NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Biotechnology Principles and Processes is an important chapter in Class 12 Biology that discusses the principles and methods applied to genetic engineering as well as microbial biotechnology. It is amongst the most essential chapters in determining how biological processes can be used for the well-being of humankind. It includes discussions about recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, PCR, and bioprocess engineering. In this article, we will outline the key concepts discussed in this chapter and discuss how NCERT solutions can help with exam preparation.
- NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles And Processes PDF Download
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 - Solved Exercise Questions
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes Importance
- Practice Questions for Biotechnology Principles and Processes:
- What Extra Should Students Study Beyond the NCERT for NEET?
- NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology- Chapter-wise
More than 42 lakh students appeared in the Class 10 and 12 board exams 2025.
The explanations offer step-by-step explanations and practice questions that enable students to understand complex topics like gene cloning, plasmids, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and genetic modification.
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles And Processes PDF Download
After going through the solutions of Biotechnology: Principles and Processes NCERT, you must be able to understand all the answers to the following questions:
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NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 - Solved Exercise Questions
Answer:
Recombinant proteins are proteins produced as a result of recombinant DNA technology. In this technology, there is the transfer of some specific gene from one organism to another by using molecular tools such as biological vectors, restriction enzymes etc. Some of the proteins produced through RDT and are being used for therapeutic uses are as follows:
S.No | Name of the recombinant protein | Therapeutic use of the recombinant protein |
1. | DNAase I | To treat cystic fibrosis |
2. | Antithrombin III | To prevent the formation of blood clot |
3. | Insulin | To treat type I diabetes mellitus |
4. | Interferon α | Used for chronic hepatitis C |
5. | Interferon AZA | Used for herpes and virus enteritis |
6. | Coagulation factor VIII | To treat haemophilia A |
7. | Coagulation factor IX | To treat haemophilia B |
8. | Interferon B | To treat multiple sclerosis |
9. | Human growth hormone recombinant | To promote growth in humans |
10. | Tissue plasminogen activator | To treat the myocardial infection |
Answer:
The following chart shows the action of the restriction enzyme EcoRI, the substrate DNA on which it acts and the site where it cuts
Q3. What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
Answer:
The molar concentration of DNA in a human cell will be total no. of chromosomes multiplied by 6.023×1023
Hence, the molar concentration of DNA in each diploid cell in humans is 46×6.023×1023=2.77×1023 moles
Q4. Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
Answer:
No, eukaryotic cells do not possess restriction enzymes. All the restriction endonucleases have been developed and isolated from different strains of bacteria. The bacteria possess these restriction endonucleases as a defence mechanism to restrict the growth of viruses. Their own DNA remain safe from these enzymes because it is methylated. The eukaryotic cell has RNA interference as a defence mechanism against foreign DNA. Thus, eukaryotic cells do not have restriction endonucleases.
Answer:
The advantages of stirred tank bioreactors over shake flasks are as follows:
1. Stirred tank bioreactors are utilised for large-scale production of biotechnological products, unlike the shake flask method which is used for small-scale production of products.
2. In stirred tank bioreactors, a small sample can be taken out for testing.
3. Stirred tank bioreactors have foam breakers to control the foam.
4. Stirred tank bioreactors have temperature and pH control systems.
Answer:
Palindromic sequences in the DNA molecule refer to groups of bases forming the same sequence when read either backwardly or forwardly. The recognition sites of restriction endonucleases are palindromic sequences. Five examples of palindromic DN sequences are given below
1. ACTAGT/TGATCA
2. AAGCTT/TTCGAA
3. GGATCC/CCTAGG
4. AGGCCT/TCCGGA
5. ACGCGT/TGCGCA
Q7. Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
Answer:
In meiosis, during the pachytene stage of Prophase I, crossing-over takes place and recombinant DNA is formed by combining portions of male and female DNA.
Answer:
In recombinant DNA technology, the selection of transformed and non-transformed cells can be done using reporter genes that encode reporter enzymes. During the RDT experiment, the foreign gene is joined with a reporter gene. The reporter gene should be such that it produces a visible expression. For example, the Lac Z gene, which codes for the enzyme beta-galactosidase, is used as a reporter gene. The activity of this gene is not found in transformed cells as the product formed by its catalysis is not formed in transformed cells, and bacterial colonies appear white. In non-transformed cells, this gene shows its activity and the catalysed product is formed; as a result of this, bacterial colonies appear blue. Thus, a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker.
