JEE Main Important Physics formulas
ApplyAs per latest 2024 syllabus. Physics formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
The chapter, Chemistry in everyday life is the continuation of the NCERT chapter, polymers. The NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 Notes covers a brief outline of the chapter on chemistry in everyday life. The main topics covered in Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes are drugs & classification of drugs, drug-target interaction, Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs, Chemicals in Food, Cleansing Agents & everything related to general everyday chemistry.
NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes also include a brief introduction to some important day-to-day substances like Tranquilizers, Analgesics, Antimicrobials, Antibiotics. Antiseptics & disinfectants, Antifertility Drugs, etc. Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes also cover the basic chemical equations in the chapter. The mechanism of working of drugs on the human body is also covered in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes. Some solved examples related to the mentioned topic are also included in Chemistry in everyday life Class 12 notes. The learner can download all the listed topics from the Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes pdf download.
Also, students can refer,
Drugs are chemicals with low molecular masses. Drugs interact with macromolecule targets due to which a biological response is produced.
When this biological response is therapeutic & useful & is used in the diagnosis, prevention, & treatment of diseases these chemicals are termed as medicines.
Chemotherapy is the processing of using chemicals for therapeutic effect.
Drugs can be classified on the basis of the following criteria:
Criteria | Description | Examples |
Pharmacological effect |
| antiseptics kill/arrest the growth of microorganisms, analgesics have a painkilling effect. |
Drug action |
| antihistamines inhibit the action histamine. |
Chemical structure |
| Sulphonamides have common structural features. |
Molecular targets |
|
Enzymes are proteins that perform as biological catalysts in the body.
Receptors are the enzymes crucial for proper communication in the body.
Polar molecules are carried by the carrier proteins across the cell membrane.
The genetic information of the cell is coded in Nucleic acids.
The structural parts of the cell membrane are made up of lipids & carbohydrates.
Enzymes as Drug Targets:
The catalytic action of enzymes
Enzymes perform 2 major functions during their catalytic activity:
The enzyme holds the substrate in the active sites at suitable positions for a chemical reaction to occur efficiently. Different types of interactions can be used to hold together the substrate(s) to the active site such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction, ionic bonding, or dipole-dipole interactions.
The enzyme is provide functional groups to attack the substrate & carry out chemical reactions.
Drug-enzyme interaction
Drugs inhibit the activities of enzymes. Drugs act as obstacles & hinder the binding site of the enzyme & preventing the binding of substrate. Drugs also inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme thus referred to as enzyme inhibitors.
The attachment of substrate on the active site of enzymes can be inhibited by drugs in two different ways:
The drugs that compete with the assigned substrate for their embodiment on the active sites of enzymes are called Competitive inhibitors.
Some drugs choose to bind to a different site of the enzyme termed as allosteric site. When inhibitor drug binds at the allosteric site the shape of the active site changes and thus the substrate cannot recognize it.
Due to the formation of a strong covalent bond between an enzyme & an inhibitor, the enzyme gets blocked permanently. Due to the blockage of enzymes, the body degrades the enzyme-inhibitor complex & synthesizes a new enzyme.
Receptors as Drug Targets:
The proteins called Receptors are essential as they help in communication process of the body.
The majority of receptors are embedded in the membranes of cells in a way such that their small part possessing active site projects out of the surface of the cell membrane & opens on the exterior of the cell membrane.
Chemical messengers are chemicals that help in transmitting messages between two neurons & between the neurons & muscles.
The binding site of the receptor protein receives the chemical messengers. To accommodate chemical messengers, the shape of the receptor site changes.
This marks the end of transferring process.
This is the process of giving messages by chemical messenger to the cell without entering the cell.
Antagonists are the drugs that inhibit the natural function of receptors by binding to the receptor site.
Agonists are the drugs that switch on the receptor & mimic the natural messenger.
Antacids:
Cimetidine (Tegamet) was developed to obstruct the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall as these receptors trigger the secretion of pepsin & HCl in the stomach.
Another drug ranitidine (Zantac) was discovered later.
Antihistamines:
Some characteristics of histamines-
potent vasodilator
contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi & gut
relaxes other muscles
responsible for the nasal congestion
responsible for an allergic response to pollen.
