacking nucleophile is decreased.
Thus the increasig order (reactivity towards nucleophile)-

Butanone < propanone < propanal < ethanal

Q8.4(ii) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.

Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.

Answer :

If +I effect is more its reactivity towards nucleophilic addition is less. and -I is more, more reactive toward addition.

So, according to this concept, increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions-

Acetophenone < p-tolualdehyde < benzaldehyde <p-nitrobenzaldehyde

Q8.5(i) Predict the products of the following reactions:

(i) $+HO-N{H}_2\stackrel{H^{+}}{\to }$

Answer :

The product of the reaction is-
Water molecule is removed as a by-product in this reaction.

Q 8.5(ii) Predict the products of the following reactions:

(ii) →

Answer :

The product of the reaction is a hydrazone, which is formed when ketone and 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivative reacts with each other.

Q 8.5(iii) Predict the products of the following reactions:

$R-CH=CH-CHO+$ $\stackrel{H^{+}}{\to }$

Answer :

The product of the above reaction is -

Water molecule is eleminated as a by-product in this reaction

Q8.5(iv) Predict the products of the following reactions:

(iv) $+C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}N{H}_2\stackrel{H^{+}}{\to }$

Answer :

The product of the above reaction is -
water is also obtained in this reaction as a by-product

Q 8.6(i) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

$PhC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}COOH$

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound $PhC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}COOH$ is-

3-phenyl propanoic acid

Q8.6(ii) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

$(C{H}_3{)}_{2}C=CHCOOH$

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound $(C{H}_3{)}_{2}C=CHCOOH$ is -

3-methyl but-2-en-1-oic acid

Q 8.6(iii) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound is-

2-methyl cyclopentane carboxylic acid

Q8.6(Iv) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

(iv)

Answer :

The IUPAC name of the compound is-

2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzoic acid

Page no. 248

Q8.7(i) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid?

Ethyl benzene

Answer :

Strong oxidising agents like potassium permanganate in the presence of KOH, followed by acidic hydrolysis give benzoic acid.

Q 8.7(ii) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid.

Acetophenone

Answer :

On strong oxidation with potassium permanganate in presenc of KOH followed by acidic hydrolysis, give benzoic acid

Q 8.7(iii) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid?

Bromobenzene

Answer :

Make bromobenzene first Grignard reagent, react it with dry ice (carbon dioxide) followed by acidic hydrolysis gives benzoic acid.

Q 8.7(iv) Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid?

Phenylethene (Styrene)

Answer :

On strong oxidation with potassium permanganate ( $KMn{O}_4$ ) in the presence of strong alkali (KOH) followed by acidic hydrolysis gives benzoic acid.

Page no. 254

Q8.8(i) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

$C{H}_{3}C{O}_{2}H$ or $C{H}_{2}FC{O}_{2}H$

Answer :

$C{H}_{2}FC{O}_{2}H$ is stronger than $C{H}_{3}COOH$ due to -I effect of Fluorine decreases the electron density at OH bond, which makes it easier to lose proton ( $H^{+}$ ). The conjugate base of $C{H}_{2}FC{O}_2^{-}$ is more stable than $C{H}_{3}CO{O}^{-}$ .

Q8.8(ii) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

$C{H}_{2}FC{O}_{2}H$ or $C{H}_{2}ClC{O}_{2}H$

Answer :

$C{H}_{2}FC{O}_{2}H$ is a stronger acid.

Fluorine has more -I effect than chlorine. So, $C{H}_{2}FC{O}_{2}H$ can release proton easily than $C{H}_{2}ClC{O}_{2}H$ .

Q8.8(iii) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

(iii) $C{H}_{2}FC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}C{O}_{2}H$ or $C{H}_{3}CHFC{H}_{2}C{O}_{2}H$

Answer :

Since we know that inductive effect depends on distance. Greater is the distance lesser is the effect. So, -I effect in $C{H}_{3}CHFC{H}_{2}C{O}_{2}H$ is more.

$C{H}_{3}CHFC{H}_{2}C{O}_{2}H$ is more acidic than $C{H}_{2}FC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}C{O}_{2}H$ .

Q 8.8(iv) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

Answer :

Due to -I effect of Fluorine in A, it is easy to release proton ( $H^{+}$ ) but in compound B due to +I effect of methyl group it becomes difficlt te release protons. Therefore, compound A is more acidic than compound B.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 (Exercise Questions with Answers)

Q 8.1 (i). What is meant by the following terms ? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Cyanohydrin

Answer:

Cyanohydrin -
When ketone and aldehyde react with the hydrogen cyanide ( $HCN$ ) to yield cyanohydrin. The Reaction is very slow with the pure HCN, so it can be catalyzed by using a base.