Q9. Describe briefly the following:
Answer:
Origin of replication- This refers to the DNA sequence, from where replication of DNA starts. By linking a DNA sequence with the origin of replication, it can be allowed to replicate in the host cells. Origin of replication also controls the copy number of linked DNA sequences.
Answer:
Bioreactors - These are large vessels (100-1000 litres) that are used for large-scale production of biotechnological products such as proteins, enzymes etc. from raw materials. In a bioreactor, optimum conditions such as temperature, pH, vitamins, oxygen, salts etc. are maintained. Stirred bioreactors are the most commonly used bioreactors. Stirred bioreactors can be simply stirred tank bioreactors or sparged tank bioreactors.
Answer:
Downstream processing- The process of separation and purification of biotechnological products is called downstream processing. The processes in downstream processing vary depending on the quality of the product. Before the release of the product, it undergoes clinical trials and quality control testing.
Q10. Explain briefly : (a) PCR
Answer:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- The molecular technique to amplify a gene and obtain its several copies is referred to as PCR. The process of PCR has certain requirements i.e. a thermostable enzyme called Taq polymerase ( obtained from Thermus aquaticus ), primers ( short stretches of DNA ), dNTPs, a template strand etc. The process of PCR takes place in three steps.
1. Denaturation- The double-stranded DNA helix is opened up by breaking their H-bonds at high temperatures.
2. Annealing- The primers are allowed to hybridise to complementary regions of DNA. This step takes place at 45-55 C temperature.
3. Extension- The primers are extended with the help of the Taq polymerase enzyme and the cycle is repeated several times to obtain the desired number of copies.
(b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
Answer:
Restriction enzymes and DNA- Restriction enzymes are those enzymes which cut DNA at particular places. The restriction enzyme first scans the DNA template and looks for its recognition site. Once it finds the recognition site, it binds at that region of DNA and cuts each of the two strands in its sugar-phosphate backbone. The sites at which restriction enzymes cut DNA are called recognition sites of DNA. These are palindromic sequences i.e. they read similarly from the backward and forward direction.
Answer:
Chitinase - The enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of chitin polysaccharide which is usually found in the cell wall of fungi. Chitinase is mainly used during DNA isolation from fungi.
Q11. Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between
(a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
Answer:
The differences between plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA are as follows:
Plasmid DNA | Chromosomal DNA |
Circular, extra-chromosomal DNA which is capable of self-replication and is found in bacteria is called plasmid DNA. | The entire DNA (excluding extrachromosomal DNA) present in the cell constitutes chromosomal DNA |
It is found only in bacteria | It is found in both bacteria and other eukaryotic cells. |
Answer:
The differences between RNA and DNA are as follows:
RNA | DNA |
RNA contains ribose sugar | DNA contains deoxyribose sugar |
In RNA, adenine and uracil are found as pyrimidines | In DNA, adenine and uracil are found as pyrimidines |
It has catalytic properties and is less stable than DNA | DNA is non-catalytic and is more stable than RNA |
(c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
Answer:
The differences between exonuclease and endonuclease are as follows:
Exonuclease | Endonuclease |
These are nucleases (enzymes) that cut DNA from its ends. | These are nucleases that cut DNA from internal sites on DNA |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
The Biotechnology Unit has two chapters, and they are
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes (Biology Chapter 11 Class 12)
- Biotechnology and its applications
In explanation for the chapter Biotechnology NCERT Principles and Processes and marketing of products and processes using live organisms, cells or enzymes. Modern biotechnology using genetically modified organisms was made possible only when man learned to alter the chemistry of DNA and construct recombinant DNA. As per Chapter 9, this process of combination is called recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. This process includes the use of these things: restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, and appropriate plasmid or viral vectors to isolate the foreign DNA into the host organisms as given in Chapter 9. And for large-scale production bioreactors are being used.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes Importance
To study for the board exams, students can use these NCERT Solutions for Class 12. Additionally, these biotechnology principles and processes NCERT solutions are available for free download in PDF format. It provides answers per the most recent CBSE Syllabus (2025–26) and the NCERT Textbook.
