NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Here you can access NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 11 biotechnology principles and processes for free. Your search is over because we have comprehensive answers to every chapter of the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology, which are updated to the CBSE Syllabus 2022–23. Biotechnology is a field that deals with the combination of biology and technology. The techniques of using live organisms or enzymes taken from organisms to produce products and processes which are useful to humans. For example: making curd, bread or wine, are all microbe-mediated processes. It could also be thought of as a form of biotechnology. NCERT Class 12 Biology solutions chapter 11 will provide you with all the answers to questions mentioned in this chapter.
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In order to study for the board exams, students can use these NCERT Solutions for Class 12. Additionally, these answers are available for free download in PDF format. It provides answers in accordance with the most recent CBSE Syllabus 2022–23 and the NCERT Textbook. Chapter 11 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology discusses Biotechnology in detail. In biotechnology NCERT, so many other processes/techniques are also included in the process of biotechnology NCERT. For example, in vitro fertilisation leading to a ‘test-tube baby, synthesizing a gene and using it, developing a DNA vaccine or correcting a defective gene, are all part of biotechnology. Solutions of biotechnology ncert will make learning easier for you. In biotechnology principles and processes ncert pdf, you will also study the different processes of biotechnology. If you are looking for the answers to any other class from 6 to 12 then NCERT solutions are there for you. In case, you have any doubts or queries in solving these questions then the biotechnology class 12 NCERT pdf will help you to solve them.
Also Read,
NCERT Exemplar for class 12 biology chapter 11 biotechnology principles and processes
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes - Solved Exercise Questions
Answer:
Recombinant proteins are proteins produced as a result of recombinant DNA technology. In this technology, there is the transfer of some specific gene from one organism to another by using molecular tools such as biological vectors, restriction enzymes etc. Some of the proteins produced through RDT and are being used for therapeutic uses are as follows:
S.No | Name of the recombinant protein | Therapeutic use of the recombinant protein |
1. | DNAase I | To treat cystic fibrosis |
2. | Antithrombin III | To prevent the formation of the blood clot |
3. | Insulin | To treat type I diabetes mellitus |
4. | Interferon | Used for chronic hepatitis C |
5. | Interferon AZA | Used for herpes and virus enteritis |
6. | Coagulation factor VIII | To treat haemophilia A |
7. | Coagulation factor IX | To treat haemophilia B |
8. | Interferon B | To treat multiple sclerosis |
9. | Human growth hormone recombinant | To promote growth in humans |
10. | Tissue plasminogen activator | To treat the myocardial infection |
Answer:
The following chart shows the action of the restriction enzyme EcoRI, the substrate DNA on which it acts and the site where it cuts
Q4. What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
Answer:
The molar concentration of DNA in a human cell will be total no. of chromosomes multiplied by
Hence, the molar concentration DNA in each diploid cell in humans is moles
Q5. Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
Answer:
No, eukaryotic cells do not possess restriction enzymes. All the restriction endonucleases have been developed and isolated from different strains of bacteria. The bacteria possess these restriction endonucleases as a defence mechanism to restrict the growth of viruses. Their own DNA remain safe from these enzymes because it is methylated. The eukaryotic cell has RNA interference as a defence mechanism against foreign DNA. Thus, eukaryotic cells do not have restriction endonucleases.
Answer:
The advantages of stirred tank bioreactors over shake flasks are as follows:
1. Stirred tank bioreactors are utilised for large-scale production of biotechnological products, unlike the shake flask method which is used for small-scale production of products.
2. In stirred tank bioreactors, a small sample can be taken out for testing.
3. Stirred tank bioreactors have foam breakers to control the foam.
4. Stirred tank bioreactors have temperature and pH control systems.
Answer:
Palindromic sequences in the DNA molecule refer to groups of bases forming the same sequence when read either backwardly or forwardly. The recognition sites of restriction endonucleases are palindromic sequences. Five examples of palindromic DN sequences are given below
1. ACTAGT/TGATCA
2. AAGCTT/TTCGAA
3. GGATCC/CCTAGG
4. AGGCCT/TCCGGA
5. ACGCGT/TGCGCA
Q8. Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
Answer:
In meiosis, during the pachytene stage of Prophase I, crossing-over takes place and recombinant DNA is formed by combining portions of male and female DNA.
Answer:
In recombinant DNA technology selection of transformed and non transformed cells can be done using reporter genes that encode for reporter enzymes. During the RDT experiment, the foreign gene is joined with a reporter gene. The reporter gene should be such that it produces a visible expression. For example, Lac Z gene which codes for enzyme beta-galactosidase is used as a reporter gene. The activity of this gene is not found in transformed cells as the product formed by its catalysation is not formed in transformed cells and bacterial colonies appear white. In non-transformed cells, this gene shows its activity and the catalysed product is formed, as a result of this, bacterial colonies appear blue. Thus, reporter enzyme can be used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker.
