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The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2025-26 has been designed in a manner that allows students to understand key biological concepts in an organised manner. It includes reproduction, genetics, evolution, biotechnology, and ecology-related subjects, which will prove to be a sound foundation for board exams as well as competitive exams.The NCERT Syllabus is logical, which allows students to proceed from what they have learned in school and gain an in-depth knowledge of life sciences.
Biology is an important subject for CBSE board exams and medical entrance exams such as NEET. Most of the questions of NEET are asked directly from the NCERT books, so students need to study the syllabus well. The subject not only helps to score high marks in exams but also develops analytical thinking towards biological phenomena, human health, and environmental issues.
The NCERT and CBSE guidelines focus more on the clarity of concept and application of knowledge. The syllabus is revised according to the current educational policies to include the latest scientific developments. Students are recommended to use the official NCERT Biology textbook and practice diagrams, which are very important for grasping and memorising advanced concepts.
The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2025-26 has been developed with the intent of allowing students to concentrate on major topics and ace exams. Since most CBSE board questions are taken directly from NCERT books, thoroughly studying them is a must. NCERT books clarify concepts clearly and simply so that students find it easier to learn complex topics. Also, NCERT Solutions class 12 have extensive explanations, making students overcome doubts and build their knowledge strongly. Units such as Genetics and Evolution, Reproduction, and Biology and Human Welfare carry maximum weightage, so targeting these can increase total scores in both board exams as well as NEET.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure
Development of male & female gametophytes
Pollination: Types & agents
Outbreeding devices
Double fertilization
Embryo & endosperm development
Human Reproduction
Male & female reproductive systems
Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis & oogenesis)
Menstrual cycle
Fertilization
Embryo development up to blastocyst stage
Reproductive Health
Importance of reproductive health
Prevention of STDs
Contraception methods
Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Mendelian inheritance
Chromosomal theory
Linkage & crossing over
Sex-linked inheritance (haemophilia, colour blindness)
Multiple alleles
Polygenic inheritance
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Structure of DNA & RNA
DNA packaging & replication
Transcription & translation
Genetic code
Gene regulation (lac operon)
Discovery of DNA as genetic material
Evolution
Darwin’s theory
Modern synthetic theory
Origin of life
Evidence of evolution (fossils, embryology, molecular evidence)
Mechanisms of evolution
Human Health and Disease
Common diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, filariasis, etc.)
Pathogens & parasites
Prevention & control
Microbes in Human Welfare
Role of microbes in food processing
Sewage treatment
Industrial production
Bio-control agents
Bio-fertilizers
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Recombinant DNA technology
Genetic engineering techniques
DNA cloning
Biotechnology and its Applications
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Applications in health & agriculture
Gene therapy
Stem cell technology
Production of human insulin & vaccines
Organisms and Population
Population ecology
Habitat & niche
Adaptations
Population interactions (mutualism, predation, competition, parasitism)
Ecosystem
Components of the ecosystem
Productivity & decomposition
Energy flow
Ecological pyramids
Nutrient cycles (carbon & phosphorus)
Ecological succession
Biodiversity and Conservation
Concepts & patterns of biodiversity
Conservation methods
Hotspots & endangered species
Causes of biodiversity loss
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects
The CBSE Class 12 Biology practical exam is worth 30 marks and assesses students based on experiments, slide preparations, spotting, and viva questions.
CBSE Biology Practical Marking Scheme (30 Marks)
List of Experiments & Slide Preparations
Spotting Exercises
Viva Questions
Students can be questioned on:
Follow the step-by-step instructions below to download the NCERT Class 12 Syllabus for 2025-26:
Step 1: Go to the official NCERT website at http://ncert.nic.in.
Step 2: On the home page, in the 'Search' option and type 'Syllabus' and click on it. This will take you to the syllabus page.
Step 3: Click on the 'Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Classes' option. The syllabus PDF will open.
Step 4: You will get all the links for different subjects from the list in the PDF.
Note*: The Class 12 latest syllabus is not updated on the NCERT official website. Students can download the latest NCERT Class 12 syllabus from this page, which is given below.
Download -
Also Read:
NCERT syllabus for Class 12 Biology helps to prepare for Class 12 board exams. However, referring to some Class 12 Biology reference books helps the students to dig deeper into more details about important topics. Some of the best reference books for class 12 biology are mentioned below:
Check: NCERT Books for class 12 all Subjects
NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus gives a sound understanding of the fundamentals of biology concepts, including questions that are applicable for board and competitive exams like NEET. It gives good conceptual clarity based on well-presented chapters, diagrams, and practicals. As most NEET and CBSE board examination questions are solely based on NCERT material, proper revision of the textbook, diagram practice, and solving the previous years' papers are also important for clearing the exam. Regular study, smart revision techniques, and reference materials will assist students in succeeding in the board as well as entrance exams.
Also, Read:
The Class 12 Biology NCERT syllabus is divided into five main units:
Reproduction
Genetics and Evolution
Biology and Human Welfare
Biotechnology and Its Applications
Ecology and Environment
There are 13 chapters in total in the Class 12 Biology NCERT textbook.
Yes, Biotechnology is an important and frequently asked section in NEET. It includes two chapters:
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Biotechnology and Its Applications
Yes, both topics are included:
Evolution is part of the chapter Evolution under the unit Genetics and Evolution.
Human Health and Disease is a separate chapter under the unit Biology and Human Welfare.
This unit includes the following two chapters:
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Evolution
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