For example, in vitro fertilisation leading to a ‘test-tube baby, synthesising a gene and using it, developing a DNA vaccine, or correcting a defective gene are all part of biotechnology. Solutions of the biotechnology NCERT will make learning easier for you. In the Biotechnology Principles and Processes NCERT PDF, you will also study the different processes in the Biotechnology NCERT Solutions. If you are looking for the answers to any other class from 6 to 12 then NCERT solutions are there for you. In case you have any doubts or queries about solving these questions, the Biotechnology Class 12 NCERT PDF will help you do so.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12- Subject-wise
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology |
Important Subtopics of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes:
Some of the important subtopics of Class 12th Biotechnology: Principles and Processes are discussed below in the table:
Section | Topic |
9.1 | Principles of Biotechnology |
9.2 | Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology |
9.2.1 | Restriction Enzymes |
9.2.2 | Cloning Vectors |
9.2.3 | Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA) |
9.3 | Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology |
9.3.1 | Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA) |
9.3.2 | Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations |
9.3.3 | Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR |
9.3.4 | Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism |
9.3.5 | Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product |
9.3.6 | Downstream Processing |
Practice Questions for Biotechnology Principles and Processes:
Question: Among the following statements, carefully identify the ones that contain incorrect information about the palindromic sequences.
A. Palindromic sequences are DNA sequences that read the same in both directions but have an antiparallel orientation.
B. Palindromic sequences are DNA sequences that read the same in both directions but have a parallel orientation.
C. Palindromic sequences are recognised by a specific restriction endonuclease, leading to specific cleavage.
D. Palindromic sequences are recognised by exonucleases, resulting in non-specific cleavage.
Choose the option(s) that contain incorrect statements:
Options:
A and C
A and D
B and C
B and D
Answer: Option 4
Solution: Statement B states that the Palindromic sequences are DNA sequences that read the same in both directions but have a parallel orientation. This statement is incorrect. Palindromic sequences have an antiparallel orientation, not a parallel one. Therefore, statement B is incorrect.
Statement D states that the palindromic sequences are recognized by exonucleases, resulting in non-specific cleavage. This statement is incorrect. Exonucleases degrade DNA from the ends, but they do not specifically recognize and cleave palindromic sequences. Therefore, statement D is incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4. B and D-
B- Palindromic sequences are DNA sequences that read the same in both directions but have a parallel orientation.
D- Palindromic sequences are recognized by exonucleases, resulting in non-specific cleavage.
Question: Why is the restriction endonuclease enzyme valuable in biotechnology?
Answer: Restriction endonucleases are molecular scissors that cleave DNA at certain sequences. Scientists can isolate and manipulate genes of interest for cloning or inserting into vectors during recombinant DNA technology.
Question: What is the function of ligase in genetic engineering?
Answer: DNA ligase seals the cut ends of DNA fragments by building phosphodiester bonds. It is required to place foreign DNA within plasmids or vectors in the formation of recombinant DNA molecules.
Question: Can you describe the preparation of recombinant DNA using a plasmid vector?
Answer: The preparation of recombinant DNA involves certain fundamental stages: First, purifying the target gene with restriction enzymes. Next, similarly, cutting the plasmid vector with restriction enzymes to make complementary sticky ends. Then, the purified gene is entered into the plasmid and the join is sealed by DNA ligase-a process called recombinant DNA formation.
The recombinant plasmid is then introduced into a host cell (most probably E. coli) by transformation. Within the host cell, the recombinant DNA would multiply, making the basis of gene cloning that finds application in research and biotechnology.
We can also identify the genetically modified cells using selectable markers like antibiotic resistance genes. Once identified, those cells can be cultured in bulk for the ultimate product. This is especially significant in hormones like e.g., insulin, vaccines, and genetically modified crops manufacture. Altogether, recombinant DNA technology has truly transformed modern medicine and agriculture.
Question: What are the differences between in vivo and in vitro strategies in biotechnology? Kindly give examples.
Answer: In vivo techniques involve the manipulation within the living organism. For example, actual cloning of recombinant DNA could be done in a host for the production of a target protein. Meanwhile, in vitro techniques, which deal with all laboratory experiments not involving live organisms, would include the use of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) for the replication of DNA in a test tube.