Q 8.1 (ii). What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Acetal

Answer:

Acetal -
When aldehyde reacts with one molecule of monohydric alcohol in presence of dry HCl, it gives intermediate compound known as hemiacetals, which on further reaction with one more molecule of alcohol gives a product (gem-dialkoxy compound), known as acetal.

For example:

Q 8.1(iii). What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Semicarbazone

Answer:

Semicarbazone -
This is the derivative of the aldehyde and ketone and it is derived from the condensation reaction between aldehyde and ketone. For example:

Q 8.1(iv). What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Aldol

Answer:

Aldol -
$\beta$ -hydroxy aldehyde is known as aldol and it can be prepared from condensation of aldehyde and ketone, having atleast one alpha-hydrogen atom in presence of dil. alkali as a catalyst.

For example:

Q 8.1(v) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Hemiacetal

Answer:

Hemiacetal -
Aldehyde reacts with one equivalent of a monohydric alcohol, to yield an alkoxy alcohol intermediate compound, in presence of dry hydrochloric acid. The intermediate is called hemiacetal.

For example:

Q 8.1 (vi) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Oxime

Answer:

Oxime -
Aldehyde and ketone on reacting with the hydroxylamine in a weakly basic medium give oximes.
The general form of oxime-

For example:

Q8.1 (vii) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Ketal

Answer:

Ketal-

It is a cyclic compound, which is formed when a ketone reacts with the ethylene glycol in the presence of dry hydrochloric acid.

For example:

Q 8.1(vii) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Imine

Answer:

Imine -
These are the chemical compounds having carbon-nitrogen double bonds. It is formed when aldehyde and ketone react with ammonia and its derivatives.

For example:

Q 8.1(ix) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

2,4-DNP-derivative

Answer:

2,4-DNP-derivative-

These are produced when aldehyde and ketone are reacted with the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in a weak basic medium. 2, 4DNP test is used for distinguishing between aldehyde and ketone.

For example:

Q 8.1 (x) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case.

Schiff’s base

Answer:

Schiff’s base-
When aldehyde and ketone are treated with the primary aliphatic or aromatic amines in the presence of acid produces Schiff's base.

For example:

Q 8.2(i) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

$C{H}_{3}CH(C{H}_3)C{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}CHO$

Answer:

$C{H}_{3}CH(C{H}_3)C{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}CHO$
IUPAC name of this compound is 4-methyl pentanal

Q 8.2(ii) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

$C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}COCH(C_2{H}_5)C{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}Cl$

Answer:

$C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}COCH(C_2{H}_5)C{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}Cl$

The IUPAC name of the compound is 6-chloro-4ethyl hexane-3-one

Q8.2(iii) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

$C{H}_{3}CH=CHCHO$

Answer:

$C{H}_{3}CH=CHCHO$
The structure of the compound is

The IUPAC name of the compound is But-2-en-1-al

Q8.2(iv) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

$C{H}_{3}COC{H}_{2}COC{H}_3$

Answer:

$C{H}_{3}COC{H}_{2}COC{H}_3$
The structure of the given compound is-

The IUPAC name of the compound is pentan-2, 4-dione.

Q8.2 (v) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

$C{H}_{3}CH(C{H}_3)C{H}_{2}C(C{H}_3{)}_{2}COC{H}_3$

Answer:

$C{H}_{3}CH(C{H}_3)C{H}_{2}C(C{H}_3{)}_{2}COC{H}_3$
The structure of the compound is -

The IUPAC name of the given compound is 3, 3, 5-trimethyl hexan-2-one.

Q8.2 (vi) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

$(C{H}_3{)}_{3}CC{H}_{2}COOH$

Answer:

$(C{H}_3{)}_{3}CC{H}_{2}COOH$
The structure of the compound is -

The IUPAC name of the compound is 3, 3-dimethyl butanoic acid .

Q8.2 (vii) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

$OHC{C}_6{H}_{4}CHO-p$

Answer:

$OHC{C}_6{H}_{4}CHO-p$
The structure of the compound is-

The IUPAC name of the compound is Benzene-1, 4-dicarbaldehyde.

