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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 - Download PDF

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 - Download PDF

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Jul 18, 2025 01:17 PM IST

The NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology includes amazing chapters that allow students to understand how living systems work and connect with everyday. It has chapters on genetics, evolution, ecology, and biotechnology explained in simple language so the students don’t feel confused. It has diagrams and examples to help in linking things to real life. This also makes it easier for higher studies as well as for competitive exams like NEET.

This Story also Contains
  1. NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Theory)
  2. NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Practicals)
  3. How to Download the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?
  4. Best Reference Books for Class 12 Biology syllabus
  5. Advantages of Knowing the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 - Download PDF
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 - Download PDF

The NCERT syllabus for class 12 for Biology consists of 13 chapters. The focus is given not only to the theory part but also to the practical section. The updated syllabus is not available at the official website of NCERT, but Careers360 has provided the recent syllabus with all the correct information. The syllabus is prepared in such a way that it goes from basic to tough topics so that students can follow without stress. They can refer to the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology PDF for quick access during the exam time.

Background wave

NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Theory)

The Biology syllabus has been prepared to help students concentrate on major topics and score well in exams. Since most board questions are taken directly from NCERT books, thoroughly studying them is very important. These books clarify concepts clearly and simply so that students find it easier to learn complex topics. Given below is a table that includes all the chapters present in the Class 12 Biology syllabus, along with the topic name.

Chapter Chapter NameTopic Name
Chapter 1Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

  • Flower structure

  • Development of male & female gametophytes

  • Pollination: Types & agents

  • Outbreeding devices

  • Double fertilization

  • Embryo & endosperm development

Chapter 2Human Reproduction
Chapter 3Reproductive Health

  • Importance of reproductive health

  • Prevention of STDs

  • Contraception methods

  • Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)

Chapter 4Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 5Molecular Basis of Inheritance

  • Structure of DNA & RNA

  • DNA packaging & replication

  • Transcription & translation

  • Genetic code

  • Gene regulation (lac operon)

  • Discovery of DNA as genetic material

Chapter 6Evolution
Chapter 7Human Health and Disease

  • Common diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, filariasis, etc.)

  • Pathogens & parasites

  • Prevention & control

Chapter 8Microbes in Human Welfare

  • Role of microbes in food processing

  • Sewage treatment

  • Industrial production

  • Bio-control agents

  • Bio-fertilizers

Chapter 9Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapter 10Biotechnology and its Applications

  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

  • Applications in health & agriculture

  • Gene therapy

  • Stem cell technology

  • Production of human insulin & vaccines

Chapter 11Organisms and Population

  • Population ecology

  • Habitat & niche

  • Adaptations

  • Population interactions (mutualism, predation, competition, parasitism)

Chapter 12Ecosystem
Chapter 13Biodiversity and Conservation

  • Concepts & patterns of biodiversity

  • Conservation methods

  • Hotspots & endangered species

  • Causes of biodiversity loss

NCERT Biology Class 12 Syllabus (Practicals)

Have you ever wondered why doing experiments is part of studying biology? Practical work helps to apply what they have learn in theory and makes scientific ideas clearer. It also builds confidence in handling lab equipment and following safety rules. These skills are valuable for exams and future studies. Given below is a list of practical experiments included in NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26.

Practical Marking Scheme (30 Marks)

  • One Major Experiment – 5 Marks
  • One Minor Experiment – 4 Marks
  • Slide Preparation – 5 Marks
  • Spotting Exercises – 7 Marks
  • Practical Record & Viva – 4 Marks
  • Project Work & Viva – 5 Marks

NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26: List of Experiments

This list for all the experiments are given below:

A. Experiments

  • Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.

  • Study the plant population density by the quadrat method.

  • Study the plant population frequency by the quadrat method.

  • Prepare a temporary mount of an onion root tip to study mitosis.

  • Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, banana, etc.

B. Study and observe the following (Spotting)

  • Flowers are adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).

  • Pollen germination on the stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.

  • Identification of stages of gamete development: transverse section (T.S.) of testis and T.S. of ovary (grasshopper/mice).

  • Meiosis in onion bud cells or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.

  • T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (mammalian).

  • Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colours/sizes of any plant.

  • Prepared pedigree charts of any one genetic trait, such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow’s peak, or colour blindness.

  • Controlled pollination — emasculation, tagging, and bagging.

  • Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and fungi causing ringworm are viewed through permanent slides, models, virtual images, or specimens. Comment on their disease symptoms.

  • Models/specimens showing symbiotic association in lichens, root nodules of leguminous plants, and parasitic nutrition shown by Cuscuta on a host.

  • Flash cards/models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects

How to Download the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus?

Follow the step-by-step instructions below to download the syllabus for quick and easy access:

Step 1: Go to the official NCERT website at http://ncert.nic.in.

Step 2: On the home page, in the 'Search' option, type 'Syllabus' and click on it. This will take you to the syllabus page.

Step 3: Click on the 'Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Classes' option. The syllabus PDF will open.

Step 4: You will get all the links for different subjects from the list in the PDF.

Note: The Class 12 Biology syllabus is not updated on the NCERT official website. Students can download the latest syllabus from this page, which is given below.

Download -

Best Reference Books for Class 12 Biology syllabus

Sometimes, a few topics are not clearly explained in the prescribed textbooks. In such cases, it is important to refer to some other books that serve as a valuable resource and cover the NCERT syllabus clearly. These books provide detailed explanations, additional examples, and extra practice questions to build a strong understanding. Given below are few reference books which students can read to understand the NCERT Syllabus Class 12 Biology easily.

  • S. Chand’s Biology for class XII by B.P. Pandey.
  • Trueman’s Elementary Biology for Class 12 and NEET by K.N. Bhatia and M.P. Tyagi.
  • CBSE Biology Chapter-wise Solved Papers class 12th by Arihant Expert.
  • Pradeep’s A Text Book of Biology Class 12 by P.S. Dhami.
  • Biology by Campbell and Reece

Also read,

Advantages of Knowing the Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus

Having a thorough understanding of the syllabus in advance offers several benefits. Some of the key one are listed below:

  • It gives a brief knowledge of the topics that students have to study throughout the academic session.
  • Students can plan their studies in advance without any confusion.
  • They get to know the list of experiments along with the theory syllabus.
  • Having access to the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology PDF in advance provides confidence to the students.

Also, Read:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the main units covered in the Class 12 Biology NCERT syllabus?

The NCERT syllabus for class 12 Biology is divided into five main units:

  1. Reproduction

  2. Genetics and Evolution

  3. Biology and Human Welfare

  4. Biotechnology and Its Applications

  5. Ecology and Environment

2. How many chapters are there in the Class 12 Biology NCERT textbook?

There are 13 chapters in total in the NCERT syllabus for class 12 Biology.

3. Is Biotechnology an important part of the syllabus?

Yes, Biotechnology is an important part of Class 12 NCERT Biology Syllabus and frequently asked section in NEET. It includes two chapters:

  • Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

  • Biotechnology and Its Applications

4. Are topics like Evolution and Human Health included?

Yes, both topics are included:

  • Evolution is part of the chapter Evolution under the unit Genetics and Evolution.

  • Human Health and Disease is a separate chapter under the unit Biology and Human Welfare.

5. What chapters are included under the unit “Genetics and Evolution”?

The unit, "Genetics and Evolution," includes two chapters in NCERT syllabus for class 12 Biology which are:

  1. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

  2. Evolution

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