Antihistamines interfere with the natural action of histamine. They do so by competing with histamine for binding sites of the receptor protein.
Neurologically Active Drugs:
Neurologically Active Drugs can be classified as:
Tranquilizers
Analgesics
Tranquilizers & analgesics affect the message transfer mechanism between the nerve to the receptor.
Tranquilizers
They are used for the treatment of mild or even severe mental diseases & for the treatment of stress.
They relieve stress, anxiety, excitement, or irritability by inducing a sense of well-being.
They are an essential component in the composition of sleeping pills.
Different types of tranquilizers function by different mechanisms.
Antidepressant drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyze the degradation of noradrenaline are used when a person suffers from depression. Example - Iproniazid, phenelzine, etc.
Mild tranquilizers e.g., Chlordiazepoxide & Meprobamate are suitable for relieving tension.
For controlling depression & hypertension, Equanil is used.
Barbiturates which are Derivatives of barbituric acid viz., veronal, amytal, Nembutal, luminal are hypnotic, i.e., sleep-producing agents.
valium & serotonin are some other substances used as tranquilizers.
The summary of these tranquilizers is tabulated below:
Category | Function | Example |
Antidepressant drugs | They inhibit the action of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of noradrenaline. | Iproniazid, phenelzine, etc. |
Mild tranquilizers | They are suitable for relieving tension. | Chlordiazepoxide & Meprobamate |
Barbiturates | sleep-producing agents (hypnotic) | Derivatives of barbituric acid |
Other antidepressant drugs | They are used for the treatment of depression & hypertension. | Equanil |
Other tranquilizers | They are used in the treatment of stress, mild or severe mental diseases. | Valium & serotonin |
Analgesics:
Analgesics reduce or abolish pain without r disturbing the nervous system. They are classified in 2 categories:
Non-narcotic (non-addictive) analgesics
Narcotic drugs
Non-narcotic (non-addictive) analgesics:
The main characteristics are given below:
They inhibit the synthesis of inflammation & pain-causing chemicals like prostagl&ins.
They are effective in relieving skeletal pain.
They help in reducing fever (antipyretic).
They help in preventing platelet coagulation.
They are used in the prevention of heart attacks.
Example - aspirin, paracetamol, etc.
Narcotic analgesics:
The main characteristics are given below:
They relieve pain.
They produce sleep
They produce coma, stupor, convulsions & ultimately death when taken in poisonous doses.
They are obtained from the opium poppy thus called opiates.
They are used for the relief of postoperative pain
They are used for the relief of cardiac pain
They are used for the relief of terminal cancer
They are used for the relief of childbirth
Example - morphine & its homologs.
Antimicrobials
Antimicrobial drugs prevent the development or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes. Antibacterial drugs are used to deal with concerns related to bacteria. Antifungal drugs are used to deal with fungi. Antiviral drugs are used to deal with viruses. Antiparasitic drugs are used to deal with parasites.
Antibiotics:
Antibiotics are less toxic for humans & animals & are used as drugs to treat infections.
Antibiotics are substances produced partly or wholly by chemical synthesis. Antibiotics intervene in the metabolic process by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or destroying microorganisms.
Paul Ehrlich developed the medicine, arsphenamine, known as salvarsan for syphilis, & got the Nobel prize for Medicine in 1908. In 1932, he developed prontosil.
Antibiotics have either a killing effect or an inhibitory effect on microbes & thus are classified as Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic respectively. Examples of both categories are tabulated below:
Bactericidal | Bacteriostatic |
Penicillin | Tetracycline |
Erythromycin | Ofloxacin |
Aminoglycosides | Chloramphenicol |
An antibiotic’s spectrum of the range indicates the range of bacteria or other microorganisms that are affected by that antibiotic.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-negative & Gram-positive bacteria. Example - Ampicillin, Amoxycillin. Some other important examples are given below:
Name of broad-spectrum antibiotic | Function |
Chloramphenicol | Used in the treatment of typhoid, dysentery, acute fever, a certain form of urinary infections, meningitis, & pneumonia. |
Vancomycin | It is used to treat colitis. |
Ofloxacin | Used to treat bacterial infections. |
Dysidazirine | It is toxic to certain specific strains of cancer cells. |
Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. Example - Penicillin G.