Q8.3(i) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

3-Methyl butanal

Answer:

The structure of the 3-methylbutanal is shown here-

Q8.3 (ii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

p-Nitropropiophenone

Answer:

The structure of p-nitro propiophenone is shown here-

Q8.3 (iii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

p-methyl benzaldehyde

Answer:

The strcuture of the $p$ -methyl benzaldehyde is shown here-

Q8.3(iv) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one

Answer:

The structure of the compound 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one is shown here-

Q8.3(v) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

4-Chloropentan-2-one

Answer:

The structure of the compound 4-chloro-pentan-2-one is shown here-

Q8.3 (vi) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid

Answer:

The structure of the compound 3-Bromo-4-phenyl pentanoic acid is shown here-

Q8.3 (vii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

p,p’-dihydroxy benzophenone

Answer:

The structure of the compound p,p’-dihydroxy benzophenone acid is shown here-

Q8.3 (viii) Draw the structures of the following compounds.

Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid

Answer:

The structure of the compound Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid acid is shown here-

Q8.4 (i) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

$C{H}_{3}CO(C{H}_2{)}_{4}C{H}_3$

Answer:

$C{H}_{3}CO(C{H}_2{)}_{4}C{H}_3$
The structure of the compound is
The IUPAC name of the compound is hept-2-one Common name is methyl-n-propyl ketone

Q8.4 (ii) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

$C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}CHBrC{H}_{2}CH(C{H}_3)CHO$

Answer:

$C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}CHBrC{H}_{2}CH(C{H}_3)CHO$
The structure of the compound is

The IUPAC name of the compound is 4-bromo-2-methylhexanal
The common name is - $\gamma$ -bromo- $\alpha$ -methyl-caproaldehyde

Q8.4 (iii) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

$C{H}_3(C{H}_2{)}_{5}CHO$

Answer:

$C{H}_3(C{H}_2{)}_{5}CHO$
structure os the compound is

The IUPAC name of the compound is heptanal

Q8.4 (iv) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

$Ph-CH=CH-CHO$

Answer:

$Ph-CH=CH-CHO$
structur eof the compound is

The IUPAC name of the sompound is 3-phenylprop-2-ene-al

Common name is $\beta$ -phenylacrolein

Q8.4 (v). Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

Answer:

The IUPAC name of the compound is cyclopentane carbaldehyde.

Q 8.4 (vi) Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.

$PhCOPh$

Answer:

$PhCOPh$
structure of the compound is

The IUPAC name of the compound is Diphenyl mentanone.

The common name is - benzophenone

Q8.5 (i) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazone of benzaldehyde

Answer:

The structure of 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazone of benzaldehyde

Q8.5 (ii) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

Cyclopropanone oxime

Answer:

The structure of the Cyclopropanone oxime

Q 8.5 (iii) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal

Answer:

The structure of Acetaldehyde dimethylacetal

Q 8.5 (iv) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone

Answer:

The structure of the semicarbazone of cyclobutanone

Q8.5 (v) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one

Answer:

The structure of the ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one

Q8.5 (vi) Draw structures of the following derivatives.

The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

Answer:

The structure of the compound methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

Q 8.6 (i) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

PhMgBr and then H 3 O +

Answer:

When cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with $PhMgBr$ in presence of dry ether and then $H_3{O}^{+}$ (hydrolysis)

Q 8.6 (ii) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with the following reagents.

Tollens' reagent

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with Tollen's reagent and reduces it to silver ( $Ag$ ) and oxidizes itself to cyclohexane carboxylate ion
So the reaction is-

Q 8.6 (iii) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

Semicarbazide and weak acid

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

The reaction of cyclohexane carbaldehyde with semicarbazide and weak acid is-
The $-N{H}_2$ group, which is not involved in resonance with the carbonyl group, acts as a nucleophile and attacks on -CHO group to form the product.

Q 8.6 (iv) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

Excess ethanol and acid

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

reaction of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde with an excess of ethanol and acid to form cyclohexanecarbaldehyde diethyl acetal.

Q 8.6 (v) Predict the products formed when cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid

Answer:

Structure of cyclohexane carbaldehyde

When cyclohexane carbaldehyde reacts with zinc amalgam( $Zn-Hg$ ) and dil. $HCl$ , the carbonyl group of reactant is reduced to $C{H}_2$ , it is also known as clemmensen reduction.

Q 8.7 (i) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, the Cannizzaro reaction, and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Methanal

Answer:

The compounds of ketones or aldehydes having at least one $\alpha$ - hydrogen atom give aldol condensation reaction. Here, methanal has an alpha-hydrogen atom. So, it gives a Cannizzaro reaction.