Q10. Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
Answer:
Origin of replication- This refers to the DNA sequence, from where replication of DNA starts. By linking a DNA sequence with the origin of replication, it can be allowed to replicate in the host cells. Origin of replication also controls the copy number of linked DNA sequence.
Answer:
Bioreactors - These are large vessels (100-1000 litres) that are used for large-scale production of biotechnological products such as proteins, enzymes etc. from raw materials. In a bioreactor, optimum conditions such as temperature, pH, vitamins, oxygen, salts etc. are maintained. Stirred bioreactors are the most commonly used bioreactors. Stirred bioreactors can be simple stirred tank bioreactors or sparged tank bioreactors.
NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 11 biotechnology principles and processes
Answer:
Downstream processing- The process of separation and purification of biotechnological products is called downstream processing. The processes in downstream processing vary depending on the quality of the product. Before the release of the product, it undergoes clinical trials and quality control testings.
Q11. Explain briefly : (a) PCR
Answer:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- The molecular technique to amplify a gene and obtain its several copies is referred to as PCR. The process of PCR has certain requirements i.e. a thermostable enzyme called Taq polymerase ( obtained from Thermus aquaticus ), primers ( short stretches of DNA ), dNTPs, a template strand etc. The process of PCR takes place in three steps.
1. Denaturation- The double-stranded DNA helix is opened up by breaking their H-bonds at high temperature.
2. Annealing- The primers are allowed to hybridise to complementary regions of DNA. This step takes place at 45-55 C temperature.
3. Extension- The primers are extended with the help of Taq polymerase enzyme and the cycle is repeated several times to obtain the desired number of copies.
(b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
Answer:
Restriction enzymes and DNA- Restriction enzymes are those enzymes which cut DNA at particular places. Restriction enzyme first scans the DNA template and look for its recognition site. Once it finds the recognition site, it binds at that region of DNA and cut each of the two strands in their sugar-phosphate backbone. The sites at which restriction enzymes cut DNA are called as recognition sites of DNA. These are palindromic sequences i.e. they read similar from the backward and forward direction.
Answer:
Chitinase - The enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of chitin polysaccharide which is usually found in the cell wall of fungi. Chitinase is mainly used during DNA isolation from fungi.
Q12. Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between
(a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
Answer:
The differences between plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA are as follows:
Plasmid DNA | Chromosomal DNA |
Circular, extra-chromosomal DNA which is capable of self-replication and is found in bacteria is called plasmid DNA. | The entire DNA (excluding extrachromosomal DNA) present in the cell constitutes chromosomal DNA |
It is found only in bacteria | IT is found in both bacteria and other eukaryotic cells. |
Answer:
The differences between RNA and DNA are as follows:
RNA | DNA |
RNA contains ribose sugar | DNA contains deoxyribose sugar |
In RNA, adenine and uracil are found as pyrimidines | In DNA, adenine and uracil are found as pyrimidines |
It has catalytic properties and is less stable than DNA | DNA is non-catalytic and is stable than RNA |
(c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
Answer:
The differences between exonuclease and endonuclease are as follows:
Exonuclease | Endonuclease |
These are nuclease (enzymes) that cut DNA from its ends. | These are nucleases that cut DNA from internal sites on DNA |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes is covered under Unit – Biotechnology and is included in the CBSE Syllabus for the session 2022-23. The Biotechnology Unit has two chapters, and they are
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and its applications
Approximately 10 marks are distributed evenly between the two chapters in this unit as a whole.
In solutions for the chapter biotechnology NCERT principles and processes and marketing of products and processes using live organisms, cells or enzymes. Modern biotechnology using genetically modified organisms was made possible only when man learned to alter the chemistry of DNA and construct recombinant DNA. This process of combination is called recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. This process includes the use of these things: restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, appropriate plasmid or viral vectors to isolate the foreign DNA into the host organisms. And for large scale production bioreactors are being used. The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 can be used by students as a quick reference to understand difficult concepts.
Important Topics of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes:
11.1 Principles of Biotechnology
11.2 Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
11.2.1 Restriction Enzymes
11.2.2 Cloning Vectors
11.2.3 Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)
11.3 Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
11.3.1 Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)
11.3.2 Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations
11.3.3 Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR
11.3.4 Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism
11.3.5 Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product
11.3.6 Downstream Processing
After going through biotechnology NCERT you should be able to write better now in your board exams. If you have any doubt, then, biotechnology principles and processes NCERT pdf will help you.
Highlights of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Class 12 biology chapter 11 NCERT solutions highlights are given below:
- Biotechnology principles and processes class 12 pdf are written in the best possible way using simple language that makes solutions easier to read and understand
- In the biotechnology principles and processes class 12 NCERT pdf, points are used to frame answers to help understand quickly.
- Biotechnology NCERT solutions content is derived from the textbook by the subject expert.
- Solutions for biotechnology chapter class 12 are as per the latest CBSE Syllabus and guidelines.
- Biotechnology class 12 pdf links are readily available and easily accessible for free.
- Important topics are listed in the biotechnology NCERT solutions.
