CBSE Class 12th Exam Date:17 Feb' 26 - 17 Feb' 26
Consider a tank with a hole at the bottom. The exit rate of water is a function of the water level in the tank. As the water level reduces, the flow rate reduces. This can be represented with a differential equation.
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The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 9 – Exercise 9.3 teach students exactly how to determine solutions to such equations. These are designed by subject matter experts from Careers360 as per the new CBSE 2025–26 syllabus and are described in depth in step-by-step manner. NCERT Chapter 9 Exercise 9.3 is differential equations under the category of variable separable, where the variables can be rearranged such that all the terms of one variable are placed on one side and the remaining terms are placed on the other side. Students will also encounter special cases where the equation needs to be transformed into separable form prior to using the method.
This material provides easy solutions to all the questions of Exercise 9.3 of Differential Equations. The PDF can be downloaded by the students for practice and enhancement of the chapter for board and and competitive exams
Question 1: Find the general solution: $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1-\cos x}{1 + \cos x}$
Answer:
Given,
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1-\cos x}{1 + \cos x}$
$\\ \implies\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2sin^2\frac{x}{2}}{2cos^2\frac{x}{2}} = tan^2\frac{x}{2} \\$
$\implies dy = (sec^2\frac{x}{2} - 1)dx$
$\\ \implies \int dy = \int sec^2\frac{x}{2}dx - \int dx \\$
$\implies y = 2tan^{-1}\frac{x}{2} - x + C$
Question 2: Find the general solution: $\frac{dy}{dx} = \sqrt{4-y^2}\ (-2 < y < 2)$
Answer:
Given, in the question
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \sqrt{4-y^2}$
$\\ \implies \frac{dy}{\sqrt{4-y^2}} = dx \\ \implies \int \frac{dy}{\sqrt{4-y^2}} = \int dx$
$\\ (\int \frac{dy}{\sqrt{a^2-y^2}} = sin^{-1}\frac{y}{a})\\$
The required general solution:
$\\ \implies sin^{-1}\frac{y}{2} = x + C$
Question 3: Find the general solution: $\frac{dy}{dx} + y = 1 (y\neq 1)$
Answer:
Given, in the question
$\frac{dy}{dx} + y = 1$
$\\ \implies \frac{dy}{dx} = 1- y \\$
$\implies \int\frac{dy}{1-y} = \int dx$
$(\int\frac{dx}{x} = lnx)$
$\\ \implies -log(1-y) = x + C\ \ (We\ can\ write\ C= log k) \\$
$\implies log k(1-y) = -x \\$
$\implies 1- y = \frac{1}{k}e^{-x} \\$
The required general equation
$\implies y = 1 -\frac{1}{k}e^{-x}$
Question 4: Find the general solution: $\sec^2 x \tan y dx + \sec^2 y \tan x dy = 0$
Answer:
Given,
$\sec^2 x \tan y dx + \sec^2 y \tan x dy = 0$
$\\ \implies \frac{sec^2 y}{tan y}dy = -\frac{sec^2 x}{tan x}dx \\$
$\implies \int \frac{sec^2 y}{tan y}dy = - \int \frac{sec^2 x}{tan x}dx$
Now, let tany = t and tanx = u
$sec^2 y dy = dt\ and\ sec^2 x dx = du$