The products of the reactions are, in which one product is reduced and another is oxidised to a carboxylic acid salt-

Q 8.7 (ii) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

2 methylpentanal

Answer:

In 2-methylpentanal, there is one alpha-hydrogen atom, so it gives an aldol condensation reaction. Hence aldol product is-

Q 8.7 (iii) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Benzaldehyde

Answer:

Benzaldehyde Structure

In this structure, we can clearly see that there is no alpha-hydrogen atom. So, it gives the Cannizzaro reaction.

Q8.7 (iv) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Benzophenone

Answer:

It does not give any of reaction because it is a keto compound and has no alpha-hydrogen atom. Hence, it does not give the Cannizzaro as well as the aldol reaction.

Structure -

Q 8.7 (v) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Cyclohexanone

Answer:

Yes, this compound will give an aldol condensation reaction due to the presence of an alpha-hydrogen atom. Two moles of cyclohexanone react with each other in which one molecule act as a nucleophile and the other act as an electrophile.

Q 8.7 (vi) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

1-Phenylpropanone

Answer:

1-Phenylpropanone has two alpha-hydrogen atoms, so it gives an aldol condensation reaction. It reacts with another molecule of 1-Phenylpropanone in the presence of dil. $NaOH$ .

Q8.7(vii) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Phenylacetaldehyde

Answer:

Phenylacetaldehyde it has two alpha-hydrogens, which makes it possible to perform the aldol condensation reaction. So, the reaction is shown here;

Q8.7 (viii) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

Butan-1-ol

Answer:

It does not give any of the reactions, either the aldol reaction or Cannizzaro reaction, because it is an alcohol.

Q 8.7(ix) Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

2,2-Dimethylbutanal

Answer:

In this compound, there is no alpha hydrogen, which means it gives the Cannizzaro reaction in the presence of conc. sodium hydroxide ( $NaOH$ ). One molecule of it is oxidised and the other molecule is reduced.

Q 8.8 (i) How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

Butane-1,3-diol

Answer:

On treating ethanal with dil. alkali it gives 3-hydroxybutanal, which on further reduction with $NaB{H}_4$ gives the product Butane-1,3-diol

Q8.8 (ii) How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

But-2-enal

Answer:

On treating with he presence of dil. alkali ( $NaOH$ ), it gives 3-hydroxybutanal, which on further dehydration gives but-2-ene-al.

Q 8.8 (iii) How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

But-2-enoic acid

Answer:

When the given substrate is reacting with the tollens reagent, it produces but-2-enoic acid.

Q 8.9 Write structural formulas and names of four possible aldol condensation products from propanal and butanal. In each case, indicate which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as electrophile?

Answer:

Propanal - $C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}CHO$

butanal - $C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}CHO$

In cross-aldol condensation, there are a total of four cases of reaction-

1. When two molecules of propanal react with each other
2. When two molecules of butanal react with each other
3. When propanal acts as a nucleophile and attacks butanal(as an electrophile)
4. Butanone acts as a nucleophile and attacks propanal(as an electrophile)

Q 8.10 An organic compound with the molecular formula $C_9{H}_{10}O$ forms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollens’ reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

Answer:

According to the given information, the molecular formula is $C_9{H}_{10}O$ and it reduces Tollens reagent. So, there must be an aldehyde group. And also it gives Cannizzaro reaction, it means the given compound has no $alpha$-hydrogen atom. On oxidation, it gives 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Thus, the aldehyde group ( $-CHO$ ) is directly attached to the benzene ring, and it should also be para-substituted.

Hence, the structure of the compound (2-ethylbenzaldehyde) is-

By following the reaction we can understand this problem-

Q 8.12 (i) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards HCN)

Answer:

Increasing order (reactivity towards HCN)-
Di-tert-butyl ketone < Methyl tert-butyl ketone < Acetone < Acetaldehyde
The attacking power of $CN$ nucleophile can be affected in two ways-

1. hindrance near the carbonyl group
2. negative charge on $-CO$ group (through +I effect of methyl)

By observing the structure of all compounds, we can arrange them in order to reactivity towards HCN.

