JEE Main Important Chemistry formulas
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The P-Block elements are one of the important chapters of Class 11 Chemistry. It includes the elements present in the groups from 13 to 18. And is very important to learn more about the periodic table. It also includes the physical and chemical properties of elements. And also uses and properties of some of its compounds. The P-block elements Class 11 notes include the very important details of P-Block elements and it will help students to acquire basic information of the periodic table.
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The purpose of CBSE Class 11 Chemistry chapter 11 notes is to assist students to collect information and recalling the key points before the test. The structure and properties of allotropes of carbon are also covered in the Class 11 Chemistry chapter 11 notes. Students who wish to score top marks in the CBSE exams need proper study materials and guidance. NCERT Class 11 Chemistry chapter 11 notes are made to help students with that. And thereby they can succeed in examinations.
Also, students can refer,
The elements present in the group from 13 to 18 of the periodic table are the p block elements. Except for helium, the general outer electronic configuration of p block elements is ns2 np1-6. Based on the first element of the group can be classified as boron family carbon family nitrogen family oxygen family halogens and noble gases.
Group 13 of the p block is the boron family with the outer electronic configuration ns2np1.
The atomic and ionic radii of boron family elements are comparatively smaller than that of alkali and alkaline earth metals. This is because of the effective charge increasing on moving from left to right in a period. Angel on moving down the group the atomic and ionic radii increase this is due to the addition of extra electron shell.
The first ionization enthalpies of boron family elements are lesser in comparison to the alkaline group 2 elements present in the same period. The reason for it is the removal of a p electron is much easier than the electron in the S orbitals. And also on moving down group 13 the first ionization enthalpy decreases this is due to the increase in atomic size.
Except for boron, all the other members of the boron family possess a low melting point.
Boron is a hard and black-colored non-metallic compound. While all the other members of this family are soft metals.
The oxidation state of boron and Aluminium is +3. While all the other members show an oxidation state in addition to +3 also.
Boric acid: Boric acid is a white crystalline solid and causes a soft soapy touch. It has a very important application that it can be used in the manufacture of heat-resistant borosilicate glasses, and also can be used in the manufacture of enamels. The structure of boric acid is,
Structure of boric acid
Diborane: The compound formed between boron and hydrogen in a series is called boranes. The brain can be prepared by the reaction of boron trifluoride and Lithium aluminum hydride in the presence of diethyl ether. Diborane is a colorless compound that is highly toxic and it will spontaneously flame in the air. Borane can be easily hydrolyzed with water and it will form boric acid. The structure of diborane is,
Structure of diborane
The element present in group 14 is the carbon family and it includes, silicon, tin, and lead. And the outer electronic configuration of the carbon family is ns2np1.
Carbon: It is the 17th abundant element by weight in the earth's crust. It is present in the form of coal, graphite, and diamond and is also present in its combined state in metal carbonates hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide gas in the air.
The covalent radius of group 14 elements increases in moving from carbon to silicon. And there is only a small increase in moving from silicon to lead. The reason for this is the addition of a new electronic shell in each element on moving down the group.
In comparison to group 13 elements, the first ionization enthalpy of group 14 is higher. The reason for this is the increased effective nuclear charge. While on moving down the group from carbon to silicon there is a decrease in first ionization enthalpy while the first ionization enthalpy of lead increases slightly than that of tin.
The electronegativity of group 14 elements is higher than that of group 13 elements.
All elements present in the carbon family are solids and their less metallic than the group 13 elements.
The melting and boiling points of group 14 elements are high.
Of the element carbon and silicon show +4 oxidation state while germanium forms+4 oxidation state and fewer components also shows+2 oxidation State.
Anomalous Behavior of Carbon
In comparison to other elements of the carbon, family carbon shows some anomalous behavior. This is due to the small atomic and ionic size of carbon and also due to the higher ionization enthalpy. The higher electronegativity and also the absence of d orbitals in the valency shell is the reason behind the anomalous behavior of carbon. And there are so many allotropes of carbon too.
Carbon can accept any two allotropic forms that are crystalline and amorphous. The crystalline form of carbon includes graphite and fullerene.
