NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26 - Download PDF

The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2025-26 has been designed in a manner that allows students to understand key biological concepts in an organised manner. It includes reproduction, genetics, evolution, biotechnology, and ecology-related subjects, which will prove to be a sound foundation for board exams as well as competitive exams.The NCERT Syllabus is logical, which allows students to proceed from what they have learned in school and gain an in-depth knowledge of life sciences.

This Story also Contains

1. NCERT CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology
2. NCERT Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26
3. How to Download the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 2025-26?
4. Best Reference Books for Class 12 CBSE Biology

Biology is an important subject for CBSE board exams and medical entrance exams such as NEET. Most of the questions of NEET are asked directly from the NCERT books, so students need to study the syllabus well. The subject not only helps to score high marks in exams but also develops analytical thinking towards biological phenomena, human health, and environmental issues.

The NCERT and CBSE guidelines focus more on the clarity of concept and application of knowledge. The syllabus is revised according to the current educational policies to include the latest scientific developments. Students are recommended to use the official NCERT Biology textbook and practice diagrams, which are very important for grasping and memorising advanced concepts.

NCERT CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology

The NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus for 2025-26 has been developed with the intent of allowing students to concentrate on major topics and ace exams. Since most CBSE board questions are taken directly from NCERT books, thoroughly studying them is a must. NCERT books clarify concepts clearly and simply so that students find it easier to learn complex topics. Also, NCERT Solutions class 12 have extensive explanations, making students overcome doubts and build their knowledge strongly. Units such as Genetics and Evolution, Reproduction, and Biology and Human Welfare carry maximum weightage, so targeting these can increase total scores in both board exams as well as NEET.

1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower structure

• Development of male & female gametophytes

• Pollination: Types & agents

• Outbreeding devices

• Double fertilization

• Embryo & endosperm development

2. Human Reproduction

• Male & female reproductive systems

• Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis & oogenesis)

• Menstrual cycle

• Fertilization

• Embryo development up to blastocyst stage

3. Reproductive Health

• Importance of reproductive health

• Prevention of STDs

• Contraception methods

• Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)

4. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendelian inheritance

• Chromosomal theory

• Linkage & crossing over

• Sex-linked inheritance (haemophilia, colour blindness)

• Multiple alleles

• Polygenic inheritance

5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• Structure of DNA & RNA

• DNA packaging & replication

• Transcription & translation

• Genetic code

• Gene regulation (lac operon)

• Discovery of DNA as genetic material

6. Evolution

• Darwin’s theory

• Modern synthetic theory

• Origin of life

• Evidence of evolution (fossils, embryology, molecular evidence)

• Mechanisms of evolution

7. Human Health and Disease

• Common diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, filariasis, etc.)

• Pathogens & parasites

• Prevention & control

8. Microbes in Human Welfare

• Role of microbes in food processing

• Sewage treatment

• Industrial production

• Bio-control agents

• Bio-fertilizers

9. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• Recombinant DNA technology

• Genetic engineering techniques

• DNA cloning

10. Biotechnology and its Applications

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

• Applications in health & agriculture

• Gene therapy

• Stem cell technology

• Production of human insulin & vaccines

11. Organisms and Population

• Population ecology

• Habitat & niche

• Adaptations

• Population interactions (mutualism, predation, competition, parasitism)

12. Ecosystem

• Components of the ecosystem

• Productivity & decomposition

• Energy flow

• Ecological pyramids

• Nutrient cycles (carbon & phosphorus)

• Ecological succession

13. Biodiversity and Conservation

• Concepts & patterns of biodiversity

• Conservation methods

• Hotspots & endangered species

• Causes of biodiversity loss

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Other Subjects

• NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Maths
• NCERT syllabus for class 12 Chemistry
• NCERT syllabus for class 12 Physics
• NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 English

NCERT Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26

The CBSE Class 12 Biology practical exam is worth 30 marks and assesses students based on experiments, slide preparations, spotting, and viva questions.

CBSE Biology Practical Marking Scheme (30 Marks)

• One Major Experiment – 5 Marks
• One Minor Experiment – 4 Marks
• Slide Preparation – 5 Marks
• Spotting Exercises – 7 Marks
• Practical Record & Viva – 4 Marks
• Project Work & Viva – 5 Marks

List of Experiments & Slide Preparations

• Flower Dissection – Study reproductive organs.
• Tissue Microscopy – View plant and animal tissues.
• Enzyme Activity – Temperature & pH Effect.
• Osmosis & Diffusion – Learn transport across membranes.
• Chromatography – Plant pigment separation.

Spotting Exercises

• Pathogen Identification – Learn disease-causing organisms.
• Symbiotic Associations – View mutual relationships in nature.
• Homologous & Analogous Organs – Compare evolutionary characteristics.

Viva Questions

Students can be questioned on:

• Principles behind experiments
• Procedural steps and observations
• The biological significance of the results

How to Download the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 2025-26?

Follow the step-by-step instructions below to download the NCERT Class 12 Syllabus for 2025-26:

Step 1: Go to the official NCERT website at http://ncert.nic.in.

Step 2: On the home page, in the 'Search' option and type 'Syllabus' and click on it. This will take you to the syllabus page.

Step 3: Click on the 'Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Classes' option. The syllabus PDF will open.

Step 4: You will get all the links for different subjects from the list in the PDF.

Note*: The Class 12 latest syllabus is not updated on the NCERT official website. Students can download the latest NCERT Class 12 syllabus from this page, which is given below.

Download -

• NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 2025-26

Also Read:

• NCERT Exemplar Class 12th Biology Solutions

• Latest NCERT Syllabus for Class 12

Best Reference Books for Class 12 CBSE Biology

NCERT syllabus for Class 12 Biology helps to prepare for Class 12 board exams. However, referring to some Class 12 Biology reference books helps the students to dig deeper into more details about important topics. Some of the best reference books for class 12 biology are mentioned below:

• S. Chand’s Biology for class XII by B.P. Pandey.
• Trueman’s Elementary Biology for Class 12 and NEET by K.N. Bhatia and M.P. Tyagi.
• Together with Biology by S. Chand.
• CBSE Biology Chapter-wise Solved Papers class 12th by Arihant Expert.
• Pradeep’s A Text Book of Biology Class 12 by P.S. Dhami.
• Biology by Campbell and Reece

Check: NCERT Books for class 12 all Subjects

NCERT Class 12 Biology syllabus gives a sound understanding of the fundamentals of biology concepts, including questions that are applicable for board and competitive exams like NEET. It gives good conceptual clarity based on well-presented chapters, diagrams, and practicals. As most NEET and CBSE board examination questions are solely based on NCERT material, proper revision of the textbook, diagram practice, and solving the previous years' papers are also important for clearing the exam. Regular study, smart revision techniques, and reference materials will assist students in succeeding in the board as well as entrance exams.

Also, Read:

• NCERT Book for class 12 Physics
• NCERT Book for Class 12 Maths
• NCERT Books for Class 12 Chemistry
• NCERT Book for Class 12 Hindi