Q 8.12 (ii) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

$C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}CH(Br)COOH,C{H}_{3}CH(Br)C{H}_{2}COOH,(C{H}_3{)}_{2}CHCOOH$ $,C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}COOH$ (acid strength)

Answer:

increasing order of their acidic strength-

$(C{H}_3{)}_{2}CHCOOH<C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}COOH<C{H}_{3}CH(Br)C{H}_{2}COOH<C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}CH(Br)COOH$

Due to the presence of Bromine, which shows -I effect, and we know that -I grows weaker as distance increases. And in case of n-propyl and isopropyl, the +I effect is more in isopropyl, so it is weaker in acidic strength.
$-I\propto acidic$ nature
$+I\propto 1/acidic$

Q 8.12 (iii) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)

Answer:

Increasing order of acidic strength -

4-methoxybenzoic acid < Benzoic acid < 4-Nitrobenzoic acid < 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

As we know, electron-withdrawing groups increase the strength of the acid, and electron-donating groups decrease the strength of the acid. Therefore, 4-methoxybenzoic acid is the weakest acid among them, and 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid is the strongest due to the presence of 2 electron-withdrawing groups and then by 4-nitrobenzoic acid.

Q 8.13 (i) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Propanal and Propanone

Answer:

Both compounds can be distinguished by the following tests-

• tollens test
• iodoform test
• fehlings test

Propanal reduces the Tollens reagent, but propanone does not.
Acetaldehyde responds to Fehling's test, but ketone does not. So, Propanal gives a positive Fehling's test but not propanone.

Q 8.13 (ii) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Acetophenone and Benzophenone

Answer:

Acetophenone gives a positive iodoform test; it reacts with $NaOI$ to give yellow ppt. But benzophenone does not give this test.

$C_6{H}_{5}COC{H}_3+NaOI\to C_6{H}_{5}COONa+CH{I}_3+NaOH$

benzophenone + $NaOI$ $\to$ no yellow ppt.

Q 8.13 (iii) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Phenol and Benzoic acid

Answer:

Phenol gives ferric chloride test ( $FeC{l}_3$ ), on reaction with ferric chloride, phenol gives violet coloured solution, but benzoic acid does not.

Q 8.13 (iv) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate

Answer:

Both can be distinguished by the sodium bicarbonate test. In this test, benzoic acid reacts with $NaHC{O}_3$ to give brisk effervescence due to the evolution of carbon dioxide ( $C{O}_2$ ), but Ethyl benzoate does not.

Q8.13 (v) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one

Answer:

They can be distinguished by the iodoform test,
This test is given by compounds having a methyl ketone group. So, pentan-2-one gives this test, and pentan-3-one does not.

Q 8.13 (vi) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone

Answer:

Both can be distinguished by

1. Iodoform test
   In acetophenone, the methyl ketone group is present. So it gives a positive iodoform test by forming a yellow ppt.
   
2. Tollen's test
   Aldehydes give a positive Tollens test. Benzaldehyde reduces the Tollens reagent and gives red brown precipitate. But acetophenone does not give this test.
   

Q 8.13 (vii) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

Ethanal and Propanal

Answer:

Ethanal and Propanal can be distinguished by the Iodoform test.
Ethanal has one methyl group attached to the Carbonyl group, so it gives a positive iodoform test, but propanal does not give this test.

Q 8.14(i) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

Methyl benzoate

Answer:

Benzene, on bromination, formed bromobenzene, and after that, we have to react with $Mg$ in the presence of ether, it becomes Grignard reagents ( $R-MgX$ ). Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) to form salts of carboxylic acids, which on acidic hydrolysis give benzoic acid. On esterification, it gives methyl benzoate.

Q 8.14 (ii) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom.

m-nitrobenzoic acid

Answer:

Benzene on bromination, formed bromobenzene, and after that, we have to react with $Mg$ in the presence of ether, it becomes a Grignard reagent ( $R-MgX$ ). Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) to form salts of carboxylic acids, which on acidic hydrolysis give benzoic acid. Finally, after doing nitration, we get our desired product (m-Nitrobenzoic acid).

Q 8.14 (iii) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

(iii) p-nitrobenzoic acid

Answer:

By friedel craft alkylation of benzene give methyl benzene, which on nitration give meta and para substituted methyl benzene, para substituted is major product. Oxidation of para substituted methyl benzene( $KMn{O}_4/KOH$ ) gives salts of carboxylic acid, which on further acidic hydrolysis gives p-nitrobenzoic acid.

Q 8.14 (iv) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

Phenyl acetic acid

Answer:

Alkylation of benzene in presence of anhydrous $AlC{l}_3$ gives toluene, which on further reaction with $B{r}_2/\mathrm{\Delta }/hv$ gives benzyl bromide, and after that reacts with alc. KCN, CN replace the Br and form benzyl cyanide, which on acidic hydrolysis gives phenyl acetic acid.