$\\ \implies \int \frac{dt}{t} = -\int \frac{du}{u} \\$
$\implies log t = -log u +logk \\ \implies t = \frac{1}{ku} \\$
$\implies tany = \frac{1}{ktanx}$
Question 5: Find the general solution:
$(e^x + e^{-x})dy - (e^x - e^{-x})dx = 0$
Answer:
Given, in the question
$(e^x + e^{-x})dy - (e^x - e^{-x})dx = 0$
$\\ \implies dy = \frac{(e^x - e^{-x})}{(e^x + e^{-x})}dx$
Let,
$\\ (e^x + e^{-x}) = t \\$
$\implies (e^x - e^{-x})dx = dt$
$\\ \implies \int dy = \int \frac{dt}{t} \\$
$\implies y = log t + C \\ $
$\implies y = log(e^x + e^{-x}) + C$
This is the general solution
Question 6: Find the general solution: $\frac{dy}{dx} = (1+x^2)(1+y^2)$
Answer:
Given, in the question
$\frac{dy}{dx} = (1+x^2)(1+y^2)$
$\\ \implies \int \frac{dy}{(1+y^2)} = \int (1+x^2)dx$
$(\int \frac{dx}{(1+x^2)} =tan^{-1}x +c)$
$\\ \implies tan^{-1}y = x+\frac{x^3}{3} + C$
Question 7: Find the general solution: $y\log y dx - x dy = 0$
Answer:
Given,
$y\log y dx - x dy = 0$
$\\ \implies \frac{1}{ylog y}dy = \frac{1}{x}dx$
let logy = t
=> 1/ydy = dt
$\\ \implies \int \frac{dt}{t} = \int \frac{1}{x}dx \\$
$\implies \log t = \log x + \log k \\$
$\implies t = kx \\$
$\implies \log y = kx$
This is the general solution
Question 8: Find the general solution: $x^5\frac{dy}{dx} = - y^5$
Answer:
Given, in the question
$x^5\frac{dy}{dx} = - y^5$
$\\ \implies \int \frac{dy}{y^5} = - \int \frac{dx}{x^5} \\$
$\implies \frac{y^{-4}}{-4} = -\frac{x^{-4}}{-4} + C \\$
$\implies \frac{1}{y^4} + \frac{1}{x^4} = C$
This is the required general equation.
Question 9: Find the general solution: $\frac{dy}{dx} = \sin^{-1}x$
Answer:
Given, in the question
$\frac{dy}{dx} = \sin^{-1}x$
$\implies \int dy = \int \sin^{-1}xdx$
Now,
$\int (u.v)dx = u\int vdx - \int(\frac{du}{dx}.\int vdx)dx$
Here, u = $\sin^{-1}x$ and v = 1
$\implies y = \sin^{-1}x .x - \int(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}.x)dx$
$\\ Let\ 1- x^2 = t \\$
$\implies -2xdx = dt \implies xdx = -dt/2$
$\\ \implies y = x\sin^{-1}x+ \int(\frac{dt}{2\sqrt{t}}) \\ $
$\implies y = x\sin^{-1}x + \frac{1}{2}.2\sqrt{t} + C \\$
$\implies y = x\sin^{-1}x + \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$
Question 10: Find the general solution $e^x\tan y dx + (1-e^x)\sec^2 y dy = 0$
Answer:
Given,
$e^x\tan y dx + (1-e^x)\sec^2 y dy = 0$
$\\ \implies e^x\tan y dx = - (1-e^x)\sec^2 y dy \\ $
$\implies \int \frac{\sec^2 y }{\tan y}dy = -\int \frac{e^x }{(1-e^x)}dx$
$\\ let\ tany = t \ and \ 1-e^x = u \\$
$\implies \sec^2 ydy = dt\ and \ -e^xdx = du$
$\\ \therefore \int \frac{dt }{t} = \int \frac{du }{u} \\$
$\implies \log t = \log u + \log k \\$
$\implies t = ku \\$
$\implies \tan y= k (1-e^x)$
Question 11: Find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
$(x^3 + x^2 + x + 1)\frac{dy}{dx} = 2x^2 + x; \ y = 1\ \textup{when}\ x = 0$
Answer:
Given, in the question
$
\begin{aligned}
& \left(x^3+x^2+x+1\right) \frac{d y}{d x}=2 x^2+x \\
