Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10th Notes - Free NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Notes - Download PDF

Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects Of Electric Current Notes - Download Free PDF

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We prioritised clarity and comprehensiveness when developing the Magnetic Effects of Electric Current notes class 10. You'll find everything you need to succeed on your CBSE Class 10 Science board exams, including detailed explanations, examples, diagrams, and key facts.

Our CBSE class 10 physics ch 13 notes cover the entire chapter in detail, ensuring you understand every aspect of the Magnetic Effects of the Electric Current concept. These notes are a must-read if you want to improve your understanding or score higher on your science exam.

Also, students can refer,

• NCERT Notes Class 10 Science
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
• NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Solutions Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Magnetic Field

1. A magnetic field is the area around a magnet where any other magnetic element can feel its influence.

2. Tesla or Weber/m2 units are used to measure the magnetic field.

• Lines of Magnetic Fields

1. Magnetic field lines escape the north pole and enter the south pole of a magnet, forming closed loops.

2. Magnetic field lines are closest at the poles, where the magnetic field strength is greatest. There aren't any magnetic field lines that cross.

3. The direction of the magnetic field at a given position is indicated by the tangent.

Natural Magnet

A natural magnet is Magnetite or Lodestone (Fe₃O₄), a naturally occurring black iron mineral.

• Magnet in a Magnetic Field:

1. When a magnet is inserted into a magnetic field, it aligns itself along the field lines, with the North Pole pointing in the magnetic field's travel direction.

2. A magnetic field exists on the earth's surface as a result of its contents, leading it to behave like a magnet. As a result, to determine the direction on the earth's surface, a magnetic needle is used.

• Magnetic Field Around a Current Carrying Straight Conductor:

1. The needle deflection fluctuates when the current in the copper wire is changed.

2. When the current through the wire increases, so does the magnitude of the magnetic field created at a particular location.

• Magnetic Field Around a Current Carrying Circular Conductor:

1. The magnetic field of a current-carrying wire is proportional to the current flowing through it at any given point.

2. A circular coil with n turns produces a field that is n times greater than that produced by a single turn.

• Magnetic Field Due to a Solenoid:

1. A solenoid is a coil made up of numerous circular turns of insulated copper wire tightly wound into a cylinder form.

2. One end of the solenoid serves as a magnetic north pole, and the other serves as a magnetic south pole.

Pole

Inside the solenoid, the field lines are in the shape of parallel straight lines. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is therefore constant. As a result, the field inside the solenoid is uniform.

Rules for Determining Direction of Magnetic Field:

1. The curled fingers point in the direction of the magnetic field when a straight conductor is clutched in the palm of the right hand with the thumb pointing along the current flow path.

2. Use the right-hand thumb rule for circular conductors.

3. If the circular current's direction matches the curled fingers' direction, the thumb points in the direction of the magnetic field.

• The Cork Screw Rule of Maxwell:

If the direction of rotation of a corkscrew represents the magnetic field, then the direction of linear motion of the corkscrew represents the current via a conductor.

• Ampere’s Swimming Rule:

If a guy swims along a current-carrying wire with his face constantly facing the magnetic needle, current enters his feet and exits his head, the magnetic needle's North Pole will always be diverted towards his left hand.

• Magnetizing a Material:

After being magnetized, the substance can exhibit magnetic properties.

Permanent Magnets

After it has been magnetized, a permanent magnet keeps its magnetic qualities. Steel has this feature.

• Electromagnets and Their Applications:

1. A high magnetic field produced inside the solenoid can be utilized to magnetize a piece of magnetic material, such as soft iron, put inside the coil.

2. A magnet that has been formed in this manner is known as an electromagnet.

3. Electromagnets are used in electric bells, loudspeakers, telephone diaphragms, and electric fans.

4. Cranes also use enormous electromagnets to move heavy loads.

• Force on Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field:

A current-carrying conductor is subjected to a force when it is placed in a magnetic field. The direction of force is reversed when the current in the conductor is reversed.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

According to Fleming's left-hand rule, the thumb points in the direction of the force exerted on the conductor, the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field, and the middle finger points in the direction of the current when the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger are held perpendicular to each other.

Electric Motor

An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into magnetic energy.

• DC Motor:

1. When a rectangular coil carrying electricity is placed in a magnetic field, torque acts on it, causing it to circle continuously.

2. When the coil spins, so does the shaft that connects to it, allowing it to execute mechanical duties.

• Construction and Working:

Parts of a DC Motor

1. Armature:

A D.C. motor is made up of a rectangular coil of insulated copper wire wound on a soft iron core. This coil is coiled on a soft iron core and forms the armature. The coil is fixed on an axle and is positioned between the cylindrical concave poles of a magnet.