Diamond: The hybridization of carbon in diamonds is Sp3 and it is carbon is tetrahedrally linked to 4 other carbon atoms. And the diamond is the hardest substance on earth and is so it can be used for sharpening hard tools. The structure of diamond is,
Structure of diamond
Graphite: The hybridization of carbon in graphite is Sp2 and has a two-dimensional sheet-like structure that consists of hexagonal rings fused. The layers present in graphite are held by van der Waals forces. Graphite conducts electricity and is a soft and slippery nature. It can be used as a lubricant in the machine if the oil cannot be used. The structure of graphite is,
Structure of graphite
Fullerenes: it is also an allotrope of carbon and is prepared by heating graphite in an electric Arc in the presence of inert gases like helium or argon. Fullerenes cause a cage-like structure and in which C60 has a sociable shape so it is called buckminsterfullerene and is the most stable among the fullerenes. The hybridization of fullerene is Sp2. Fullerenes are soluble in organic solvent due to their covalent nature and they also form platinum complexes. The structure of fullerene is,
Structure of fullerene
As the black pigment in black ink carbon black is used.
As a reducing agent in metallurgy, Coke is used.
Diamond is very important and precious stone.
As Graphite is a very good conductor of electricity it can be used for making electrodes for batteries and industrial electrolysis.
The fibers of graphite are used in making sports goods.
Activated charcoal can be used for absorbing poisonous gases.
Silicon dioxide is an industrial very important compound of silicon. Quartz, termite, and cristobalite are some of the crystalline forms of silica. Silicon dioxide is a three-dimensional network consisting of covalent bonds and each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. Quartz is an extensively used piezoelectric material and also silica Gel is used as an adsorbent in chromatography techniques. The structure of silicon dioxide is,
It is also a very important compound of carbon and is prepared by the combustion of carbon.
C+O2→CO2
It is an odorless, colorless gas and is slightly soluble in water. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water a compound called carbonic acid is formed and is toxic. Income bad to carbon monoxide carbon dioxide is not so poisonous. But due to the increased combustion of fossil fuels and also due to the decomposition of limestone in the cement manufacturing unit in the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere goes on the increase and is the reason behind the greenhouse effect.
Significance of NCERT Notes for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 11
The P-block elements Class 11 notes pdf download contains some important points about the elements present in the P-Block of the periodic table. This is an important topic to learn for students. The notes for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 11 helps students in getting good marks in the examinations and also it will give proper revision for students. Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 11 notes pdf download shares some important points for NEET and JEE MAIN examinations and it will act as a revision kit for students before attempting the examination. The P-block elements Class 11 notes will also help students to process their studies even when they are offline.
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 11 Notes |
The p block elements properties are influenced by the atomic sizes electronegativity, electron gain enthalpy and ionization enthalpy and these topics are discussed in the notes for Class 11 Chemistry chapter 11.
Helium is the one element that is an exception to the P-block element.
Aluminum is a p block element present in group 13 of the periodic table that is the boron family. This is because the last electron enters into the outermost p orbital. About outer electronic configuration and everything is discussed in detail in the Class 11 Chemistry chapter 11 notes pdf download.
To give colored compounds there should be a transition. 4 p block elements the transitions are s-p and p-d. While these transitions require energy that is UV radiations are required so these are not possible through visible light hence they seem colorless.
As the atomic size decreases on moving from left to right along the period the effective nuclear charge also increases. Therefore p block elements possess higher ionization enthalpy than the S block elements and are also increased when we move from left to right along the period. The facts about the ionization enthalpy are explained in detail in the Class 11 the P-block elements notes.
The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.
Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.
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The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction.
The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions.
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Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
An Investment Banking career involves the invention and generation of capital for other organizations, governments, and other entities. Individuals who opt for a career as Investment Bankers are the head of a team dedicated to raising capital by issuing bonds. Investment bankers are termed as the experts who have their fingers on the pulse of the current financial and investing climate. Students can pursue various Investment Banker courses, such as Banking and Insurance, and Economics to opt for an Investment Banking career path.
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Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.
An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.
Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.
Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities.
Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.
Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.
Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.
A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability.
Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.
A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.
Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.
An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.
The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.
The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.
For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.
Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.
Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.
Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.
Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.
A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.
The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.
A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.
A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.
In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning).
Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian.
The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
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