& \Longrightarrow \int d y=\int \frac{2 x^2+x}{\left(x^3+x^2+x+1\right)} d x \\
& \left(x^3+x^2+x+1\right)=(x+1)\left(x^2+1\right)
\end{aligned}
$
Now,
$
\begin{aligned}
& \Rightarrow \frac{2 x^2+x}{(x+1)\left(x^2+1\right)}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B x+C}{x^2+1} \\
& \Rightarrow \frac{2 x^2+x}{(x+1)\left(x^2+1\right)}=\frac{A x^2+A(B x+C)(x+1)}{(x+1)\left(x^2+1\right)} \\
& \Rightarrow 2 x^2+x=A x^2+A+B x+C x+C \\
& \Rightarrow 2 x^2+x=(A+B) x^2+(B+C) x+A+C
\end{aligned}
$
Now comparing the coefficients
$
A+B=2 ; B+C=1 ; A+C=0
$
Solving these:
$
\mathrm{A}=\frac{1}{2}, \mathrm{~B}=\frac{3}{2}, \mathrm{C}=-\frac{1}{2}
$
Putting the values of $A, B, C$ :
$
\Rightarrow \frac{2 x^2+x}{(x+1)\left(x^2+1\right)}=\frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{(x+1)}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{3 x-1}{x^2+1}
$
Therefore,
$
\begin{aligned}
& \Rightarrow \int d y=\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x+1} d x+\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{3 x-1}{x^2+1} d x \\
& \Rightarrow \mathrm{y}=\frac{1}{2} \log (\mathrm{x}+1)+\frac{3}{2} \int \frac{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{x}^2+1} \mathrm{dx}-\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\mathrm{dx}}{\mathrm{x}^2+1} \\
& \Rightarrow \mathrm{y}=\frac{1}{2} \log (\mathrm{x}+1)+\frac{3}{4} \int \frac{2 \mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{x}^2+1} \mathrm{dx}-\frac{1}{2} \tan ^{-1} \mathrm{x}
\end{aligned}
$
Question 12: Find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
$x(x^2 -1)\frac{dy}{dx} =1;\ y = 0\ \textup{when} \ x = 2$
Answer:
Given, in the question $x\left(x^2-1\right) \frac{d y}{d x}=1$
$
\begin{aligned}
& \Longrightarrow \int d y=\int \frac{d x}{x\left(x^2-1\right)} \\
& \Longrightarrow \int d y=\int \frac{d x}{x(x-1)(x+1)}
\end{aligned}
$
Let,
$
\begin{aligned}
& \Rightarrow \frac{1}{x(x+1)(x-1)}=\frac{A}{x}+\frac{B}{x+1}+\frac{c}{x-1} \\
& \Rightarrow \frac{1}{x(x+1)(x-1)}=\frac{A(x-1)(x+1)+B(x)(x-1)+C(x)(x+1)}{x(x+1)(x-1)} \\
& \Rightarrow \frac{1}{x(x+1)(x-1)}=\frac{(A+B+C) x^2+(B-C) x-A}{x(x+1)(x-1)}
\end{aligned}
$
Now comparing the values of $A, B, C$
$
A+B+C=0 ; B-C=0 ; A=-1
$
Solving these:
$
\mathrm{B}=\frac{1}{2} \text { and } \mathrm{C}=\frac{1}{2}
$
Now putting the values of $A, B, C$,
$
\begin{aligned}
& \Rightarrow \frac{1}{x(x+1)(x-1)}=-\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{x+1}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{x-1}\right) \\
& \Rightarrow \int d y=-\int \frac{1}{x} d x+\frac{1}{2} \int\left(\frac{1}{x+1}\right) d x+\frac{1}{2} \int\left(\frac{1}{x-1}\right) d x \\
& \Rightarrow y=-\log x+\frac{1}{2} \log (x+1)+\frac{1}{2} \log (x-1)+\log c \\
& \left.\Rightarrow \mathrm{y}=\frac{1}{2} \log \left[\frac{\mathrm{c}^2(\mathrm{x}-1)(\mathrm{x}+1)}{\mathrm{x}^2}\right\}----\mathrm{iii}\right)