2. Commutator:

A commutator is a device that allows current to flow in the opposite direction. A commutator is a copper ring that is separated into two parts. The split rings are protected from one another and mounted on the motor's axle. The coil's two ends are connected by these rings. They spin at the same speed as the coil. The commutator rings are connected via a battery. Rather than the rings themselves, the cables from the batteries are hooked to the brushes, which are in contact with them.

3. Brushes:

Brushes are two thin carbon strips that press on the two split rings, which rotate between them.

The carbon brushes are powered by a direct current source.

• The Operation of a DC Motor:

1. When the coil is activated, a magnetic field is created around the armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and attracted to the right, causing rotation.

2. The brushes lose contact with the commutator when the coil spins through 90 degrees, and the current stops flowing through the coil.

3. Due to its own momentum, the coil, on the other hand, continues to turn.

4. The sides are switched when the coil reaches 180 degrees. As a result, the current continues to flow in one direction.

• The Efficiency of the DC Motor Increases by:

1. Increasing the number of turns on the coil.

2. Increasing the strength of the current.

3. Increasing the cross-sectional area of the coil.

4. Increasing the strength of the radial magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

1. Electromagnetic induction is a phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic field around a conductor induces an emf or current in the conductor.

2. Michael Faraday, an English physicist, was the first to demonstrate that a magnet may generate a current.

3. By moving a magnet in front of a coil of wire connected to a galvanometer, he was able to confirm this.

4. He detected a deflection in the galvanometer, which indicated that a current had triggered it.

5. The current generated by the relative motion of the coil and the magnet is known as induced current.

6. Electromagnetic induction is a phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic field around a conductor induces an emf or current in the conductor. Faraday came to a few conclusions by moving a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wire.

• Mutual Induction:

When two coils are brought close together, the magnetic field in one of them tends to link with the magnetic field in the other. As a result, voltage is generated by the second coil. Mutual inductance is the property of a coil that affects or changes the current and voltage in a secondary coil.

• Rules for Determining the Direction of Induced Current:

The direction of induced current can be determined using Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.

The forefinger, middle finger, and thumb of the right hand should all be perpendicular to one another. The forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field, the thumb indicates the direction of conductor motion, and the middle finger indicates the direction of induced current in the conductor.

• The Right-Hand Rule of Fleming:

1. The right hand's forefinger, middle finger, and thumb should all be perpendicular to one another, according to Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.

2. The forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field, the thumb indicates the direction of conductor motion, and the middle finger indicates the direction of induced current in the conductor.

Electric Generator (AC)

Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by the electric generator.

DC and AC generators are the two types of generators: cycle dynamo and automobile dynamo are examples of DC generators. They generate DC.

• AC Generator:

A current is induced in a straight conductor when it is rapidly moved in a magnetic field. It is based on the electromagnetic induction phenomenon.

• Working:

1. As it rotates along an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the armature changes its relative orientation with regard to the field.

2. As a result, the flux fluctuates frequently over time.

3. A change in magnetic flux causes an emf.

4. If the armature's outer terminals are connected to an external circuit, an electric current flows through it.

5. An induced emf is indicated by the galvanometer needle deflection. The direction of the induced emf is reversed after every half revolution of the coil.

6. As a result, in one coil round, the current switches direction twice.

• DC Generator:

1. The output is one-way in this case.

2. The slip rings are replaced with split rings to accomplish this.

3. To make a direct current (DC) generator, you'll need a split-ring type commutator. One brush is in constant contact with the arm moving up the field, while the other brush is in constant contact with the arm moving down. A unidirectional current is generated in such a generator.

• Direct Current:

When the current flows in the same direction, it is referred to be DC. A cell or battery generates a one-way current. As a result, the source is DC.

• Alternating Current:

1. A current that changes direction at regular intervals is known as alternating current.

2. AC current is produced by the vast majority of power facilities.

Electric Fuse

1. A device that limits the current in an electric circuit is referred to as an "electric fuse." The circuit as well as the electrical equipment are protected by the fuse.

2. Typically, the fuse wire is constructed of a lead and tin alloy. It has a low melting point, and if the current is too strong, it will break the circuit. The thickness and length of the fuse wire are determined by the maximum current allowed across the circuit.

3. It is connected in series at the start of the electric circuits.

4. When the circuit current exceeds a predefined value due to voltage fluctuations or short-circuiting, the fuse wire becomes hot and melts. As a result, as shown in the diagram, the connection is severed, and no current flows. As a result, there will be no damage to the appliance.

Causes of Damage to Electric Circuits

Overloading

The circuit draws a great amount of current when a large number of high-power electrical equipment (such as an electric iron or a water heater) are turned on at the same time. This is known as overloading, and it can cause the wire to overheat and catch fire. It can also happen as a result of an inadvertent supply voltage increase.

Short-circuiting:

When the live and neutral wires of an electric circuit come into direct touch, a short circuit develops. The wires may come into contact with each other due to a faulty connection or the insulation wearing away. As a result of this circumstance, the wires overheat, resulting in a fire.

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