Q 8.14(v) How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom

p-nitrobenzaldehyde

Answer:

Alkylation of benzene gives toluene, which on further reaction with $HN{O}_3/H_{2}S{O}_4$ gives p- nitrotoluene and react it with the the carbon disulphide / $Cr{O}_{2}C{l}_2$ followed by acidic hydrolysis to form $p$ -nitrobenzaldehyde.

Q 8.15(i) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Propanone to Propene

Answer:

First, reduce propanone with the help of lithium aluminum hydride ( $LiAl{H}_4$ ) to get propan-2-ol, and then by dehydration, remove the water molecule to get propene.

Q 8.15(ii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzoic acid to benzaldehyde

Answer:

First react it with $SOC{l}_2$ which replace OH group and then hydogenation reaction.

Q 8.15 (iii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Ethanol to 3-hydroxy butanal

Answer:

Ethanol on heating at 573K in the presence of copper it converts into ethanol, and then by aldol condensation, we get 3-hydroxybutanal.

Q 8.15 (iv) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzene to m-nitroacetophenone

Answer:

Benzene, on reacting with acetic anhydride $(C{H}_{3}CO{)}_{2}CO$ , gives acetophenone. Further reacting acetophenone with nitric acid in the presence of sulphuric acid gives a meta-substituted product, m-nitroacetophenone.

Q 8.15 (v) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzaldehyde to benzophenone

Answer:

On oxidation of benzaldehyde, it converted into benzoic acid, which on further reacting with $CaC{O}_3$ it formed calcium benzoate. After distillation, we get benzophenone.

Q 8.15 (vi) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Bromobenzene to 1-phenylethanol

Answer:

Bromobenzene on reacting with $Mg$ in the presence of dry ether it forms Grignard reagents ( $R-Mg-X$ ), which, on further reacting with ethanol, followed by acidic hydrolysis, gives 1-phenyl ethanol

Q 8.15 (vii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzaldehyde to 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol

Answer:

BY cross aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde gives 3-phenylprop-2-ene-al, which on catalytic hydrogenation gives 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol

Q 8.15 (viii) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzaldehyde to α-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid

Answer:

Nucleophilic reaction of benzaldehyde with $NaCN$ in the presence of HCl gives benzaldehyde cyanohydrine, which on acidic hydrolysis forms α-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid

Q 8.15(ix) How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?

Benzoic acid to m-nitrobenzyl alcohol

Answer:

On nitration of benzoic acid gives meta-substituted nitrobenzoic acid, which, on further reacting with a reducing agent and followed by acidic hydrolysis, gives nitrobenzyl alcohol.

Q 8.16 (i) Describe the following.

Acetylation

Answer:

Acetylation-
The addition of an acetyl functional group ( $C{H}_{3}CO-$ ) in an organic compound is called acetylation. Acetic anhydride( $(C{H}_{3}CO{)}_{2}CO$ ) and acetyl chloride ( $C{H}_{3}COCl$ ) are mostly used as acetylating agents. This reaction happens in the presence of a base such as pyridine, etc.

Q 8.16 (ii) Describe the following.

Cannizzaro reaction

Answer:

Cannizzaro reaction-
Aldehydes that do not have any alpha-hydrogen undergo self-oxidation as well as reduction reaction on treatment with concentrated alkalis. In this reaction, one molecule gets reduced and the other is oxidised to a carboxylic acid salt.

Q 8.16 (iii) Describe the following.

Cross aldol condensation

Answer:

Cross aldol condensation -
In aldol condensation, if the reactants are two different aldehydes or ketones, then it is called cross-aldol condensation. If both of the reactants contain alpha-hydrogen atoms, then it gives a mixture of four products.

Q 8.16 (iv) Describe the following.

Decarboxylation

Answer:

Decarboxylation -
The reaction in which the carboxylic acid loses carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon, in the presence of sodalime( $NaOH$ and $CaO$ in the ratio of 3:1). This reaction is known as decarboxylation.

Q 8.17(i) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

$\underset{KOH,heat}{\overset{KMn{O}_4}{\to }}$

Answer:

Potassium permanganate oxidizes the substituted ethyl group to $-COOH$ group, and due tothe presence of KOH, forms carboxylic acid salts (potassium benzoate)

Q 8.17(ii) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products.

$\underset{heat}{\overset{SoC{l}_2}{\to }}$

Answer:

The -OH groups of both carboxylic acid is replaced by the chlorine
So, the overall reaction is

Q 8.17 (iii) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products

$C_6{H}_{5}CHO\stackrel{H_{2}NCONHN{H}_2}{\to }$

Answer:

In this reaction, the $-N{H}_2$ group, which is not directly attached to the carbonyl group, acts as a nucleophile and attacks on -CO group of benzaldehyde, and a water molecule is also produced as a by-product.