\end{aligned}
$
Given, $\mathrm{y}=0$ when $\mathrm{x}=2$
$
\begin{aligned}
& 0=\frac{1}{2} \log \left[\frac{\mathrm{c}^2(2-1)(2+1)}{4}\right\} \\
& \Rightarrow \log \frac{3 \mathrm{c}^2}{4}=0
\end{aligned}
$
$
\Rightarrow 3 c^2=4
$
Therefore,
$
\begin{aligned}
& \Longrightarrow y=\frac{1}{2} \log \left[\frac{4(x-1)(x+1)}{3 x^2}\right] \\
& \Longrightarrow y=\frac{1}{2} \log \left[\frac{4\left(x^2-1\right)}{3 x^2}\right]
\end{aligned}
$
Question 13: Find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
$\cos\left(\frac{dy}{dx} \right ) = a\ (a\in R);\ y = 1\ \textup{when}\ x = 0$
Answer:
Given,
$\cos\left(\frac{dy}{dx} \right ) = a$
$\\ \implies \frac{dy}{dx} = \cos^{-1}a \\$
$\implies \int dy = \int\cos^{-1}a\ dx \\$
$\implies y = x\cos^{-1}a + c$
Now, y =1 when x =0
1 = 0 + c
Therefore, c = 1
Putting the value of c:
$\implies y = x\cos^{-1}a + 1$
Question 14: Find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
$\frac{dy}{dx} = y\tan x; \ y =1\ \textup{when}\ x = 0$
Answer:
Given,
$\frac{dy}{dx} = y\tan x$
$\\ \implies \int \frac{dy}{y} = \int \tan x\ dx \\$
$\implies \log y = \log \sec x + \log k \\$
$\implies y = k\sec x$
Now, y=1 when x =0
1 = ksec0
$\implies$ k = 1
Putting the vlue of k:
y = sec x
Question 15: Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 0) and whose differential equation is $y' = e^x\sin x$ .
Answer:
We first find the general solution of the given differential equation
Given,
$y' = e^x\sin x$
$\\ \implies \int dy = \int e^x\sin xdx$
$\\ Let I = \int e^x\sin xdx \\$
$\implies I = \sin x.e^x - \int(\cos x. e^x)dx \\$
$\implies I = e^x\sin x - [e^x\cos x - \int(-\sin x.e^x)dx] \\$
$\implies 2I = e^x(\sin x - \cos x) \\$
$\implies I = \frac{1}{2}e^x(\sin x - \cos x)$
$\\ \therefore y = \frac{1}{2}e^x(\sin x - \cos x) + c$
Now, Since the curve passes through (0,0)
y = 0 when x =0
$\\ \therefore 0 = \frac{1}{2}e^0(\sin 0 - \cos 0) + c \\$
$\implies c = \frac{1}{2}$
Putting the value of c, we get:
$\\ \therefore y = \frac{1}{2}e^x(\sin x - \cos x) + \frac{1}{2} \\$
$\implies 2y -1 = e^x(\sin x - \cos x)$
Answer:
We first find the general solution of the given differential equation
Given,
$xy\frac{dy}{dx} = (x+2)(y+2)$
$\\ \implies \int \frac{y}{y+2}dy = \int \frac{x+2}{x}dx \\ $
$\implies \int \frac{(y+2)-2}{y+2}dy = \int (1 + \frac{2}{x})dx \\ $
$\implies \int (1 - \frac{2}{y+2})dy = \int (1 + \frac{2}{x})dx \\$
$\implies y - 2\log (y+2) = x + 2\log x + C$
Now, Since the curve passes through (1,-1)
y = -1 when x = 1
$\\ \therefore -1 - 2\log (-1+2) = 1 + 2\log 1 + C \\$
$\implies -1 -0 = 1 + 0 +C \\ \implies C = -2$
Putting the value of C:
$\\ y - 2\log (y+2) = x + 2\log x + -2 \\$
$\implies y -x + 2 = 2\log x(y+2)$
Answer:
According to the question,
$y\frac{dy}{dx} =x$
$\\ \implies \int ydy =\int xdx \\$
$\implies \frac{y^2}{2} = \frac{x^2}{2} + c$
Now, Since the curve passes through (0,-2).