Limited spectrum antibiotics are effective against a particular type of organism or disease.
Antiseptics & disinfectants:
Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues & diseased skin surfaces. Example - soframicine, furacine, Dettol ( mixture of chloroxylenol & terpineol), Bithionol, tincture of iodine, Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution, etc.
Disinfectants are applied to surfaces of inanimate objects. By varying the concentration, the same substances can act as antiseptic as well as disinfectants. For example - 0.2 % solution of phenol is an antiseptic. 1 % solution of phenol is a disinfectant.
Antifertility Drugs
Birth control pills are made up of a mixture of synthetic estrogen & progesterone derivatives. Example - Norethindrone (synthetic progesterone), ethynylestradiol/novestrol (synthetic estrogen).
Artificial Sweetening Agents
Some important artificial sweetening agents are given below:
Artificial sweetener | Description | Sweetness value in comparison to cane sugar |
Aspartame |
| 100 |
Saccharin | 550 | |
Sucralose |
| 600 |
Alitame |
| 2000 |
Food Preservatives:
Salt, sugar, vegetable oils, sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid, & propanoic acid are used to prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth.
Cleansing Agents:
Soaps :
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids used for cleaning purposes. Example - oleic, stearic & palmitic acids. Soaps are formed by the process of saponification which involves heating fat with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
Types of soaps:
Toilet soaps
Soaps that float in water
Transparent soaps
medicated soaps
Shaving soaps
Laundry soaps
Soap granules
Soap powders
scouring soaps
Note: soaps do not work in hard water due to the presence of calcium & magnesium ions which on reaction with Na/K soaps form insoluble soap of Ca/Mg or scum.
Synthetic Detergents:
Synthetic detergents can be used in both hard & soft water. These are classified into 3 categories tabulated below:
Type | Description | Uses | Example |
Anionic Detergents |
| Used for household work Used in toothpaste | Sodium salts of alkyl benzene sulphonates |
Cationic Detergents |
| Used in hair conditioners | Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide |
Non-ionic Detergents |
| Liquid dishwashing | Liquid dishwashing detergents |
Significance of NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 Notes
Chemistry in everyday life Class 12 notes will be helpful to revise the chapter & to get an idea about the main topics covered in the chapter. These NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes are effective to cover the main topics of Class 12 CBSE Chemistry Syllabus & are helpful for competitive exams like VITEEE, BITSAT, JEE Core, NEET, etc. Important topics covered can be downloaded from Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes pdf download.
Ans-The chemistry in everyday life can be classified on the basis of Pharmacological effect, Drug action, Chemical structure, & Molecular targets as covered in the ncert notes for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16. This NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 notes is a brief of the main subtopics covered in the chapter & can be used for revising the chemistry in everyday life.
Ans- The main differences as covered in the NCERT book are given in the tabular form.
Criteria | Description | Examples |
Pharmacological effect |
| antiseptics kill/arrest the growth of microorganisms, analgesics have a painkilling effect. |
Drug action | Developed on the activity of a drug on a specific biochemical process. | antihistamines inhibit the action histamine. |
Chemical structure |
| Sulphonamides have common structural features. |
Molecular targets |
|
Ans- Students can expect none to 2 mark questions from the chapter Chemistry in everyday life.
Ans- As given in NCERT notes for Class 12 chemistry chapter 16, the characteristics of histamines are:
potent vasodilator
contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi & gut
relaxes other muscles
responsible for the nasal congestion
responsible for an allergic response to pollen.
Antihistamines interfere with the natural action of histamine. They do so by competing with histamine for binding sites of the receptor protein.
Ans- As stated in Class 12 Chemistry in everyday life notes, the main characteristics of non-narcotic analgesics are given below:
They inhibit the synthesis of inflammation & pain-causing chemicals like prostagl&ins.
They are effective in relieving skeletal pain.
They help in reducing fever (antipyretic).
They help in preventing platelet coagulation.
They are used in the prevention of heart attacks.
Example - aspirin, paracetamol, etc.
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As per latest 2024 syllabus. Physics formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Chemistry formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
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