- Biotechnology chapter class 12 is a great resource for information.
- Solutions for biotechnology ncert: principles and processes will help you to clear your base as NCERT is the base of your learning.
- You will get all the answers to this chapter and the biotechnology class 12 NCERT pdf will help you to score good marks in the exam.
- Biotechnology principles and processes NCERT pdf will also help you with competitive exams like NEET.
- Biotechnology principles and processes NCERT solutions will also boost your knowledge.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Solutions
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Mathematics Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions |
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Physics Solutions |
Also Check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:
- NCERT Books Class 12 Biology
- NCERT Syllabus Class 12 Biology
- NCERT Books Class 12
- NCERT Syllabus Class 12
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology- Chapter wise
Chapter 1 | |
Chapter 2 | |
Chapter 3 | |
Chapter 4 | |
Chapter 5 | |
Chapter 6 | |
Chapter 7 | |
Chapter 8 | |
Chapter 9 | |
Chapter 10 | |
Chapter 11 | Biotechnology: Principles and Processes |
Chapter 12 | |
Chapter 13 | |
Chapter 14 | |
Chapter 15 | |
Chapter 16 |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12- Subject wise
Frequently Asked Question (FAQs) - NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Question: Are NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 enough for board exam preparation?
Answer:
Yes, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 provide solutions for all questions given in NCERT Textbook Biology for Class 12. The majority of the board exam questions are taken from these exercises. Students who master these ideas will perform well in their final exams.
Question: What are the important topics covered in NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11?
Answer:
The important topics of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 are
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and its applications
- Principles of Biotechnology
- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology.
Question: How to download solutions of biotechnology ncert for class 12 Biology chapter 11 pdf?
Answer:
To download biotechnology principles and processes ncert pdf, students can use the online webpage to pdf converter tools. To Score Well in the examination, follow the NCERT syllabus and exercise given in the NCERT Book. To practice more problems, students can refer to the NCERT exemplar.
Question: Why you should use NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 11 biotechnology principles and processes?
Answer:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 11:
- Solutions for biotechnology ncert: principles and processes will help you to clear your base as NCERT is the base of your learning.
- You will get all the answers to this chapter and the biotechnology class 12 ncert pdf will help you to score good marks in the exam.
- Biotechnology principles and processes ncert pdf will also help you with competitive exams like NEET.
- NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 11 biotechnology principles and processes will also help you in your 12th board exam.
- Biotechnology NCERT will also boost your knowledge.
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Questions related to CBSE Class 12th
i couldnt clear 1st compartment (which held in August 2022) cbse class 12th so can I give improvement in all subjects which to be held on March 2023. tell me a solution i need more than 75% in class 12th
hello,
Yes you can appear for the compartment paper again since CBSE gives three chances to a candidate to clear his/her exams so you still have two more attempts. However, you can appear for your improvement paper for all subjects but you cannot appear for the ones in which you have failed.
I hope this was helpful!
Good Luck
i was not able to clear 1st compartment and now I have to give 2nd compartment so can I give improvement exam next year? plz tell me very much tensed(cbse class 12th)
Hello dear,
If you was not able to clear 1st compartment and now you giving second compartment so YES, you can go for your improvement exam next year but if a student receives an improvement, they are given the opportunity to retake the boards as a private candidate the following year, but there are some requirements. First, the student must pass all of their subjects; if they received a compartment in any subject, they must then pass the compartment exam before being eligible for the improvement.
As you can registered yourself as private candidate for giving your improvement exam of 12 standard CBSE(Central Board of Secondary Education).For that you have to wait for a whole year which is bit difficult for you.
Positive side of waiting for whole year is you have a whole year to preparing yourself for your examination. You have no distraction or something which may causes your failure in the exams. In whole year you have to stay focused on your 12 standard examination for doing well in it. By this you get a highest marks as a comparison of others.
Believe in Yourself! You can make anything happen
All the very best.
if i am giving improvement in one subject this year, will i be able to give improvement in more subjects next year?
Hello Student,
I appreciate your Interest in education. See the improvement is not restricted to one subject or multiple subjects and we cannot say if improvement in one subject in one year leads to improvement in more subjects in coming year.
You just need to have a revision of all subjects what you have completed in the school. have a revision and practice of subjects and concepts helps you better.
All the best.
I got an RT for 2 subjects, so do I have to give exams for all the subjects in the coming year or just the 2. pls help me
Hi,
You just need to give the exams for the concerned two subjects in which you have got RT. There is no need to give exam for all of your subjects, you can just fill the form for the two subjects only.
I will have my boards in Feb 2023 (Class 12) and I still havent completed 1 chapter in any subject (Physics, chemistry and maths) , My 11th concepts are not that great but its okish, I wanted to know that If I do start studying from 15th of August Can I get above 85?
If you'll do hard work then by hard work of 6 months you can achieve your goal but you have to start studying for it dont waste your time its a very important year so please dont waste it otherwise you'll regret.