x =0 and y = -2
$\\ \implies \frac{(-2)^2}{2} = \frac{0^2}{2} + c \\ \implies c = 2$
Putting the value of c, we get
$\\ \frac{y^2}{2} = \frac{x^2}{2} + 2 \\ \implies y^2 = x^2 + 4$
Answer:
Slope m of line joining (x,y) and (-4,-3) is $\frac{y+3}{x+4}$
According to the question,
$\\ \frac{dy}{dx} = 2(\frac{y+3}{x+4}) \\$
$\implies \int \frac{dy}{y+3} = 2\int \frac{dx}{x+4} \\$
$\implies \log (y+3) = 2\log (x+4) + \log k \\$
$\implies (y+3) = k(x+4)^2$
Now, Since the curve passes through (-2,1)
x = -2 , y =1
$\\ \implies (1+3) = k(-2+4)^2 \\ \implies k =1$
Putting the value of k, we get
$\\ \implies y+3 = (x+4)^2$
Answer:
Volume of a sphere, $V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r ^3$
Given, Rate of change is constant.
$\\ \therefore \frac{dV}{dt} = c \\$
$\implies \frac{d}{dt} (\frac{4}{3}\pi r ^3) = c \\ $
$\implies \int d(\frac{4}{3}\pi r ^3) = c\int dt \\$
$\implies \frac{4}{3}\pi r ^3 = ct + k$
Now, at t=0, r=3 and at t=3 , r =6
Putting these value:
$\frac{4}{3}\pi (3) ^3 = c(0) + k \\ \implies k = 36\pi$
Also,
$\frac{4}{3}\pi (6) ^3 = c(3) + 36\pi \\ $
$\implies 3c = 252\pi \\ \implies c = 84\pi$
Putting the value of c and k:
$\\ \frac{4}{3}\pi r ^3 = 84\pi t + 36\pi \\$
$\implies r ^3 = (21 t + 9)(3) = 62t + 27 \\$
$\implies r = \sqrt[3]{62t + 27}$
Answer:
Let p be the principal amount and t be the time.
According to question,
$\frac{dp}{dt} = (\frac{r}{100})p$
$\\ \implies \int\frac{dp}{p} = \int (\frac{r}{100})dt \\ $
$\implies \log p = \frac{r}{100}t + C$
$\\ \implies p = e^{\frac{rt}{100} + C}$
Now, at t =0 , p = 100
and at t =10, p = 200
Putting these values,
$\\ \implies 100 = e^{\frac{r(0)}{100} + C} = e^C$
Also,
, $\\ \implies 200 = e^{\frac{r(10)}{100} + C} = e^{\frac{r}{10}}.e^C = e^{\frac{r}{10}}.100 \\$
$\implies e^{\frac{r}{10}} = 2 \\$
$\implies \frac{r}{10} = \ln 2 = 0.6931 \\ $
$\implies r = 6.93$
So value of r = 6.93%
Answer:
Let p be the principal amount and t be the time.
According to question,
$\frac{dp}{dt} = (\frac{5}{100})p$
$\\ \implies \int\frac{dp}{p} = \int (\frac{1}{20})dt \\$
$\implies \log p = \frac{1}{20}t + C$
$\\ \implies p = e^{\frac{t}{20} + C}$
Now, at t =0 , p = 1000
Putting these values,
$\\ \implies 1000 = e^{\frac{(0)}{20} + C} = e^C$
Also, At t=10 \,
$\\ \implies p = e^{\frac{(10)}{20} + C} = e^{\frac{1}{2}}.e^C = e^{\frac{1}{2}}.1000 \\$
$\implies p =(1.648)(1000) = 1648$
After 10 years, the total amount would be Rs.1648
Answer:
Let n be the number of bacteria at any time t.