So, the final product is-

Q8.17(iv) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent or products.

Answer:

Benzene reacts with benzoyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride ( $AlC{l}_3$ ) to give benzophenone and also HCl as a by-product.

Q 8.17(v) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent or products.

$\stackrel{{\left[Ag{\left(N{H}_3\right)}_2\right]}^{+}}{\to }$

Answer:

Since the given reactant is an aldehyde compound, it gives a positive Tollens' test by reducing the Tollens reagent.

Q 8.17 (vi) Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products.

$\stackrel{NaCN/HCl}{\to }$

Answer:

In this reaction, the nucleophile CN attacks on -CHO group because it has more reactivity towards $C{N}^{-}$ .

So the reaction gives

Q8.17 (vii) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products.

$C_6{H}_{3}CHO+C{H}_{3}C{H}_{2}CHO\underset{\mathrm{\Delta }}{\overset{dilNaOH}{\to }}$

Answer:

The given reaction is a cross aldol reaction between benzaldehyde and propanal in the presence of dil. sodium hydroxide

Q 8.17 (viii) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products.

$C{H}_{2}COC{H}_{2}COO{C}_2{H}_5\underset{ii.H^{+}}{\overset{i.NaB{H}_4}{\to }}$

Answer:

In this reaction $NaB{H}_4$ is a reducing agent, which reduces the CO group of the compound.

Q8.17(ix) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products.

$\stackrel{Cr{O}_2}{\to }$

Answer:

$Cr{O}_2$ oxidises the OH(alcohol) group into keto-group (-CO) and finally the product produced is cyclohexanone

Q 8.17(x) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products.

Answer:

Diborane reacts with an alkene to give trialkyl boranes (addition product), and this is oxidised to alcohol by using hydrogen peroxide.

After the pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is reacted with alcohol to convert it into an Aldehyde group.

Q 8.17 (xi) Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent or products.

$\underset{ii.Zn-H_{2}O}{\overset{i.O_3}{\to }}$

Answer:

The above reaction is ozonolysis reaction in which ozone molecule breaks the double bond of the alkene and formed a ketone or aldehyde as a product.

Q 8.18(i) Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone does not.

Answer:

Structure of 2,2,6-trimethylcyclo hexanone

Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin when the nucleophile ( $HCN/C{N}^{-}$ ) attack on cyclohexanone.

In this case, there is less hindrance around the CO group so the nucleophile can attack easily. But in case of 2,2,6-trimethylcyclo hexanone at the alpha ( $\alpha$ ) position, there is a hindrance because of the methyl groups. Thus the nucleophile cannot attack effectively.

Q 8.18(ii) Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

There are two –NH 2 groups in semicarbazide. However, only one is involved in the formation of semicarbazones.

Answer:

In Semicarbazide,

One of the $-N{H}_2$ groups is involved in resonance with the carbonyl group, which is directly attached. Therefore, it cannot act as a nucleophile (its electrons are less available or have less electron density at that $-N{H}_2$ group). But the other $-N{H}_2$ group is not participating in resonance, so it can act as a nucleophile and attack the carbonyl carbon of the ketone and aldehyde.

Q 8.18(iii) Give a plausible explanation for each of the following:

During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it is formed.

Answer:

$RCOOH+R^{\prime }OH\rightleftharpoons RCOO{R}^{\prime }+H_{2}O$
If either water or the ester is not removed immediately, then the ester can react with water and again and give back the reactants.

Thus, to shift the reaction in the forward direction, we need to produce more ester or remove either of the two.

Q 8.19 An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon, 11.63% hydrogen and rest oxygen. The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollens’ reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogen sulphite and give a positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic and propanoic acid. Write the possible structure of the compound.

Answer:

In the question, it is given that,
% of carbon = 69.77
% of Hydrogen = 11.63
% of Oxygen = (100-69.77-11.63) = 18.6

Now, the no. of moles of the components are-
$n_c=\frac{69.77}{12}=5.81$
$n_H=\frac{11.63}{1}=11.63$
$n_O=\frac{18.6}{16}=1.16$
Thus ration of C:H:O = 5.81:11.63:1.16
To get empirical formula we need to divide them by 1.16 .So,
C:H:O= 5:10:1
So, the empirical formula is $C_5{H}_{10}O$
The molecular mass of the compound = $(5\times 12)+(10\times 1)+(1\times 16)=86$

Since the compound does not give tollens test it means it is not an aldehyde. It is given that, the compound gives positive iodoform test it means the compound must be methyl ketone.
On oxidation, it gives ethanoic acid and propanoic acids. Therefore, the compound should be

Pentan-2-one
the structure of the compound is - $C{H}_3-CO-(C{H}_2{)}_2-C{H}_3$

Q 8.20 Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why?