The significance of in vivo is that we could follow the long-term expression of our genes and how the cells behave with each other. Meanwhile, the in vitro affords us speed and accuracy in a controlled environment. For insulin production, in vivo recombinant DNA is expressed in bacteria, whereas, in vitro-PCR is fully utilized for diagnostics. In the modern biotechnology framework, both techniques are indispensable and run hand in hand.
Also Check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:
- NCERT Books Class 12 Biology
- NCERT Syllabus Class 12 Biology
- NCERT Books Class 12
- NCERT Syllabus Class 12
What Extra Should Students Study Beyond the NCERT for NEET?
Here is a table for all the important topics from the chapter:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology- Chapter-wise
Below mentioned are the Chapterwise solutions:
Biotechnology has transformed medicine, agriculture, and industry by offering creative solutions through genetic engineering and molecular biology methods. The concepts and processes outlined in this chapter serve as the basis for developments such as gene therapy, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and drug manufacture. It is important to know these concepts to tap the power of biotechnology to solve worldwide problems, such as food availability and disease treatment. With advances in research, biotechnology is destined to be more crucial in defining the future of science and technology.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Solutions for biotechnology ncert: principles and processes will help you to clear your base as NCERT is the base of your learning.
- You will get all the answers to this chapter and the biotechnology class 12 ncert pdf will help you to score good marks in the exam.
- Biotechnology principles and processes ncert pdf will also help you with competitive exams like NEET.
- NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 9 biotechnology principles and processes will also help you in your 12th board exam.
- Biotechnology NCERT will also boost your knowledge.
To download biotechnology principles and processes ncert pdf, students can use the online webpage to pdf converter tools. To Score Well in the examination, follow the NCERT syllabus and exercise given in the NCERT Book. To practice more problems, students can refer to the NCERT exemplar.
The important topics of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 are
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and its applications
- Principles of Biotechnology
- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology.
Yes, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 provide solutions for all questions given in NCERT Textbook Biology for Class 12. The majority of the board exam questions are taken from these exercises. Students who master these ideas will perform well in their final exams.
Multiple alleles are the occurrence of more than two alternative forms of a gene at one locus, for example, the ABO blood group system in human beings. Co-dominance is when both alleles in a heterozygous state are expressed to the full without one being dominant to the other, for example, in the AB blood group where A and B alleles are equally expressed.
Sutton and Boveri developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, which states that genes have positions on chromosomes, and these are passed on by offspring to parents. It states that chromosomes assort and segregate independently of one another during gamete production by Mendel's laws. This theory provided inheritance with a physical basis, correlating gene transmission with chromosome activity during meiosis.
In humans, sex determination is controlled by the XY chromosome system. Males have XY chromosomes, while females have XX chromosomes. The sperm determines the sex of the offspring—if it carries an X chromosome, a female (XX) is born; if it carries a Y chromosome, a male (XY) is born. This process occurs during fertilization.
Recombinant DNA technology in biotechnology entails the joining of genetic material from two or more sources to form altered DNA. It is achieved through the isolation of a desired gene, placing it into a vector (such as a plasmid), and inserting it into a host cell. The host cell makes copies, which results in the desired protein or characteristic. It finds application in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at precise sequences, working as molecular scissors. They are pivotal in genetic engineering since they facilitate the precise cutting and manipulation of DNA fragments. Researchers utilize them to insert, delete, or alter genes in organisms. This method is important for cloning, gene therapy, and recombinant DNA technology.
Plasmids act as vectors in recombinant DNA technology by carrying foreign genes into host cells for expression. They are small, self-replicating DNA molecules that can integrate target genes using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. Once introduced into a host (usually bacteria) via transformation, they replicate independently, ensuring gene propagation. Selectable markers (e.g., antibiotic resistance) help identify successfully modified cells.
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Popular CBSE Class 12th Questions
A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is
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A particle is projected at 600 to the horizontal with a kinetic energy . The kinetic energy at the highest point
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In the reaction,
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How many moles of magnesium phosphate, will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?
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0.02 |
Option 2)
3.125 × 10-2 |
| Option 3)
1.25 × 10-2 |
Option 4)
2.5 × 10-2 |
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