According to question,
$\frac{dn}{dt} = kn\ \ (k\ is\ a\ constant)$
$\\ \implies \int \frac{dn}{n} = \int kdt \\$
$\implies \log n = kt + C$
Now, at t=0, n = 100000
$\\ \implies \log (100000) = k(0) + C \\$
$\implies C = 5$
Again, at t=2, n= 110000
$\\ \implies \log (110000) = k(2) + 5 \\$
$\implies \log 11 + 4 = 2k + 5 \\$
$\implies 2k = \log 11 -1 =\log \frac{11}{10} \\$
$\implies k = \frac{1}{2}\log \frac{11}{10}$
Using these values, for n= 200000
$\\ \implies \log (200000) = kt + C \\ $
$\implies \log 2 +5 = kt + 5 \\ \implies (\frac{1}{2}\log \frac{11}{10})t = \log 2 $
$\\ \implies t = \frac{2\log 2}{ \log \frac{11}{10}}$
Question 23: The general solution of the differential equation $\frac{dy}{dx} = e^{x+y}$ is
(A) $e^x + e^{-y} = C$
(B) $e^{x }+ e^{y} = C$
(C) $e^{-x }+ e^{y} = C$
(D) $e^{-x }+ e^{-y} = C$
Answer:
Given,
$\frac{dy}{dx} = e^{x+y}$
$\\ \implies\frac{dy}{dx} = e^x.e^y \\ \implies\int \frac{dy}{e^y} = \int e^x.dx \\$
$\implies -e^{-y} = e^x + C \\ \implies e^x + e^{-y} = K\ \ \ \ (Option A)$
Also check -
Topics | Description | Example |
Variable Separable Method | Involves separating variables x and y on opposite sides of the equation and integrating both sides. Used when a differential equation can be expressed as: $\frac{d y}{d x}=g(x) \cdot h(y)$ | Solve: $\frac{d y}{d x}=x y$ $ |
Equations Already in Separable Form | Some differential equations are already arranged so that dy and dx can be directly separated. | $\begin{aligned} & \text { Solve: } \frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{x^2}{1+y^2} \\ & \Rightarrow\left(1+y^2\right) d y=x^2 d x \\ & \Rightarrow \int\left(1+y^2\right) d y=\int x^2 d x \\ & \Rightarrow y+\frac{y^3}{3}=\frac{x^3}{3}+C\end{aligned}$ |
Implicit Solutions | Solutions are sometimes left in implicit form (not solved for y explicitly). This is valid and acceptable in many cases. | From above: $y+\frac{y^3}{3}=\frac{x^3}{3}+C$ is an implicit solution. |
Solving Using Initial Conditions | After finding the general solution, plug in the given values (initial conditions) to find the constant C for the particular solution. | Given: $\frac{d y}{d x}=x y, y=1$ when $x=0$ General: $y=C e^{\frac{x^2}{2}}$ Apply: $1=C e^0 \Rightarrow C=1$ $\Rightarrow$ Final: $y=e^{\frac{x^2}{2}}$ |
Rearranging to Separable Form | If the equation isn't already in separable form, rearrange terms algebraically to isolate variables on each side. | Solve: $x \frac{d y}{d x}=y$ $ |
Also Read-
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
The topics discussed are listed below
Differential equations of variable separable type, homogeneous and linear differential equations.
The differential equations of order 1 and degree 1 are handled.
Differential equations of variable separable type are solved in the NCERT solutions for Class 12 Maths chapter 9 exercise 9.3.
Twenty-three questions are explained in the Class 12th Maths chapter 6 exercise 9.3.
Three subtopics are discussed in topic 9.4.
3 methods are discussed.
One question is of objective type with 4 choices.
Six example problems and their solutions are given under topic 9.5.1.
On Question asked by student community
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