Answer:

In the carboxylate ion, the electron is delocalised between the oxygen, which is electronegative in nature. But in the case of phenoxide ion, the electrons are delocalised between the less electronegative atom, and also phenoxide ion has non-equivalent resonance structures. Therefore,the carboxylate ion is more resonance stable than the phenoxide ion, and we know that the more stable the conjugate base of an acid, high stronger is the acid

Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Chapter 8: Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question. ${\mathrm{CH}}_3{\mathrm{CH}}_2-\mathrm{OH}$$\underset{\begin{array}{c}\text{ (ii) }{\mathrm{KMnO}}_4\\ \text{ (iii) }\mathrm{NaOH},\mathrm{CaO},\mathrm{\Delta }\end{array}}{\overset{\text{ (i) Jone's Reagent }}{\to }}P$
Consider the above reaction sequence and identify the major product P.

(1) Methane

(2) Methanal

(3) Methoxymethane

(4) Methanoic acid

Answer.

Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

Question. Fehling’s solution ‘A’ is:

(1) aqueous copper sulphate

(2) alkaline copper sulphate

(3) alkaline solution of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle’s salt)

(4) aqueous sodium citrate

Answer: Fehling's solution A is a deep blue aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate. It's also known as cupric sulfate, blue vitriol, or bluestone.

Fehling solution ‘A’ = Aqueous copper sulphate

Fehling solution ‘B’ = Alkaline sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt)

Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

Approach to Solve Questions of Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids are an excellent source of study material for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry. Here's a clear and exam-focused approach to solving questions:

1. Focus on Nomenclature and Structure:

Be confident with naming –CHO and –CO groups. Differentiate between aldehydes (end groups) and ketones (middle of chain).

2. Preparation Methods:

Study oxidation of alcohols, ozonolysis of alkenes, and hydration of alkynes. Know reagents like PCC, KMnO₄, CrO₃, etc.

3. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions:

This is the key mechanism: HCN, NaHSO₃, Grignard reagent addition to C=O. Understand the resonance and electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon.

4. Tests to Identify Aldehydes:

Memorize Tollens’ test (silver mirror), Fehling’s solution (brick-red ppt), and Schiff’s test. These are only for aldehydes, not ketones.

5. Acidic Properties of Carboxylic Acids:

Compare acidity based on substituent effects (–NO₂ increases acidity, –CH₃ decreases it). Learn how resonance stabilizes the carboxylate ion.

6. Decarboxylation & Reduction Reactions:

Learn decarboxylation (with soda lime), reduction of acids to alcohols, and aldehydes/ketones to respective alcohols using LiAlH₄ or NaBH₄.

7. Condensation Reactions:

Master aldol condensation (for aldehydes and ketones with α-H), Cannizzaro reaction (non α-H aldehydes), and cross-aldol reactions for conversions.

Topics and Subtopics Covered in the NCERT Textbooks

8.1 Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Compounds

8.1.1 Nomenclature

8.1.2 Structure of Carbonyl Compounds

8.2 Preparation of Aldehydes And Ketones

8.2.1 Preparation of Aldehydes And Ketones

8.2.2 Preparation of Aldehydes

8.2.3 Preparation of Ketones

8.3 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

8.4 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

8.5 Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

8.6 Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group

8.6.1 Nomenclature

8.6.2 Structure of Carboxyl Group

8.7 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

8.8 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

8.9 Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

8.9.1 Reaction Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond

8.9.2 Reaction Involving Cleavage of C-OH Bond

8.9.3 Reaction Involving -COOH Group

8.9.4 Substitution Reaction in the Hydrocarbon Part

8.10 Uses of Carboxylic Acids

What Extra Should Students Study Beyond the NCERT for JEE?

Beyond the NCERT, students should focus on the important concepts and reactions according to the table given below:

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry

Class 12 NCERT Chapter-wise solutions are given below:

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Subject-wise

Class 12 NCERT subject-wise solutions are given below:

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Subject-wise

Class 12 NCERT subject-wise exemplar solutions are given below:

NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus

The NCERT books and syllabus links for class 12 are given below: